不同改性黏土矿物吸附净化磷污染水体的性能比较

比较了酸、热及其复合改性对凹凸棒石黏土、膨润土和高岭土等3种黏土矿物吸附净化不同程度磷污染水体能力的影响。结果发现,2%浓度酸处理、300℃热活化及酸热复合改性均可以显著提高凹凸棒石黏土的磷吸附净化能力,且以复合改性效果最好,Ⅴ类和劣Ⅴ类水的磷去除率均比原土提高30%以上;酸、热改性均能显著提高膨润土的磷吸附净化能力,但综合不同程度磷污染水体来看,热活化略优于酸改性,但酸热复合改性没有呈现更佳的效果;热改性显著提高高岭土的磷吸附净化能力,而酸改性却不同程度地降低了高岭土的磷吸附净化能力,酸热复合改性的效果亦不如热单独改性。结果表明,在针对不同程度磷污染水体时需根据黏土矿物特性选用酸处理、热活化或酸热复合改性方法来提高污水的吸附净化效率。     

BS-12改性不同磁性黏土矿物对苯酚的吸附

采用共沉淀法制备磁性海泡石(MST)、磁性沸石(MZT)和磁性凹凸棒石(MAT),并以两性表面活性剂十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱(BS-12)对其进行改性,以X射线衍射(XRD)对不同吸附剂材料进行表征分析,通过批处理法比较不同磁性黏土矿物经BS-12改性后对苯酚的吸附特征,同时考察温度、pH和离子强度对BS-12改性磁性黏土...     

改性高岭土对废水中磷的吸附性能及机理研究

采用盐酸和煅烧2种方法对苏州高岭土进行了改性,分析其对模拟含磷废水中磷的吸附效果,并初步探讨了其作用机制,继而进行了等温吸附和吸附动力学试验研究。结果显示,酸、热改性均不同程度地提高了高岭土对模拟废水中磷的吸附净化能力,尤以9%酸改性和500℃煅烧效果最为明显。在处理25 ml浓度为20 mg/L的模拟含磷废水中,高岭土投加量为2%(重量比)时,经9%酸改性高岭土对磷去除率达81.8%,较天然高岭土提高了44.6%。在处理50 ml浓度为20 mg/L的模拟含磷废水时,经500℃煅烧改性高岭土对磷的去除率高达99.5%,残留溶液中磷浓度仅为0.10 mg/L,达到我国相应排放标准。酸改性可通过改变高岭土的吸附活性点位来提高其对磷的吸附净化性能,而煅烧通过活化高岭石中的铝而提高其对磷的吸附净化性能。天然、9%酸改性及500℃煅烧高岭土磷吸附等温线均符合Freundilch和Langmuir方程,皆达极显著水平(P<0.01)。天然、9%酸改性及500℃煅烧高岭土对磷的动力学吸附特征一致,皆与准二级方程拟合最佳,达极显著水平(P<0.01)。500℃煅烧高岭土对磷的饱和吸附量最大,在净化含磷废水中具有良好的应用前景。     

BS-12改性不同磁性黏土矿物对苯酚吸附及机制的比较

采用共沉淀法制备磁性海泡石（MST）、磁性沸石（MZT）和磁性凹凸棒石（MAT）,并以两性表面活性剂十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱（BS-12）对其进行改性,以X射线衍射（XRD）对不同吸附剂材料进行表征分析,通过批处理法比较了BS-12改性不同磁性黏土矿物对苯酚的吸附特征,同时考察了温度、pH和离子强度对不同磁性黏土矿物间及不同改性比例下吸附苯酚的影响。结果表明,三种黏土矿物原样和磁化样对苯酚的吸附能力分别呈NAT＞NST＞NZT、MAT＞MST＞MZT的大小顺序,磁化对凹凸棒石的苯酚吸附能力影响最大,这与Fe3O4在凹凸棒石上的覆盖度较高有关。经BS-12改性后,三种改性磁性黏土矿物对苯酚的吸附量均随改性比例的增大而增加,具有一致性;三种磁性黏土矿物中,BS-12改性对磁性海泡石的苯酚吸附能力提升最多,这与BS-12在磁性海泡石的改性率较高有关。温度和溶液初始pH值的升高不利于BS-12改性磁化样对苯酚的吸附,但离子强度的增加对BS-12改性磁化样吸附苯酚具有促进作用。BS-12改性磁性黏土矿物对苯酚的吸附以疏水分配作用为主,吸附能力取决于有机碳含量。三种改性磁性黏土矿物中,BS-12改性磁性凹凸棒石上的有机碳含量最高,对苯酚的吸附能力最强,且吸附受温度、pH和离子强度的影响最小。     

铁氧化物-胡敏酸复合物对磷的吸附吸附

本试验通过设置不同磷酸根浓度、 pH和不同电解质及电解质强度梯度,研究磷酸根在针铁矿-胡敏酸（HA）复合物和赤铁矿-胡敏酸（HA）复合物表面的吸附特性。X射线衍射（XRD）、 扫描电镜（SEM）和红外光谱（FTIR）图谱显示: 铁氧化物包覆胡敏酸后其内部结构特性保持不变; 氧化铁与胡敏酸通过氢键形成粒径大、 表面光滑的铁氧化物-HA复合微粒,且复合物比表面减小; 形成的氧化铁-胡敏酸复合物对磷的吸附能力增强,且针铁矿复合物的吸附能力大于赤铁矿复合物,均为多层吸附过程; pH增高抑制铁氧化物复合物对磷的吸附,同时电解质浓度增加促进复合体对磷的吸附,且反应后体系pH随之降低。     

不同磷浓度对土壤吸附锌特性的影响

通过等温吸附试验,研究了不同磷浓度条件下水、旱田两种土壤吸附锌的规律,结果表明:在本试验条件下,以Freundlich方程拟合土壤对锌的吸附等温线的效果最好;不同磷浓度条件下,同一土壤的吸附等温线方程参数k和n均没有显著的变化;不同磷浓度对土壤吸附锌的量没有显著影响。因此,磷锌拮抗的原因可能不是施磷加强了土壤对锌的吸附作用。     

不同磷浓度对土壤吸附锌特性的影响

通过等温吸附试验，研究了不同磷浓度条件下水、旱田两种土壤吸附锌的规律，结果表明：在本试验条件下，以Fretmdlich方程拟合土壤对锌的吸附等温线的效果最好；不同磷浓度条件下，同一土壤的吸附等温线方程参数k和n均没有显著的变化；不同磷浓度对土壤吸附锌的量没有显著影响。因此，磷锌拮抗的原因可能不是施磷加强了土壤对锌的吸附作用。     

水滑石改性生物炭有效提高设施菜田土壤磷的吸附性能

【目的】设施菜田土壤磷素高量累积、磷迁移风险高。水滑石改性生物炭是很好的阴离子吸附材料,探究不同原材料制备的水滑石改性生物炭对高磷设施菜田土壤磷吸附性能的影响,为高磷设施菜田合理利用改性生物炭、降低磷素损失风险提供科学依据。【方法】采用500℃下限氧热解法制备竹炭(BB)、玉米秸秆炭(MB)和猪粪炭(PB)样品,利用共沉淀法将Zn/Fe水滑石(Zn/Fe-LDHs)分别负载在3个生物炭表面,得到水滑石改性竹炭(LDH-BB)、水滑石改性玉米秸秆炭(LDH-MB)和水滑石改性猪粪炭(LDH-PB)。以6个生物炭样品为试材进行土壤磷吸附–解吸实验和土柱淋溶实验,以不添加生物炭处理为对照。磷吸附–解吸实验利用Langmuir和Freundlich方程拟合吸附数据,并测定了土炭混合物的磷解吸量。土柱淋溶实验测定了淋溶液体积、pH及不同形态磷含量。【结果】水滑石改性生物炭的Zn、Fe元素含量、O/C和(O+N)/C原子比提高,pH、C、N和P元素含量降低。改性后生物炭表面出现不规则层状附着物,比表面积增加,其大小依次为LDHBB>LDH-PB>LDH-MB>BB>MB&g...     

天然膨润土的矿物特性及其磷吸附性能研究

比较了不同天然膨润土共7个样品对不同程度磷污染水体的吸附净化性能,通过等温吸附实验,探讨了膨润土对磷的吸附机制.结果发现,供试膨润土对水体磷均有一定的吸附净化潜力,但针对不同程度磷污染水体存在一定差异,且同一属型膨润土的吸附净化能力因矿物组成差异而不同.针对模拟V类水(P 0.4 mg/L)和劣V类水(P 1.0 mg/L),BN-2的吸附净化能力最强,BN-6的吸附净化能力较差,而其余膨润土对磷的吸附净化能力稍显差异.天然膨润土对磷的吸附等温曲线符合Freundlich方程,说明膨润土对磷的吸附可能属于不均匀介质的多分子层吸附.结果表明,在针对不同程度磷污染水体时,需根据膨润土的矿物特性,使各具特殊性质的不同天然膨润土矿样得到有效的应用.     

不同改土物料对白浆土磷吸附解吸的影响

向白浆土各层次土壤施入不同改土物料,比较不同处理土壤对 P 的吸附解吸情况.结果表明:各土层土壤对 P的吸附量均随着平衡液浓度的增加而增加;不同土层间土壤吸附 P 量大小顺序为淀积层＞混拌层＞白浆层＞黑土层;随着平衡液浓度的增大,P 吸附的增加率递减;施 Ca 加大了土壤对 P 的吸附,其中黑土层增加220.16%,白浆层增加54.50%,淀积层增加 52.36%;而施有机肥减弱了土壤对 P 的吸附,其中黑土层降低70.16%,白浆层降低45.50%,淀积层降低55.27%.Ca 有降低土壤 P 解吸率的趋势,有机肥能大幅度地提高其解吸率.     

Effect of drying soil on the measurement of phosphate adsorption

Abstract

Drying a soil increased the measured adsorption of phosphate; the drier the soil the larger was the effect. After drying at moderate temperatures, the effects were greatly reduced by re‐moistening the soil for a day before measuring adsorption.     

发育程度对海南玄武岩发育土壤吸附铬酸根和磷酸根的影响

选择海南岛北部3个不同年代喷发的玄武岩发育的土壤研究了其对铬酸根(CrO42-)和磷酸根(PO43-)的吸附特征,结果表明随着母岩年龄的增加,土壤发育程度提高,土壤游离氧化铁和表面正电荷数量增加,对2种阴离子的吸附量增加。土壤CrO42-的解吸率在19.8%~39.6%之间,表明土壤对CrO42-的吸附涉及静电吸附和专性吸附2种机制,且随着土壤发育程度增加,CrO42-静电吸附所占比例增加。土壤对PO43-的吸附以非静电吸附为主,吸附的PO43-的解吸量非常低,其解吸率不超过6%。吸附PO43-在去离子水中的解吸量高于在0.1 mol/L NaNO3和KNO3中的解析量,KNO3体系中的解吸量低于NaNO3体系中的,电解质主要通过改变胶体表面离子吸附面上的静电电位影响PO43-的解吸。     

土壤微生物溶磷分子机理研究进展

土壤中均含有大量的难溶性磷,而有效磷含量一般较低,土壤磷素供给不足常常是制约作物生长发育的重要因素之一。因此,活化土壤难溶性磷,增强土壤供磷能力,一直是人们普遍关注的重要问题。土壤中存在大量的溶磷微生物,这些微生物能够将难溶磷转化为植物能够吸收利用的有效磷。可见,了解这些微生物的溶磷机理,对于利用其溶磷功能、提高土壤磷素利用效率十分重要。本文对近年来微生物溶磷分子机理进行了综述。     

Maize root mucilage decreases adsorption of phosphate on goethite

 This work was carried out to determine the influence of root exudates on phosphorus solubility in the presence of a strong phosphate sorbant. Root mucilage was collected from maize grown under field conditions. Polygalacturonic acid (PGA) was also used as a model of exudates. Adsorption of phosphate by synthetic goethite was measured in the absence of either (1) root mucilage collected from maize in the field, or (2) PGA. The ranking order of the adsorption on goethite was phosphate at low concentration >PGA >mucilage >phosphate at high concentration. Then, competitive adsorption between phosphate ions and PGA or mucilage was studied. Increasing the concentration of PGA or mucilage added to the goethite suspension decreased the amount of phosphate adsorbed on goethite. It is likely that PGA, mucilage and phosphate compete for the same adsorption sites on goethite: the effect of the coating of the mineral by the mucilage is another possible explanation. Received: 18 April 2000     

低浓度非离子表面活性剂对甲基对硫磷在沉积物上吸附行为的影响

用振荡平衡方法,研究了非离子表面活性剂Brij30、Tween-80在沉积物上的吸附行为及其对甲基对硫磷在两种沉积物上吸附的影响。结果表明,Brij30、Tween-80在两种沉积物上的吸附等温线均符合S型吸附方程;Brij30、Tween-80主要通过在沉积物矿物表面的吸附与积聚和在有机质中的分配而吸附。Brij30 Tween-80加入浓度低于CMC时,甲基对硫磷在沉积物的吸附量减少,这是Brij30、Tween-80分子与甲基对硫磷分子在沉积物表面争夺活性吸附点位的结果;Brij30、Tween-80加入浓度大于CMC时,表面活性剂在沉积物表面形成的表面胶束对甲基对硫磷的吸附作用及表面活性剂对沉积物胶体的分散作用,使甲基对硫磷在沉积物上的吸附增加。     

Effect of maize root mucilage on phosphate adsorption and exchangeability on a synthetic ferrihydrite

 This study was conducted to determine the influence of root mucilage (RM) from Zea mays, polygalacturonic acid (PGA), and galacturonic acid (GA), on the adsorption, desorption, and exchangeability of orthophosphate (P) on a synthetic ferrihydrite in deionized water. The adsorption rate and affinity on the oxide decreased in the order P>GA>PGA≥RM. The results suggest that P and GA were adsorbed by ligand exchange on Fe-OH surface sites, while RM and PGA might in addition also be adsorbed by hydrogen and van der Waals bonds to the oxide surface. Whereas P and GA could be adsorbed at sites located inside the micropores of ferrihydrite aggregates, PGA and RM probably remained on the external surfaces because of their large molecular weight. The preliminary adsorption of organic compounds decreased the subsequent P adsorption. The larger decrease of P adsorption occurred when dry ferrihydrite powder was directly added to the RM/water suspension. This effect was due to the flocculation of ferrihydrite aggregates, which limited the transport of P to the adsorption sites. Preliminary adsorption of GA also decreased P adsorption, because both compounds competed for the same Fe-OH sites. The ability of the organic compounds to desorb P from the ferrihydrite was not very pronounced and decreased in the order GA>PGA≥RM. The preliminary adsorption of organic compounds on the oxide resulted in an increase in isotopically exchangeable P in 300 min compared to the treatment without organic compounds. However, because of its higher affinity for the oxide surface, P exchangeability was not modified when P was added before the organic compounds. Received: 23 July 1999     

Phosphate adsorption by soils 1. Influence of time and ionic environment on phosphate adsorption

Abstract

The influence of reaction time and ionic environments, on phosphate adsorption were studied using one calcareous soil from India, and one calcareous and two latosols from Hawaii.

Phosphorus adsorption by soils has a initial rapid phase followed by a slow process. For plant nutrition studies, where emphasis is on P concentration of solutions from which plants derive P, isotherms should be constructed using data obtained after near‐equilibration has been attained. This condition does not obtain in a few hours and may require 6 days or more.

Calcium chloride as suspending electrolyte always gave lower phosphate solubility than when KC1 was used as electrolyte. Phosphate retention increased with increasing ionic strength. The necessity for obtaining clear supernatant solutions and the desirability for maintaining reasonable constant equilibrium conditions make 0.01 M CaCl₂ a reasonable choice for constructing P sorption isotherms, even though 0.01 M CaCl₂ is not representative of Ca concentrations in many soil solutions. Saturation extracts of soils investigated here were in the range 0.0002 to 0.005 M Ca.

Adsorption of calcium by highly weathered soils was high suggesting specific adsorption. Calcium adsorption was increased by phosphate additions to a Hydrandept.     

改性沸石对Zn2+的吸附特性研究

通过间歇震荡平衡法研究了天然沸石及3种改性沸石对Zn2+的吸附特性。研究结果表明,沸石、改性沸石对Zn2+的等温吸附曲线符合Langmuir方程、Freundlich方程、Temkin方程,其中Freundlich方程的拟合性最好,相关系数在0.988～0.999之间。沸石及改性沸石对Zn2+吸附量大小顺序依次为铵改性沸石>钾改性沸石>镁改性沸石>天然沸石。该规律与改性阳离子价数、离子水合半径密切相关。     

Low molecular weight organic acid adsorption in forest soils: effects on soil solution concentrations and biodegradation rates

Low molecular weight (LMW) organic acids are believed to play a key role in many rhizosphere and pedogenic processes; However, their efficiency is likely to depend on their susceptibility to sorption and biodegradation. The sorption characteristics of three organic acids (citrate, oxalate and acetate) and phosphate were examined over the concentration range 0-1000 μM in three coniferous forest soil profiles. Sorption to the soil's solid phase could be adequately described by the Langmuir equation with sorption capacity following the horizon series: B>C>E>O. The strength of anion sorption followed the series: phosphate>oxalate≥citrate?acetate. Calculations indicated that between 50 and 95% (O and E horizons) and >93% (B horizons) of these LMW organic acids entering the soil will become sorbed to the solid phase. The amount of organic acids predicted to be present on the solid phase at typical soil solution concentrations ranged from <1 to 1100 nmol g⁻¹ yielding adsorbed-to-solution ratios (adsorption coefficients) of between <0.1 and 3100. In the case of citrate, sorption to the solid phase significantly reduced its biodegradation potential by 35-99% depending upon the degree and type of sorption surface. The findings of this work are discussed in the context of the quantitative effects of adsorption on organic acids, their ecological functions and role in soil forming processes.