昆明地区圈养狮子感染狮弓蛔虫的初查

采用饱和食盐水漂浮法和沉淀法对昆明圆通山动物园和云南野生动物园的狮子进行了蛔虫感染情况的调查,结果表明,在园养情况下狮子感染蛔虫的感染情况与散养情况一样,调查发现了蛔虫的幼虫;同时两家动物园进行比较发现,狮子的饲养环境是蛔虫感染的重要原因之一。     

圈养野生杂食动物肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

为了解福州动物园杂食动物寄生虫感染情况,采集8种杂食动物粪样20份,经麦克马斯特漂浮法检验发现3种杂食动物感染寄生虫种类8种,分别是棕熊感染线虫、蛔虫2种寄生虫;小熊猫感染贝蛔虫、类圆线虫和短膜壳绦虫3种寄生虫;豪猪感染蛲虫、鞭虫和球虫3种寄生虫。杂食动物寄生虫总感染率为37.5%(3/8),感染强度最高者为小熊猫贝蛔虫卵,高达12 210个/g。福州动物园杂食动物大多成群饲养,感染寄生虫的动物多属于寄生虫混合感染,驱虫工作难度大。     

石家庄市动物园山魈秋季肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

山魈是非常珍贵的野生物种,具有较高的观赏性,肠道寄生虫病是山魈的临床常见病。为了了解石家庄市动物园山魈秋季肠道寄生虫的感染情况,笔者对10只山魈进行了粪便采样,通过直接涂片法和饱和盐水漂浮法进行了虫卵检测,发现山魈感染有毛首线虫和蛔虫等。     

圈养蛇类寄生虫病感染调查

新动物园圈养蛇类寄生虫病感染情况备受关注。本试验旨在了解福州动物园圈养蛇类消化道寄生虫感染情况,调查寄生虫感染的种类和程度,为建立科学的防治方法和驱虫程序提供科学依据。本试验采用饱和食盐水漂浮法和自然水洗沉淀法收集虫卵,运用麦克马斯特计数方法对9种蛇类14条蛇共计20份粪便样本进行调查。寄生虫总感染率为100%(9/9),寄生虫种类为蛔虫、鞭虫、球虫、类圆线虫,其中以蛔虫的感染最为严重,此外,还从红尾蟒粪便中检查到螨虫幼虫。感染寄生虫的蛇类中,花岗岩蟒感染强度最高,蛔虫卵EPG为7650个/g;其次是黄金蟒蛔虫卵EPG为7500个/g;第三王锦蛇蛔虫卵EPG为3000个/g,鞭虫卵EPG为600个/g;其它虫卵EPG大多分布在25-1500个/g。     

DF对场地狮弓蛔虫卵杀灭试验二例

长期以来,全国各动物园里的珍稀野生动物不断受到蛔虫病的重复侵袭,如上海动物园动物蛔虫病在寄生虫病总数中占55.74%,成都动物园为42%,黔灵公园的肉食动物蛔虫病患病率为100%.大熊猫的18种寄生虫中熊猫蛔虫对大熊猫的危害占第1位,感染率为100%,更为严重的是胆道蛔虫和蛔虫引起的肠梗阻直接导致一部份珍稀濒危动物的死亡.为减少或彻底根治蛔虫病的重复侵袭,周忠勇等1993年曾用DF在实验室里对狮弓蛔虫卵作过杀灭试验,以后又对感染狮弓蛔虫动物的笼舍场地作了蛔虫卵杀灭试验,现将试验情况报告如下:     

动物园笼养鸽肠道线虫感染情况调查与分析

针对昆明某动物园鸽子病死及感染肠道线虫病情况进行调查,并采取药物治疗分析效果。对送检2只病死鸽检获虫体进行形态学鉴定,并采集园内40份鸽粪样(用药前的14份和用药后的26份)进行寄生虫的检测和鉴定。结果表明：2只病死鸽肠道解剖检获蛔虫161条;驱虫前线虫感染率为57.14%(8/14);采用阿苯达唑驱虫后的肠道线虫感染率为7.7%(2/26)。本次调查发现该动物园观赏鸽死于严重的肠道线虫感染,同时也发现高海拔地区鸽肠道线虫,尤其是蛔虫感染率高低同其所在地域的海拔高度可能存在相关性;从驱虫前后的结果发现,阿苯达唑对治疗肠道线虫感染有极显著效果;对其防治应采取定期肠道寄生虫检测,制定科学防控措施和方案。     

郑州市动物园珍禽寄生虫感染情况调查

应用饱和糖液漂浮法和饱和盐水漂浮法，对郑州市动物园的52种珍禽进行了寄生虫感染情况调查，结果寄生虫总感染率高达60．31％，其中球虫、蛔虫、毛细线虫、绦虫感染率分别为46．03、23．80％、30．15％、4．76％．表明郑州市动物园珍禽寄生虫感染较为普遍。     

园养东北虎蛔虫病的诊治

在昆明动物园一只驯养多年的东北虎呕吐物中发现乳白色、稻草样的活动物,经清洗后观察,为一狮弓蛔虫雌性虫体,根据此情况制定出有效的综合防治措施.     

两种野生动物蛔虫线粒体cox1基因序列差异性研究

分离到湖南长沙生态动物园白狮和猎豹的两种野生动物蛔虫样本,对这两种蛔虫线粒体DNA(rDNA)中细胞色素I(cox1)序列进行扩增测序,并与Gen Bank中收录的猫弓首蛔虫、狸猫弓首蛔虫、犬弓首蛔虫、狮弓蛔虫和猪蛔虫cox1序列进行比较。结果显示:来自长沙生态动物园的白狮和猎豹蛔虫cox1序列长度均为415 bp;与Gen Bank收录JF780951. 1(狮弓蛔虫)序列用Blast软件比较,发现极少数的碱基置换、颠换、缺失及无差异。利用DNAStar 5. 0的MegAlign软件差异性分析显示,白狮蛔虫(WL1、WL2)基因序列和猎豹蛔虫(CH1、CH2)基因序列与JF780951. 1(狮弓蛔虫)序列的平均差异分别为4. 05%和2. 5%。而样品序列与其他序列相比差异均在10. 1%以上。因此,这2种动物4个蛔虫样品种内差异小,种间差异大,同是狮弓蛔虫。     

犬、猫蛔虫病的诊断和治控措施

犬猫蛔虫病是由犬弓首蛔虫、狮弓蛔线虫和猫弓蛔线虫寄生于犬、猫的小肠和胃内引起的.在我国分布较广,主要危害1~3月龄的仔犬,影响生长和发育,严重感染时可导致死亡.可根据呕吐物及粪便中见到虫体确诊并治疗.1易感动物该病以幼龄犬、猫多见.其病原主要有犬弓首蛔虫、狮弓蛔线虫、猫弓蛔线虫等.其中犬弓首蛔虫和猫弓蛔线虫可以感染人,在幼犬中的感染很常见,偶有致命病例.狮弓蛔线虫可感染幼龄犬和成年犬,也可感染野生食肉动物,尤以动物园或其他收容场所动物容易感染.     

Ascarid nematodes in domestic and wild terrestrial mammals

The biology of the ascarid nematodes has been discussed in the context of their important economic role in farm animals, pet animals and zoo animals with special attention to carnivores and primates. In farm animals, infection with the most common roundworm of horses (Parascaris equorum) and swine (Ascaris suum) depend on many factors such as environmental conditions (larval development in the egg and egg survival), age of the host, breed, husbandry system, hygiene and treatment schedule. The monoxenic ascarids Toxocara canis and T. cati are the most important nematodes in carnivorous animals (dogs, cats, foxes) and carnivores in the zoo. In the period of March 2000 till March 2001, 57.1% of examined representatives of Felidae, Ursidae and Canidae in the Zoological Garden of Wroc?aw were found to be infected with ascarids (T. canis, T. cati, Toxascaris leonina). The prevalence of T. canis in the Canidae was 66.7%, of T. cati in the Felidae was 14.3%, while 57.1% of the Felidae carried T. leonina infection. Ascaris lumbricoides, a typical parasite of primates, was found in some gorillas, chimpanzees and orang-utans during parasitological survey.     

Baylisascaris procyonis encephalitis in Patagonian conures (Cyanoliseus patagonus), crested screamers (Chauna torquata), and a western Canadian porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum epixanthus) in a Manitoba zoo

Neurological disease occurred in 4 Patagonian conures (Cyanoliseus patagonus), 2 crested screamer chicks (Chauna torquata), and 1 western Canadian porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum epixanthus) at a Manitoba zoo. Baylisascaris procyonis, the common raccoon roundworm, not previously identified in Manitoba, is considered the likely cause of neural larval migrans in these cases.     

Estimated prevalence of nematode parasitism among pet cats in the United States

OBJECTIVE: To estimate prevalences of roundworm, hookworm, and whipworm infections in pet cats in the United States and identify risk factors for parasitism. DESIGN: Retrospective period prevalence survey. STUDY POPULATION: 356,086 cats examined at 359 private veterinary hospitals during 2003. PROCEDURE: Electronic medical records were searched to identify cats for which fecal flotation tests had been performed and to determine proportions of test results positive for roundworms, hookworms, and whipworms. Potential risk factors for roundworm and hookworm infection were identified by means of multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 80,278 tests were performed on fecal samples from 66,819 cats. Calculated prevalences of roundworm, hookworm, and whipworm infection were 2.92%, 0.63%, and 0.031%, respectively. Age, reproductive status, breed, and season were significant risk factors for roundworm infection, with cats < 4 years old; sexually intact cats; mixed-breed cats; and cats examined during the summer, fall, or winter more likely to be infected. Age, reproductive status, and season were significant risk factors for hookworm infection, with cats < 1 year old, sexually intact cats, and cats examined during the summer more likely to be infected. Regional differences in prevalences of roundworm and hookworm infection were found. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that prevalences of nematode infections among pet cats in the United States may be lower than previously suspected on the basis of prevalences reported among cats in humane shelters and those reported in more geographically focused studies.     

文昌鸡生态放养过程中驱虫程序的研究

采用虫卵漂浮法、麦克马斯特氏虫卵计数法对文昌鸡生态放养期间感染寄生虫的种类与粪便中虫卵数量进行监测。结果表明,文昌鸡生态放养感染的寄生线虫主要为鸡蛔虫和几种异刺线虫。自然条件下生态放养35 d后,每克粪便中寄生虫虫卵数（eggs per gram, EPG）达到了700,呈显著增长趋势。抽样宰杀30只鸡,检出18只感染鸡蛔虫成虫,感染率为60％,平均感染强度为8条/只。因此,建议整个生态放养期间驱虫3～4次为宜,首次驱虫时间为放养后25～30 d。     

San Miguel sea lion virus fed to mink and pigs.

Mink became infected with San Miguel sea lion virus when fed ground meat from seal carcasses showing vesicular-like lesions in the skin. The mink also contracted the infection when they were fed San Miguel sea lion virus infected pig meat or cell culture propagated virus. San Miguel sea lion virus infection in mink was inapparent but the virus was isolated from blood and rectal swabs. Pigs treated similarly with the same virus preparations given to mink developed a severe vesicular disease syndrome similar to that produced by vesicular exanthema of swine. In a separate trial, pigs fed a large sample of commercial ground seal meat did not develop disease signs or antibodies. Further work is needed to assess the hazard of introducing San Miguel sea lion virus into swine on the same premises when potentially San Miguel sea lion virus infective seal meat is fed to mink.     

Vesicular exanthema of swine and San Miguel sea lion virus: experimental and field studies in otarid seals, feeding trials in swine

The naturally occurring disease caused by San Miguel sea lion virus in fur seals was characterized by small fluid-filled vesicles 1 to 25 mm in diameter on the nonhaired portions of the flippers. Early epithelial lesions contained multifocal sites of cell lysis. The resultant microvesicles enlarged and coalesced, forming grossly visible macrovesicles. Mature vesicles progressed to involve all layers of the epithelium but did not involve the underlying dermis. Intradermal inoculation of vesicular exanthema of swine virus type A48 or San Miguel sea lion virus type 2 into otarid (fur) seal pups caused plaque-like lesions around inoculated coronary bands. These swellings regressed without rupture by 96 hours postinoculation. One seal inoculated with San Miguel sea lion virus had a linear lingual erosion at ten days postinoculation. Virus was isolated from this site and from two uninoculated sites, the tonsil and testicle. Contact controls showed no evidence of infection. Virus was isolated in low titers from some sites of inoculation and draining lymph nodes from seals infected with vesicular exanthema of swine virus. Virus was recovered more easily, in higher titers, and from more tissues, from seals infected with San Miguel sea lion virus. Inoculated seals tested after four to ten days seroconverted. Feeding swine seal tissues from the inoculation experiments resulted in seroconversion in swine which were fed tissues from seals infected with vesicular exanthema of swine virus but not in those which were fed tissues from seals infected with San Miguel sea lion virus.     

The pathogenesis of vesicular exanthema of swine virus and San Miguel sea lion virus in swine

Vesicular exanthema of swine virus type A48 or San Miguel sea lion virus type 2, when inoculated intradermally into swine, resulted in fluid-filled vesicles at the sites of inoculation in the snout, coronary band, and tongue. Pigs that developed vesicles also had fevers. Secondary vesicle formation varied, depending on virus serotype. Viremia was found in one pig infected with San Miguel sea lion virus five days after infection. Virus was recovered from nasal-oral passages for up to five days after infection in both groups of pigs and from the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts of pigs infected with San Miguel sea lion virus. Neutralizing antibodies began to increase three days after inoculation and reached peak titers in seven to ten days. In the absence of secondary bacterial infection, healing was well advanced by ten days after inoculation. Lesions usually were limited to nonhaired portions of the integument and tongue. Individual epithelial cells became infected when a break in the skin allowed virus access to susceptible epithelial cells from either exogenous or endogenous sources. Individual infected cells ruptured and adjacent cells were infected, resulting in the formation of multiple microvesicles. Centrifugal coalescence of microvesicles led to formation of grossly visible macrovesicles. Lesions rarely developed from viral contamination of intact hair follicles. A mild virus-induced encephalitis was seen in pigs infected with vesicular exanthema of swine virus, and virus was recovered from brain tissue of pigs infected with San Miguel sea lion virus.     

Seroprevalences of antibodies to Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in zoo animals

Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite that causes neuromuscular disease in dogs and abortions in cattle. Little is known about the prevalence of antibodies to this parasite in zoo animals. Sera from 556 animals, from 13 Czech and Slovak zoos were tested for antibodies to N. caninum and Toxoplasma gondii by indirect fluorescent antibody test. Antibodies to N. caninum were found in 31 of 556 zoo animals (5.6%), representing 18 of 114 species tested: Eurasian wolf (Canis lupus lupus), Maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), fennec (Vulpes zerda), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), jaguarundi (Herpailurus yaguarondi), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), Indian lion (Panthera leo goojratensis), fisher (Martes pennanti), blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), European bison (Bison bonasus), lechwe (Kobus leche), African buffalo (Syncerus caffer caffer), eland (Taurotragus oryx), sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekei gratus), Thorold's deer (Cervus albirostris), Eastern elk (C. elaphus canadensis), Vietnam sika deer (C. nippon pseudaxis) and Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus). Titres ranged from 1:40 to 1:2560. The highest prevalence 50% was found in family mustelidae of the order carnivora. Antibodies to T. gondii were detected in 193 of 556 zoo animals (34.7%) representing 72 of 114 species tested, with titres ranging from 1:40 to 1:40960. The highest prevalence 100% was found in families: hyaenidae, mustelidae, ursidae and viveridae of the order carnivora. The results of this study indicate that zoo animals have more exposure to T. gondii than to N. caninum. It is the first report of seroprevalence of antibodies to N. caninum in European zoo animals.     

小熊猫犬瘟热病及病原研究

1999年2月和1999年7月，重庆动物园和雅安碧峰峡生态动物园喂养的小熊猫（red panda)分别大面积爆发和流行犬瘟热病，重庆动物园小熊猫死亡11只，死亡率达100％，雅安碧峰峡生态动物园小熊猫死亡4只，死亡率为25％。两地发病小熊猫所表现的临床症状和病理解剖变化不完全一致，但均有血便、呼吸急促、不食，精神差，肺出血充血等类似症状。从雅安碧峰峡生态动物园患病小熊猫分离出的犬瘟热毒株（cdv2株）对VERO细胞适应性比从重庆动物园分离的（cdv1株）强，其TCID50达10^-6/0.2mL，两地分离的毒株均能同抗犬瘟热阳性高免血清反应。此外，用抗犬瘟热高免血清治疗，成功地挽救了12只病重的小熊猫。     

Molecular evidence for the infection of zoo chimpanzees by pig Ascaris

We here describe the transmission of the pig roundworm, Ascaris suum to chimpanzees maintained in the Copenhagen Zoo, Denmark. Using a technique for whole genome fingerprinting, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and the technique PCR restricted fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, the worms from the chimpanzees were compared with Ascaris spp obtained from humans and pigs in order to identify the source of the infection. By the use of different distance and clustering based methods on the AFLP data set the worms from the chimpanzees were assigned to the same cluster as that of the worms from pigs. The PCR-RFLP analysis supported the AFLP results. Therefore, the zoo chimpanzees have required Ascaris infections by cross-infection from pigs. Pigs as a potential source of Ascaris infections for both captive and wild chimpanzees and other animals, therefore needs to be considered and appropriate steps taken to prevent such infection.