甘蓝型油菜角果长度的主+多基因混合遗传模型

角果是油菜产量构成要素中重要的组成部分。本文以长角果品种中双11和短角果材料10D130为亲本配制杂交组合,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析方法对该组合6世代遗传群体(P₁、P₂、F₁、BCP₁、BCP₂和F₂)的果身长、角果长和果喙长进行遗传分析。结果表明,该组合的3个角果性状均呈连续分布,其中,果身长最适遗传模型为E-0 (2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因模型),2对主基因加性效应值分别是1.75和–0.06,显性效应值分别是–0.59和–0.86,主基因遗传率在BCP₁、BCP₂和F₂中分别是51.10%、74.23%和66.93%,多基因遗传率分别为29.16%、17.11%和23.96%。角果长的最适遗传模型为E-1 (2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型),其中,第1对主基因加性效应为0.34,显性效应为–0.81,第2对主基因加性效应为0.34,显性效应为–0.47,主基因遗传率在BCP₁、BCP₂和F₂中分别是47.63%、68.51%和79.45%,多基因遗传率分别为29.40%、20.89%和12.47%。果喙长的最适遗传模型为E-3模型(2对加性主基因+加-显多基因遗传模型),2对主基因加性效应值分别是0.2和–0.2,主基因遗传率在BCP₁、BCP₂和F₂中分别是33.71%、72.75%和52.25%,多基因遗传率分别为40.08%、5.37%和27.60%。     

甘蓝型油菜特长荚突变体的发现和鉴定

在中油８２１大田中，发现一株特长荚变异株。经多代鉴定，其长荚特性能稳定遗传，基本上不受环境条件的影响。这一变异株的后代被命名为鄂油长荚，最明显的特征是荚长、粒多、粒大。平均荚长达１０ｃｍ以上，千粒重为５．５ｇ左右，均接近普通油菜品种的２倍。每果粒数也明显增加     

甘蓝型油菜耐荫性的品种差异

以耐荫性强、弱不同的4个甘蓝型油菜品种为试材,比较研究了不同品种甘蓝型油菜的光合生理特性。结果表明：在遮荫（1/4自然光下处理20 d）条件下,与不耐荫品种相比,耐荫品种的单株干重、比叶重、RuBP羧化酶活性、希尔反应活力、PSⅡ活性下降幅度较小,而叶绿素组分中叶绿素b所占比例较高。说明耐荫的甘蓝型油菜品种具有较     

氮素营养与甘蓝型油菜角果的发育

本研究运用田间和盆钵试验,观察了甘蓝型油菜(B.napus)角果生长的基本特点,探讨了不同氮水平与角果发育的关系。结果表明,角果生长发育进程呈“S”型曲线,即含明显的生长缓慢期、生长优势期、物质积累优势期和衰老期;氮水平间角果面积增长速率的差异达极显著的正相关(r=0.9091~(**)),单株角果面积与籽粒产量亦呈极显著的正相     

甘蓝型油菜种皮色泽相关基因的cDNA-SRAP差异显示

为探寻甘蓝型油菜黄黑籽之间的种皮色泽表达差异的分子基础,探索cDNA-SRAP差异显示的可行性,选用培育7年的重组自交系群体（RILs）,根据群体分离分析法（bulked segregant analysis,BSA）构建了种子的RNA混合池,利用cDNA-SRAP法进行了差异显示研究。996对SRAP引物组合扩增出2 100条带,2次扩增重复率为65.2%,其中在黄黑籽材料之间重复稳定出现的差异片段有12条,长度在100~300 bp之间。选择其中7条差异片段,进行回收、克隆和测序,发现2个片段分别与拟南芥的NAD+ADP核糖转移酶及小肽转移蛋白3具有很高的同源性。结果表明,利用SRAP方法可以对甘蓝型油菜cDNA混合池进行差异显示研究,2条差异片段可能与甘蓝型油菜的种皮色泽基因表达相关。     

甘蓝型油菜角果数突变体基因的定位及候选基因分析

角果数是油菜单株产量重要的构成因子之一,其优异等位基因的发掘和利用对产量的提高至关重要。油菜中已定位到上百个角果数QTL,但大多数效应不大且不稳定,难以进行精细定位或克隆。本研究前期发掘到一个油菜突变体(No.7931),其花序顶端在分化出约十朵花后即停止生长,因而成熟期角果极少。利用该少角果突变体和多角果品系No.73290构建F2分离群体,从中挑选角果数极端单株各30株进行BSA-seq,在C02染色体检测到3个关联区间:0～1.1 Mb、4.7～6.2 Mb、11.5～12.4 Mb。该候选区间在油菜参考基因组DarmorV8.1中有522个注释基因,存在SNP或Indel差异且有同源注释的基因235个。在花芽分化初期,选取两亲本(No.73290和No.7931)的茎尖分生组织进行RNA-seq,总共鉴定到8958个差异表达基因(DEGs)。这些DEGs显著富集于20个生物学通路,包括碳代谢、翻译、氨基酸代谢(和花芽分化高度相关)等,其中99个位于关联区间。结合基因功能注释以及序列和表达差异分析确定了9个候选基因(BnaC02g00490.1D2、BnaC02g01030.1D...     

核盘菌诱导下甘蓝型油菜防御相关基因表达差异分析

菌核病是油菜主要病害, 至今尚未在油菜及相关植物中找到抗性基因。本研究利用qRT-PCR法比较了抗病品种宁RS-1和感病品种APL01在接种核盘菌后0~48 h内11个防御相关基因的表达差异, 以揭示抗病品种宁RS-1的抗病机制。结果表明, 4个基因(PGIP、Cu/ZnSOD、OXO和GLP)在核盘菌诱导前后抗、感品种内表达量均较高, 且抗病品种的表达量显著高于感病品种, 尤其是PGIP基因, 抗病品种宁RS-1在24 h的表达量为诱导前的170.4倍, 而感病品种仅为诱导前的3.5倍, 该时期抗病品种PGIP的表达量为感病品种的1299.4倍;2个基因(LOX2和PDF1.2)在诱导前后抗、感品种内的表达量均较低, 但抗、感品种间表达量差异显著;5个基因(FeSOD、PAL、EDS1、PR1和EIN3)诱导前后抗、感品种内的表达量均较低, 且抗、感品种间的表达量差异不显著。推测抗病品种宁RS-1对菌核病的抗性可能是由于PGIP的上调表达, 抑制了核盘菌PG蛋白对侵染部位油菜组织细胞壁的降解, 从而抑制了油菜菌核病的发生与蔓延。     

抗感菌核病甘蓝型油菜近等基因系盛花期叶片转录组比较分析

为了研究甘蓝型油菜与菌核病病原核盘菌互作的分子机制,挖掘分别与甘蓝型油菜抗、感病相关的基因,以高抗菌核病品种湘油15(Xiangyou 15)及其感病的近等基因系98C40NL为材料,利用转录组测序技术(RNA-Seq)对2个品种盛花期叶片接种核盘菌前及接种后12,24 h差异表达基因进行了分析,并采用实时荧光定量PCR技术对部分基因表达进行验证。测序得到34.16 G Clean bases,6个样本中共鉴定出78 582个基因。相对于高感品种,湘油15在3个时间点共有1 296个基因下调表达,1 495个基因上调表达; 54个基因在3个时间点都表现显著差异,其中18个基因在3个时间点都下调,27个基因在3个时间点都上调。差异基因主要富集在氧化还原、植物激素信号转导、钙信号通路、苯丙烷类代谢、次生代谢产物合成等途径。通过荧光定量PCR验证,BnaA03g09060D、BnaA01g26640D、BnaA03g09090D、BnaA04g12120D、BnaA01g26920D 5个基因在高抗品种的表达显著高于高感品种,可能与寄主植物防御核盘菌的侵染有关;BnaA06g10010D、B...     

基于生物量的油菜主茎叶片形态参数模拟研究

为了定量油菜主茎叶片形态参数与生物量间的关系,本研究基于2011—2012年和2012—2013年不同品种、移栽密度及施肥水平油菜田间试验,通过观测不同品种和处理油菜叶片长、最大叶宽和叶柄长等形态参数,并分析了上述参数与叶片生物量的关系,构建了基于生物量的油菜叶长、最大叶宽和叶柄长模型。结果表明,在全生育期,不同品种和处理下油菜主茎叶长和最大叶宽均与叶片生物量的平方根成正比,而叶柄长与叶长成正比。所建模型利用截距为0的线性函数描述叶长和最大叶宽随生物量平方根的变化,用直线式描述叶柄长随叶长的变化。经独立试验资料检验,除宁油16叶柄长模型误差较大外,所建模型对其余形态参数均具有较好预测性,为通过生物量将油菜生长模型与形态结构模型结合提供了机理性较强的方法,为建立油菜功能-结构模型奠定了基础。     

甘蓝型油菜结角高度与荚层厚度的全基因组关联分析

角果是油菜重要的光合作用和种子存储器官,对油菜产量具有重要贡献。本研究以412份具有代表性的甘蓝型油菜品种(系)为材料,利用芸薹属60K Illumina Infinium SNP芯片对其基因型分析,并对油菜结角高度和角果层厚度进行全基因组关联分析。结果共检测到16个显著关联的SNP,其中重庆环境下分别检测到2个和4个SNP与结角高度和结角层厚度显著关联,单个SNP解释的表型变异为5.61%~5.69%和5.94%~6.31%。云南环境下分别检测到5个和1个显著关联的SNP,单个标记解释的表型变异为12.66%~13.97%和22.43%。对2个环境的结角高度差和结角层厚度差共检测到3个和1个与性状显著相关的SNP,它们对表型变异的解释率分别为17.33%~20.32%和29.05%。其中,环境间结角厚度差的关联SNP与重庆环境结角层厚度的1个显著关联SNP位于同一LD区间。各显著关联标记LD区段的多个基因调节植物细胞组织发生、花分生组织发育、角果数目和多器官发育,如NSN1、TPST和SAC1等,它们可能通过上述功能影响油菜花序或角果的生长发育,导致结角高度或结角层厚度差异。本研究发掘的这些位点和候选基因可作为影响油菜结角高度和角果层厚度的重要候选区域和基因,为揭示油菜结角性状的遗传基础和分子机制,提高油菜单位面积产量奠定了基础。     

内源细胞分裂素调控油菜叶片衰老进程的研究

利用根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）介导法将嵌合基因PSAG12-ipt导入双低油菜（Brassica napus）品种H165，经双重PCR检测和基因组总DNA Southern杂交证实，共获得11株转基因植株。生长观察结果显示，11株转基因植株生长发育正常，除2株与对照没有明显的差异外，其余9株叶片衰老时间明显延迟，主茎有柄叶衰老延迟15     

Identification of Genes Controlling Pod Length in Spring Rapeseed, Brassica napus L., and their Utilization for Yield Improvement

Experiments were undertaken to determine the inheritance of pod length in a cross with spring rapesecd, Brassica napus, and to assess the value of pod length as a criterion of selection for high seed yield. Analyses of patterns of variation in F₂; and backcross populations derived from a cross between a short-pod line TB42 and long-pod line CA553 indicated that much of the variation in pod length could be attributed to two major genes interacting in a complementary manner. Short-pods were produced when cither one or both genes were homozygous for the recessive allele. Analyses of F₃ progenies of selected F₂ and inbred-backcross lines derived from the same cross supported the two-gene hypothesis but also indicated that the effects of the major genes on pod length were possibly modified by genes of minor effect. Field testing of families derived from random intermating between F₂, plants of the TB42 × CA553 cross showed that number of pods per plant varied independently of pod length, but seed weight per pod tended to increase with increasing pod length. As a result, families with the longest pods generally had significantly higher yields than those with short pods. It was concluded that yield improvement in B. napus could be achieved through introgression of long-pod genes into cultivars with an appropriate genetic background to ensure that selection for the long-pod character would be accompanied by an increase in seed weight per pod with little or no reduction in number of pods per plant.     

Relationship Between Leaf Nitrogen and Photosynthetic Characteristics in Brassica juncea and B. campestris

The relationship between leaf nitrogen content (N) versus photosynthetic rate (PN) and other associated parameters was examined in Brassica juncea , cv. Pusa Bold and B campestris , cv. Pusa Kalyani. Leaf N, specific leaf weight (SLW), leaf area and PN were significantly higher in B. juncea , while the chlorophyll content was significantly lower compared to Brassica campestris. A significant positive correlation was obtained between leaf N content and photosynthetic rate in both species. Similarly, SLW was also positively related with leaf N content, Brassica juncea showed higher photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) than B campestris. Leaf N and PNUE were negatively associated. This was attributed to a low investment of N in photosynthesis related reactions and/or partitioning of N towards compounds functionally unrelated to photosynthesis. This attribution is further supported by the negative relationship obtained between SLW and PNUE.     

油菜叶色突变种质资源筛选与遗传特征初步分析

作物叶片叶绿素含量与叶片光合能力密切相关,能影响农作物的产量。本研究通过EMS诱变甘蓝型油菜中双11,单株收获诱变后第一代并通过诱变后第二代大量筛选鉴定获得油菜叶片叶色稳定突变种质资源62份,分析了筛选获得的叶片叶色突变体的遗传分离比和测定了相关突变体的叶片叶绿素含量。结果显示,获得的突变体按照叶色分成五类,叶色深浅与其叶绿素含量相一致;突变株系60%由多位点突变导致,37%由少数位点突变导致;24%突变株系叶绿素含量明显高于对照,76%的叶绿素含量约低于对照;叶绿素含量低的突变株系中,70%的突变株系叶绿素b的改变程度大于叶绿素a,30%的突变株系叶绿素a的改变程度大于叶绿素b。这些叶色稳定突变体的获得为将来遗传基础研究以及作为种质资源培育高光效油菜新品种奠定材料基础。     

甘蓝型油菜在不同生态区的净光合速率随外界条件变化的比较

为研究冬油菜区和春油菜区2地甘蓝型油菜的光合作用差异,以甘蓝型油菜杂交种‘秦杂油3号’为材料,比较了不同光强、CO₂浓度和温度条件下2个生态区净光合速率的差别。结果显示：不同生态区甘蓝型油菜净光合速率随光强、CO₂浓度和温度变化规律基本相同;春油菜区叶片的光饱和点和光量子效率高于冬油菜区,而光补偿点、光呼吸速率和饱和光强下净光合速率比冬油菜区低;春油菜区叶片的羧化效率比冬油菜区高,而CO₂饱和点和饱和CO₂浓度下净光合速率则比冬油菜区低,两者的CO₂补偿点无显著差异;春油菜区进行光合反应的适合温度范围比冬油菜区宽,在最佳温度下春油菜区的净光合速率低于冬油菜区。结果表明春油菜区叶片的光合能力要强于冬油菜区,对环境的适应性较强。     

Macro-nutrient Status of Brassica napus and Brassica juncea Grown Under Swedish Conditions

Concentrations and amounts of macro-nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) in shoots, vegetative and generative plant parts in B. napus and B. juncea and nutrient inflow per unit root length in B. napus were studied in a field experiment at Uppsala, Sweden. Concentrations in vegetative plant parts were, except for Ca in B. napus, highest at the beginning of the season, and N and K were higher in B. napus than in B. juncea. The higher N concentration in vegetative parts (leaves, stems and pods) in B. napus was probably due to differences in growth pattern between the species. Seed concentrations of N, P, Ca, Mg and, most pronounced of all, S were higher in B. juncea. Nutrient amounts were, with the exception of K, throughout the season higher in B. juncea than in B. napus due to a higher dry matter production. Nutrient inflow per unit root length in B. napus was highest during the rosette stage for all nutrients. During flowering, the inflow decreased for N and K and increased for P and Ca. After root growth had stopped, no net inflow of K and S was found and inflow rates of other nutrients were at very low levels.     

Pod shatter resistance evaluation in cultivars and breeding lines of Brassica napus, B. juncea and Sinapis alba

Pod shatter susceptibility was investigated in Brassica napus germplasm and shatter resistant species of B. juncea and Sinapis alba. The comparisons were made by measuring seed yield in field plots, detached pod rupture energy (RE) and the half‐life of pod‐opening. Pod shatter resistance was significantly greater in B. napus lines derived from interspecific hybridizations of B. napus with B. rapa, B. carinata and B. juncea, than common B. napus cultivars. While these lines exhibited no significant difference in resistance to pod shatter than B. juncea, an entry of S. alba had no yield loss caused by pod shatter. Resistance to pod shatter was characterized in the field as little or no yield loss after full maturity, delayed shattering in time, and stable yield performance under variable climatic conditions during pod maturity. Yield loss caused by pod shatter ranged from a low of 4% for the B. juncea cv. ‘AC Vulcan’ to a high of 61% for the black seeded B. napus line DH12075 in 2‐year field trials after 1 month maturity. Pod shatter resistance was not significantly associated with specific plant and pod morphological traits, except pod length (P = 0.005) in tested materials. Field visual scores of pod shatter through inspections of average pod shatter per plant within plots were highly correlated with plot yield loss. Indoor quantitative evaluations of pod strength using a pendulum machine to measure pod RE and random impact test to measure half‐life of pod‐opening resistance were highly correlated with field yield loss. Multiple evaluations of pod shatter in method and in time after pod maturity are recommended for reliable evaluation of pod shatter resistance.     

Nitrogen Transportation in Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) Plant during Flowering and Early Siliqua Developing

Nitrogen transportation from different organs was investigated by labelling pods, leaves and internodes of upper stem with ¹⁵N-urea during flowering. Labelled plants were harvested one month after flowering and determined the amount of ¹⁵N in relative parts. The results of the experiment show the directions of ¹⁵N applied in different organs during flowering. Transportation of ¹⁵N applied in pods of lower terminal of the main stem and first branch was mainly directed to seeds inside the labelled pods, about 17 % of ¹⁵N entered into seeds 7 days after last labelling, a little transportation each other between the branch and terminal was found, more than 80 % of ¹⁵N applied on leaves during flowering was transported out of the leaves after flowering, 35 % and 67.93 % on average was translocated in pods for early and late flowering, respectively, while 55.97 % of ¹⁵N applied on surface of internodes of upper stem below terminal was found in pods. It was corroborated that nitrogen transportation also occurs within pods by labelling different parts of pods, much greater amount of nitrogen was transported from lower part to upper part of pods than those in opposite direction.