免疫印迹分析试验感染肝片吸虫和大片吸虫绵羊的IgG应答

免疫印迹(Westernblot)分析试验感染肝片吸虫和大片吸虫绵羊的抗片形吸虫分泌捧泄产物(FhESP和FgESP)IgG应答，结果表明，FhESP中分子质量在17．1～21．6ku之间的4条主要蛋白带仅被肝片吸虫感染以后(0WPI以后)的血清识别且不被对照组血清识别；FgESP中分子质量在19．0～71．1ku之间的6条主要蛋白带仅被大片吸虫感染以后(0WPI以后)的血清识别且不被对照组血清识别。     

Hydrological responses to precipitation variation and diverse human activities in a mountainous tributary of the lower Xijiang,China

Hydrological regimes of river systems have been changing under the impacts of both climate variation and human activities in the global context. The Luodingjiang River, a mountainous tributary of the lower Xijiang in South China, was chosen to investigate the hydrological responses to the precipitation variation and diverse human activities (land use change, water diversion, reservoir construction, and in-channel damming) in this study. Two non-parametric statistical methods, Mann–Kendall and Pettitt test, were employed to detect the long-term changes in the time series of water discharge and sediment load (1959–2002) at the annual, monthly and seasonal scales. Significant increasing changes were detected in the water discharge time series in the dry season. To the contrary, significant decreasing changes were detected in the annual sediment load and sediment load time series in the wet-season. The impacts of precipitation variation and human activities on water discharge and sediment load were discerned and quantified using double mass curve and linear regression methods. By taking the period 1959–1968 as the reference period, the contribution of human activities to the increasing trend of dry-season water discharge in the period 1969–2002 was estimated to be 80%. Because the change of sediment load during the period 1969–2002 was not monotonic with an abrupt change around 1986, the contribution estimations were made for the two periods before and after 1986 respectively. For the period 1969–1985, human activities, particularly deforestation during the period 1981–1985, contributed 43% to the increasing change of sediment load and for the period 1986–2002, the impact of human activities dominated the decreasing change of sediment load with the contribution slightly higher than 100% because of the opposite role of precipitation variation. The operation of reservoirs and hydropower stations is considered to be responsible for the observed increasing trends of water discharge in the dry-season and decreasing trends of sediment load after 1986, and for the latter, reforestation program in the catchment is another contributing factor. The distinct seasonal changing patterns of both water discharge and sediment load in this study highlight the importance of involving monthly or seasonal time series in the change detection in hydrological data.     

Spatial and temporal responses of forest birds to human approaches in a protected area and implications for two management strategies

Little is known about the responses of forest birds, other than raptors, to human disturbance despite their being highly sensitive to habitat disruption. We tested five hypotheses about the spatial and temporal interactions between recreationists and wildlife by using five South American birds as model species. We measured two components of flight distance, horizontal (distance between a visitor and the base of a perching tree) and vertical (distance between the base of a tree and the perch), and estimated the third diagonal component (distance between a visitor and the perch). We found that (a) the relationships between horizontal and vertical components of flight distance were negative (rufus-collared sparrow, golden-billed saltator, chiguanco thrush), positive (spot-winged pigeon), and neutral (bay-winged cowbird), suggesting that different components are used as clues to the proximity of people when birds vacated the perching tree; (b) the distance to the nearest pathway correlated positively with flight distance components of two species (bay-winged cowbird and spot-winged pigeon); and (c) physical structure of the vegetation affected differently flight distances of all species. Interspecific comparisons showed that (d) all flight distance components increased linearly with body size, and (e) species differed in landing distances but not in response duration: large-bodied species tended to land farther than smaller-bodied ones. By implementing buffer zones (areas without access to visitors), spatial restrictions would conflict with recreational activities. We recommend re-distributing (but not restricting) human visitation by varying the number of visitors and area of visitation according to the spatial requirements of differently sized species.     

棉花调亏灌溉的生理响应及其优化农艺技术

在移动式防雨棚下，采用盆栽土培法和测坑微区试验相结合的方法，分析了调亏灌溉对棉花不同生育阶段蒸腾速率（Tr）、光合速率（Pn）、光合产物积累与分配、经济产量（Y）和水分利用效率（WUE）的影响，盆栽试验采用二因素（水分调亏阶段和调节亏水度）随机区组设计，测坑微区试验采用三因素（水分调亏度、施肥水平和植株密度）正交旋转组合设计。结果表明：适时适度的水分调亏使得Tr明显下降，而Pn下降不明显，复水后光合产物具有超补偿积累，且有利于向经济产品（籽棉）运转与分配。棉花调亏灌溉（RDI）的适宜指标是：苗期轻、中度调亏，0～40cm土层湿度下限为50％FC～60％FC（田间持水量）；蕾期轻度调亏，0～40cm土层湿度控制下限为60％FC；花铃期不宜调亏，0～40cm土层湿度应不低于75％FC；吐絮期可中度调亏，0～40cm土层湿度可控制在50％FC～55％FC。     

Ecological and life-history traits predict bee species responses to environmental disturbances

The ability to predict the responses of ecological communities and individual species to human-induced environmental change remains a key issue for ecologists and conservation managers alike. Responses are often variable among species within groups making general predictions difficult. One option is to include ecological trait information that might help to disentangle patterns of response and also provide greater understanding of how particular traits link whole clades to their environment. Although this “trait-guild” approach has been used for single disturbances, the importance of particular traits on general responses to multiple disturbances has not been explored. We used a mixed model analysis of 19 data sets from throughout the world to test the effect of ecological and life-history traits on the responses of bee species to different types of anthropogenic environmental change. These changes included habitat loss, fragmentation, agricultural intensification, pesticides and fire. Individual traits significantly affected bee species responses to different disturbances and several traits were broadly predictive among multiple disturbances. The location of nests - above vs. below ground - significantly affected response to habitat loss, agricultural intensification, tillage regime (within agriculture) and fire. Species that nested above ground were on average more negatively affected by isolation from natural habitat and intensive agricultural land use than were species nesting below ground. In contrast below-ground-nesting species were more negatively affected by tilling than were above-ground nesters. The response of different nesting guilds to fire depended on the time since the burn. Social bee species were more strongly affected by isolation from natural habitat and pesticides than were solitary bee species. Surprisingly, body size did not consistently affect species responses, despite its importance in determining many aspects of individuals’ interaction with their environment. Although synergistic interactions among traits remain to be explored, individual traits can be useful in predicting and understanding responses of related species to global change.     

Forest soil respiration and its heterotrophic and autotrophic components: Global patterns and responses to temperature and precipitation

Quantifying global patterns of forest soil respiration (SR), its components of heterotrophic respiration (HR) and belowground autotrophic respiration (AR), and their responses to temperature and precipitation are vital to accurately evaluate responses of the terrestrial carbon balance to future climate change. There is great uncertainty associated with responses of SR to climate change, concerning the differences in climatic controls and apparent Q₁₀ (the factor by which respiration increases for a 10 °C increase in temperature) over HR and AR. Here, we examine available information on SR, HR, AR, the contribution of HR to SR (HR/SR), and Q₁₀ of SR and its components from a diverse global database of forest ecosystems. The goals were to test how SR and its two components (AR and HR) respond to temperature and precipitation changes, and to test the differences in apparent Q₁₀ between AR and HR. SR increased linearly with mean annual temperature (MAT), but responded non-linearly to mean annual precipitation (MAP) in naturally-regenerated forests. For every 1 °C increase in MAT, overall emissions from SR increased by 24.6 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹. When MAP was less than 813 mm, every 100 mm increase in MAP led to a release of 75.3 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹, but the increase rate declined to 20.3 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ when MAP was greater than 813 mm. MAT explained less variation in AR than that in HR. The overall emissions in AR and HR for every 1 °C increase in MAT, increased by 12.9 and 16.1 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹, respectively. The AR emissions for every 100 mm increase in MAP, increased by 44.5 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ when MAP less than 1000 mm. However, above the threshold, AR emissions stayed relatively constant. HR increased linearly by 15.0 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ with every 100 mm increased in MAP. The Q₁₀ value of SR increased with increasing depth at which soil temperature was measured up to 10 cm and was negatively correlated with HR/SR. Our synthesis suggests AR and HR differ in their responses to temperature and precipitation change. We also emphasized the importance of information on soil temperature measurement depth when applying field estimation of Q₁₀ values into current terrestrial ecosystem models. Q₁₀ values derived from field SR measurements including AR, will likely overestimate the temperature response of HR on a future warmer earth.     

木麻黄种子萌发对铬胁迫的生理生态响应研究

试验研究不同浓度CrCl3 胁迫对木麻黄种子萌发初期一些生理生态特征的影响结果表明 ,随CrCl3 处理浓度的加大而木麻黄种子萌发率逐渐降低 ,幼苗株高、根长、鲜物质量和干物质量均逐渐降低 ;脯氨酸、超氧负离子含量先升后降 ,蛋白质含量逐渐升高 ;超氧化物歧化酶活性 (SOD)先升后降 ,过氧化物酶活性 (POD)和过氧化氢酶活性 (CAT)则逐渐增加 ,SOD、POD、CAT活性可作为毒物的敏感指示者。环境胁迫条件下植物体形态特征的响应常滞后于生理特征。     

Arthropod responses to harvesting and wildfire: Implications for emulation of natural disturbance in forest management

Although natural disturbance has been widely adopted as a template for forest management that protects biodiversity, this hypothesis has not been adequately tested. We compared litter-dwelling arthropod assemblages (Coleoptera: Carabidae and Staphylinidae; Araneae) in aspen-dominated stands originating as clear-cuts or wildfires across three age classes (1-2, 14-15, and 28-29 years old) to test whether the post-harvest and post-fire assemblages converged following disturbances, and to compare faunal succession. These findings were compared to data about epigaeic arthropods in old and mature pyrogenic aspen stands (>70 years old) to determine whether diversity and community composition of arthropods from the younger age-classes approached what may have been typical pre-disturbance conditions. The resulting data-set of almost 27,000 arthropods and 230 species showed convergence in most taxa, and some general similarities between 28- and 29-year-old stands and old and mature stands. However, not all taxa responded similarly, and faunal succession following clear-cutting appeared to progress more rapidly than following wildfire. Rarefaction-estimated diversity was elevated in 1-2-year-old stands, compared to unharvested stands, reflecting a mix of closed-canopy and open-habitat species. Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling ordinations showed that samples from young wildfire disturbed stands (1-2 years old) included more variable assemblages than all other study sites, and contained species that may depend on unique post-fire habitat characteristics. The fauna of old and mature stands exhibited low diversity, but contained species with limited dispersal abilities, and species tied to old-growth habitats such as dead wood. Harvesting systems that do not allow adequate recovery following a first harvesting pass, or do not maintain microhabitat features associated with older fire-origin forests, may threaten persistence of some elements of boreal arthropod faunas.     

A six year study of earthworm (Lumbricidae) populations in pasture woodland in southern England shows their responses to soil temperature and soil moisture

There are very few studies on the effects of temporal changes in soil properties on ecosystem engineers in UK soils. This study addresses this lack by presenting earthworm diversity data from a six-year seasonality study comprising 72 monthly samples from the litter and soil of pasture woodland in the New Forest, southern England. These data were analysed in the context of soil moisture and soil temperature, key factors affecting earthworm abundance, and factors likely to be strongly affected by future climate change. The data for the whole period were analysed using non-parametric regression and an additive model used to separate within-year and between-year effects. Seasonal patterns are present for all the common species, generally with a maximum in March and a minimum in September. A majority of the five commonest species show a strong decline in abundance during the two extremely dry periods (2002–2003 and 2006). In sharp contrast, the same species showed a relative increase during the very wet summer and autumn of 2007. There was, however, no significant overall trend in either the climate data or the earthworm species data. The epigeic species, Dendrobaena octaedra, showed the largest decline in the driest months which caused a crash to the point where there were no adults sampled during the four dry summer months of 2003. A second congeneric species, Dendrobaena attemsi, also epigeic, appears to have invaded the woodland during the six year period and is increasing rapidly in abundance. This may indicate the start of a shift in the distribution of the two species, as D. octaedra generally has a northern European distribution and is frost-tolerant, while D. attemsi has a southern European distribution and is more drought-tolerant. In contrast, the very wet summer of 2007 seems to have damped the usual periodic seasonal oscillations in earthworm numbers. Endogeic worm species do not show the D. octaedra seasonal pattern as obviously, probably because these species are able to move more freely through the soil and because they are able to aestivate. These changes are likely to be due to a combination of human movement of earthworms (e.g. D. attemsi) and variations in local climate.     

Corvid response to human settlements and campgrounds: Causes, consequences, and challenges for conservation

Human development often favors species adapted to human conditions with subsequent negative effects on sensitive species. This is occurring throughout the urbanizing world as increases by generalist omnivores, like some crows and ravens (corvids) threaten other birds with increased rates of nest predation. The process of corvid responses and their actual effects on other species is only vaguely understood, so we quantified the population response of radio-tagged American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), common ravens (Corvus corax), and Steller’s jays (Cyanocitta stelleri) to human settlements and campgrounds and examined their influence as nest predators on simulated marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) nests on Washington’s Olympic Peninsula from 1995 to 2000. The behavior and demography of crows, ravens, and jays was correlated to varying degrees with proximity to human development. Crows and ravens had smaller home ranges and higher reproduction near human settlements and recreation. Annual survival of crows was positively associated with proximity to human development. Home range and reproduction of Steller’s jays was independent of proximity to human settlements and campgrounds. Local density of crows increased because home ranges of neighboring breeding pairs overlapped extensively (6× more than ravens and 3× more than Steller’s jays) and breeders far from anthropogenic foods traveled 10s of kilometers to access them. Corvids accounted for 32.5% of the predation events (n = 837) we documented on artificial murrelet nests. Small corvids (jays) were common nest predators across our study area but their contribution as predators did not vary with proximity to settlements and campgrounds. In contrast, large corvids (crows and ravens) were rare nest predators across our study area but their contribution varied greatly with proximity to settlements and campgrounds. Managers seeking to reduce the risk of nest predation need to consider the varied impacts and variable behavioral and population responses of potential nest predators. In our situation, removing large corvids may do little to reduce overall rates of nest predation because of the diverse predator assemblage, but reducing anthropogenic food in the landscape may be effective.     

不同内源重金属生物炭对Cu和Cd吸附及其对老化作用的响应

为明确老化作用对不同内源污染物生物炭吸附重金属稳定性的影响,该研究以不同污染程度（清洁、中度和重度污染）土壤种植的巨菌草秸秆制备3种不同内源Cu和Cd含量的生物炭RB、SB和JB,分析3种生物炭对Cu2+和Cd2+的吸附能力以及干湿和冻融老化对饱和吸附后生物炭中Cu和Cd的生物有效性的影响。结果表明：3种生物炭表面均分布丰富的孔隙结构,RB含有最高的pH值和灰分含量;生物炭对Cu2+和Cd2+的吸附符合Langmuir模型（R2=0.951～0.998）,且RB对Cu2+和Cd2+的吸附量最大,分别为54.3和37.3 mg/g;与此相同,饱和吸附后RB对Cu2+和Cd2+的固持量最大,分别为21.4和4.78 mg/g。与老化前相比,干湿老化较冻融老化更显著地降低了饱和吸附后生物炭中Cu的TCLP（Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure）浸出含量,促进了Cu从酸溶态和残渣态向还原态和氧化态转化,降低了Cu的环境风险;但是干湿和冻融老化作用增加了饱和吸附后生物炭中Cd的TCLP浸出含量,促进了Cd从残渣态向酸溶态、还原态和氧化态转化,增加了Cd的环境风险。这可能是由于3种生物炭对Cu2+的吸附主要以表面络合为主,对Cd2+的吸附以化学沉淀机制为主。总体上,RB生物炭固持最高的Cu2+和Cd2+,但是干湿和冻融老化增加了饱和吸附后生物炭Cd环境风险,研究结果对于评估生物炭长期钝化修复稳定性具有一定的指导意义。     

Factors related to iron uptake by dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants. II. The reduction of Fe3+ as influenced by roots and inhibitors

In a companion paper (10), varieties of four plant species [two monocotyledons (oats and corn) and two dicotyledons (soybeans and tomato)] were shown to differ widely in their ability to respond to Fe‐stress. The ability of the more Fe‐efficient varieties was manifested by a lowering of the pH of the ambient medium of the root and/or by loss of reductants from the root. Both effects can enhance uptake of Fe by the roots, since Fe is taken up primarily, if not entirely, as Fe²⁺ ions. Thus, a given stressed plant has a means, under some degree of metabolic control, for modifying the root environment and, thereby, alleviating its chlorotic condition.

The present investigation deals with environmental factors, particularly chemical inhibitors, modifying the effectiveness of the stress response. Without inhibitors, excised root samples of the four species exhibited a wide range of abilities to reduce Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺. Roots of the dicotyledonous species reduced about twice as much Fe³⁺ as did equal weights of the monocotyledonous species. Iron‐efficient tomato, soybean, and oat roots reduced more Fe³⁺ than did roots of the Fe‐inefficient varieties. The two corn varieties were about equal in their effectiveness.

Comparable samples of roots were also exposed to chemicals that induce or aggravate Fe chlorosis. Those found to be very effective inhibitors of Fe³⁺ reduction by the roots included: hydroxide, orthophosphate, pyrophosphate, Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺. Other ions (includ ing Mn²⁺, Zn²⁺ and molybdate) and ethyl ammonium phosphate also inhibited Fe³⁺ reduction but to a lesser degree. Citrate, however, enhanced Fe³⁺ reduction. The degree of inhibition or enhancement differed for each of the varieties. In general, the Fe‐efficient plants were best able to reduce Fe³⁺ in spite of the inhibitory influence of the imposed treatments. Thus, our findings indicated that inhibition of the Fe³⁺ ‐reduction process at, or near, the periphery of the root is an apparent cause of Fe chlorosis.     

The responses of soil,litter and root carbon stocks to the conversion of forest regrowth to crop and tree production systems used by smallholder farmers in eastern Amazonia

The impact of substituting forests for smallholder agricultural production systems on soil carbon (C) stocks is not well understood in Brazilian Amazonia. Most surveys of soil C stocks are restricted to the top 30 cm of soil and do not include measurements of litter and root stocks. Here, we quantify the stocks of C in soil (0–100 cm depth), aboveground litter and coarse roots of traditional (slash‐and‐burn) and alternative (Schizolobium amazonicum‐planted forest and silvopastoral system) smallholder agricultural systems, which were compared with a reference area (forest regrowth) in the eastern Amazonia. The soil C stocks in the 0–100 cm layer were larger in the forest regrowth treatment (156.8 ± 15.5 Mg/ha) than in the other treatments (S. amazonicum = 85.3 ± 6.5, silvopastoral = 108.0 ± 4.4 Mg/ha) but did not differ from the soil C stock in the slash‐and‐burn treatment (127.2 ± 6.1 Mg/ha). The soil C stocks at the 0–30 cm layer, which represented 33–50% of the total C of the 0–100 cm layer, did not differ among the treatments. The litter C stocks were ranked in the following order: silvopastoral > forest regrowth > S. amazonicum > slash‐and‐burn. The forest regrowth treatment had a greater coarse root C stock (0.84 ± 0.10 Mg/ha) than the other treatments (silvopastoral = 0.28 ± 0.03, S. amazonicum = 0.18 ± 0.03, slash‐and‐burn = 0.27 ± 0.04 Mg/ha). Soil, litter and root C stocks were negatively impacted by the conversion of forest regrowth to cultivation systems.