“三沼”在吉林省种植业中应用的关键技术

针对目前吉林省＂三沼＂综合利用方面存在的技术问题,着重介绍了＂三沼＂在种植业上应用的几项关键技术,以便更好地发展和提高吉林省户用沼气池的综合效益,促进农民增产、增收,为加快脱贫致富提供技术支撑。     

黄土高原生态果园工程模式设计研究

对由高效沼气发酵子系统、太阳能暖圈子系统、集雨蓄水子系统和节水滴灌子系统构成的黄土高原生态果园工程模式 ,提出了各子系统主要技术参数的计算方法和结构优化原则。实践证明 :设计的新型高效沼气池克服了常规沼气池存在的技术问题 ,产气率提高 5 1.7% ;设计的太阳能暖圈解决了猪和沼气池越冬问题 ,猪的生成速度提高 30 % ,沼气池产气率提高 2 0 % ;设计的集雨和贮水系统能有效地解决干旱半干旱地区畜禽、沼气池、果树生产中的用水问题 ;设计的滴灌系统与沼液施肥联用 ,可一次完成灌水和施肥作业     

土壤中甲烷氧化菌种群数量及其与甲烷氧化活性的关系

采用Hungate厌氧滚管计数技术和气相层析仪检测土样甲烷含量,研究分析了不同植被下黄松泥土壤中甲烷氧化菌种群的数量变化和土壤的甲烷氧化活性.结果表明不同植被下的黄松泥土壤中甲烷氧化菌种群数量在107～108cfu/g干土之间,变化范围不超过2个数量级.水稻田土壤和水稻分蘖期土壤中的甲烷氧化菌种群数量明显高于其它植被下土壤的甲烷氧化菌种群,但相互之间无显著性差异,而它们的甲烷氧化速率却差异显著.土壤中甲烷氧化菌种群数量对土壤氧化甲烷速率有影响但不显著.在氧化甲烷活性很低的土样中加入外源甲烷,可刺激土壤中的甲烷氧化菌增殖,并可诱导甲烷氧化速率达到最大值,但不同植被的土壤达到氧化甲烷最大速率所需的诱导时间不同.不同植被土壤间的甲烷氧化最大速率略有差异,以水稻田土壤为大.     

低温条件下不同接种物对沼气中甲烷含量的影响

选择适宜的沼气接种物是提高甲烷含量的有效途径,以鲜牛粪和干杂草为底物,接种四种接种物,4℃下培养,研究不同接种物对沼气中甲烷含量的影响.结果表明,接种根河泥样A组和霍林河泥样B组的产气中最高甲烷含量分别为52.66％和48.04％;接种经低温驯化的接种物C组最高甲烷含量为14.45％;接种加活性炭的低温驯化接种物D组最高甲烷含量为20.08％,不同接种物对沼气中的甲烷含量影响较大.     

Platinum catalysts for the high-yield oxidation of methane to a methanol derivative

Platinum catalysts are reported for the direct, low-temperature, oxidative conversion of methane to a methanol derivative at greater than 70 percent one-pass yield based on methane. The catalysts are platinum complexes derived from the bidiazine ligand family that are stable, active, and selective for the oxidation of a carbon-hydrogen bond of methane to produce methyl esters. Mechanistic studies show that platinum(II) is the most active oxidation state of platinum for reaction with methane, and are consistent with reaction proceeding through carbon-hydrogen bond activation of methane to generate a platinum-methyl intermediate that is oxidized to generate the methyl ester product.     

闽江河口稻田土壤甲烷产生潜力及其对炉渣添加的响应

对闽江河口稻田甲烷产生潜力及其对炉渣添加的响应特征进行了初步研究,结果表明,(1)稻田土壤甲烷产生潜力在培养第3天出现峰值,10-20 cm土壤是甲烷产生的主要发生层;(2)甲烷产生潜力的剖面变异性低于时间变异性;(3)炉渣添加对0-40 cm土壤层次甲烷产生潜力具有抑制作用,但不同土壤层次甲烷产生潜力对炉渣添加比例的响应有所不同。     

垃圾填埋场甲烷释放速率的研究

采用静态葙法对某填埋场的甲烷释放速率进行了研究。研究表明,填埋时间对填埋垃圾的产甲烷速率具有明显影响,垃圾填埋后2年左右甲烷释放速率达最大值,而后甲烷释放速率又开始下降;由于季节温度变化的影响,夏季填埋场的甲烷释放速率明显高于春季;一天内甲烷释放速率变化较大,上午11：00左右甲烷释放速率达到最大,下午逐渐下降,夜间至凌晨甲烷释放速率最低;由于降雨导致温度下降和覆土层含水率增加,填埋场甲烷释放速率明显下降。     

沼气肥在果树上的施肥技术

近年来,随着农村沼气池的大量兴建,产生的沼气肥逐渐取代人畜粪尿成为现代有机肥的主力军。施用沼气肥不仅能达到改良土壤的作用,还可以减少对化肥的依赖。同时还能提高果树的产量,改善果实的品质,提高果实的市场竞争力。较为详细地介绍了沼气肥的施用技术,以期能为果树生产实践提供帮助。     

白腐菌对玉米秸秆产沼气的试验研究

[目的]研究白腐菌对玉米秸秆产沼气效果的影响。[方法]采用4株不同的白腐菌在相同的条件下对玉米秸秆进行预处理,预处理后的原料再进行干发酵制取沼气的试验研究。[结果]结果表明:原料以Cv处理后沼气产量最高,纤维素的降解效果最好,其总产气量是42 187 ml(按60 d计),产气率为703.1 ml/d,纤维素降解率为54.2%。[结论]木质纤维素降解率越高,沼气产量也越多。     

Detection of methane in the atmosphere of Mars

We report a detection of methane in the martian atmosphere by the Planetary Fourier Spectrometer onboard the Mars Express spacecraft. The global average methane mixing ratio is found to be 10 +/- 5 parts per billion by volume (ppbv). However, the mixing ratio varies between 0 and 30 ppbv over the planet. The source of methane could be either biogenic or nonbiogenic, including past or present subsurface microorganisms, hydrothermal activity, or cometary impacts.     

Seasonal variations in the stable carbon isotopic signature of biogenic methane in a coastal sediment

Systematic seasonal variations in the stable carbon isotopic signature of methane gas occur in the anoxic sediments of Cape Lookout Bight, a lagoonal basin on North Carolina's Outer Banks. Values for the carbon isotope ratio (delta 13C) of methane range from -57.3 per mil during summer to -68.5 per mil during winter in gas bubbles with an average methane content of 95%. The variations are hypothesized to result from changes in the pathways of microbial methane production and cycling of key substrates including acetate and hydrogen. The use of stable isotopic signatures to investigate the global methane cycle through mass balance calculations, involving various sediment and soil biogenic sources, appears to require seasonally averaged data from individual sites.     

模拟生物反应器填埋场产甲烷模型及应用研究

根据不同渗滤液回灌频率、渗滤液回灌前加热、加入厌氧污泥进行微生物接种等操作运行方式下模拟生物反应器填埋场产甲烷试验的结果,建立了反映环境温度影响的生物反应器填埋场产甲烷数学模型,并对其参数进行估计,在此基础上对模型进行了检验,提出了利用生物反应器填埋场甲烷气体的操作运行方案。     

A persistent oxygen anomaly reveals the fate of spilled methane in the deep Gulf of Mexico

Methane was the most abundant hydrocarbon released during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Beyond relevancy to this anthropogenic event, this methane release simulates a rapid and relatively short-term natural release from hydrates into deep water. Based on methane and oxygen distributions measured at 207 stations throughout the affected region, we find that within ~120 days from the onset of release ~3.0 × 10(10) to 3.9 × 10(10) moles of oxygen were respired, primarily by methanotrophs, and left behind a residual microbial community containing methanotrophic bacteria. We suggest that a vigorous deepwater bacterial bloom respired nearly all the released methane within this time, and that by analogy, large-scale releases of methane from hydrate in the deep ocean are likely to be met by a similarly rapid methanotrophic response.     

Reverse methanogenesis: testing the hypothesis with environmental genomics

Microbial methane consumption in anoxic sediments significantly impacts the global environment by reducing the flux of greenhouse gases from ocean to atmosphere. Despite its significance, the biological mechanisms controlling anaerobic methane oxidation are not well characterized. One current model suggests that relatives of methane-producing Archaea developed the capacity to reverse methanogenesis and thereby to consume methane to produce cellular carbon and energy. We report here a test of the "reverse-methanogenesis" hypothesis by genomic analyses of methane-oxidizing Archaea from deep-sea sediments. Our results show that nearly all genes typically associated with methane production are present in one specific group of archaeal methanotrophs. These genome-based observations support previous hypotheses and provide an informed foundation for metabolic modeling of anaerobic methane oxidation.     

氮肥施用量和节水灌溉对稻田甲烷排放量的影响

以汕优63和安选6号2个水稻品种(组合)为材料,研究了氮肥施用量和节水栽培对稻田甲烷排放量的影响.结果表明:随着氮肥施用量的增加,甲烷排放量也增加,不同氮肥水平之间的甲烷总排放量和移栽后40、50、60、70天之间的平均排放量在0.01水平上有差异.节水栽培比正常灌溉条件下甲烷排放量大幅度减少.     

秸秆原料C／N比调节对沼气产气状况的影响

以玉米秸秆原料为试材,研究了不同碳氮比条件对沼气产气状况的影响。结果表明,碳氮比值为27．0的N1处理,累积产气量、稳定产气周期内的日平均产气量及碳转化效率等指标均达到最大值;随着碳氮比的降低,产气开始时间延迟且产气周期缩短,累积产气量也降低,并且碳转化效率也有所下降。     

硝酸盐对肉牛甲烷产量和生长性能的影响

为研究硝酸盐对肉牛甲烷排放,瘤胃发酵和生长性能的影响,采用体内和体外试验。体外试验用单因素设计,分为对照组,1%硝酸盐组和2%硝酸盐组,试验重复进行3次;在体内试验中,选用8头草原红牛,采用单因素随机分组设计,分为对照组(体重(229.5±50.1)kg)和硝酸盐组((体重232.3±37.7)kg),每组4头。试验共56d,包括14d预饲期,39d生长期以及3d呼吸测热期。结果表明:在体外试验中,在1%和2%硝酸盐下甲烷量分别下降15.2%和46.2%,在体内试验中1%的硝酸盐可以抑制28.5%的甲烷产量,且饲喂后4h内抑制效果显著(P0.05),甲烷产量与干物质采食量之比以及甲烷能与总能比表示时分别下降31.8%,且对总挥发性脂肪酸产量有显著抑制效果(P0.05),但日增重、饲料转化率和营养消化率并未增加。硝酸盐可以持续有效地抑制甲烷,但未对生产性能产生促进作用。     

Unexpected changes to the global methane budget over the past 2000 years

We report a 2000-year Antarctic ice-core record of stable carbon isotope measurements in atmospheric methane (delta13CH4). Large delta13CH4 variations indicate that the methane budget varied unexpectedly during the late preindustrial Holocene (circa 0 to 1700 A.D.). During the first thousand years (0 to 1000 A.D.), delta13CH4 was at least 2 per mil enriched compared to expected values, and during the following 700 years, an about 2 per mil depletion occurred. Our modeled methane source partitioning implies that biomass burning emissions were high from 0 to 1000 A.D. but reduced by almost approximately 40% over the next 700 years. We suggest that both human activities and natural climate change influenced preindustrial biomass burning emissions and that these emissions have been previously understated in late preindustrial Holocene methane budget research.     

1980—2011年福建省农业甲烷排放估算研究

基于1980—2011年福建省农业生产的相关统计数据,将稻田甲烷排放模型CH_4MOD、排放因子法和GIS相结合,模拟估算了福建省1980—2011年农业源甲烷排放量。结果表明:(1)1980—2011年福建省农业CH_4共排放1 219.71×10~4t,总体呈下降趋势;(2)福建省农业CH_4排放高值区主要分布在南平市、龙岩市和漳州市,约占福建农业CH_4排放总量的47%;(3)32 a间福建省水稻CH_4总排放877.63×104t,总体呈递减走势,年均递减率为1.96%。反刍动物肠道和动物粪便CH_4排放量均呈明显上升趋势,年均增长率分别为1.04%和2.25%;(4)不同农业源CH_4排放量差异较大,以稻田CH_4排放最高,占总排放的72%,其次是动物肠道CH_4排放,占总排放量的23%,动物粪便CH_4排放约占5%;(5)对2025年甲烷排放量进行模型预测,表明福建省农业CH_4排放量总体降低,反刍动物饲料和动物粪便管理效率的提高成为未来福建农业发展的重点。     

规模化养殖场沼气工程物流运作模式研究

以规模化养殖场沼气工程的物流运作为切入点,对沼气工程供应链的原料供应物流、生产物流以及产品销售物流的组织与运行方式展开了初步研究,确定了以沼气能源公司为核心,第三方物流为关键支撑的一体化物流运作模式,为大规模的沼气工程的运营实施提供了一个新的思路。