食品中重金属检测方法研究探讨

如今重金属污染问题已经日趋严重,在食品、医药、环境等诸多方面都引起了人们广泛的重视,近年来重金属快速检测的方法发展迅速,在重金属快速检测与筛查方面发挥了很大的作用,但还需进一步改进和完善。目前,重金属检测仍然存在以下不足,忽略了对有益重金属的测定,忽略了对重金属元素的不同价态分别进行测定,还有不容忽视样品中其它物质对测定的影响。本论文从应用新型的科技成果到结合生物技术对重金属的检测方法做出探讨。     

简述磁学参数在城市土壤重金属污染监测中的应用

环境污染问题越来越受到人们关注,重金属与人类健康息息相关。化学方法检测重金属浪费大量的时间和精力,而磁学方法能够迅速简捷的完成污染检测工作。环境磁学在古环境重建、环境治理方面已有长足的发展。应用范围广泛,涉及岩石、土壤、河湖沉积物和海洋大陆架。在古地磁之外,土壤磁学研究日渐成熟,磁测工具使人们能够快速获得相关参数。简述了磁学参数和重金属的相关知识,分析了磁性颗粒和重金属之间的关系,探寻建立磁诊断的基本方法。在大城市中,磁测工作如雨后春笋般出现,大城市土壤重金属污染的磁学研究已有一段历史。环境磁学作为一门新兴边缘学科,顺应了人们的需求,在环境污染监测方面具有可观的发展前景。     

中药中重金属检测及净化方法研究进展

中药重金属检测的方法非常多,比如比色法、紫外分光光度法、高效液相色谱法等,每种检测方法都有各自的优势以及劣势,具体选择哪种方法主要依据检测人员检测的中药样本类型来定,比如检测中药制剂的重金属含量,使用比色法效果比较好。本文主要通过对中药中重金属检测方法的介绍,进而阐述了中药中重金属净化方法,希望为我国中药医学发展提供借鉴。     

2015年国内外蜂产品质量安全研究进展

本文总结了2015年国内外蜂产品质量安全研究的概况和进展,分析了本年度所有相关文献的数据库分布和研究领域分布情况。以实例的形式阐述了蜂产品中农兽药残留、重金属残留、环境激素分析、活性物质分析以及蜂蜜真实性分析的研究方法和思路。样品前处理方面,在传统的固相萃取、液相萃取和Qu ECh ERS方法的基础上拓展出的分散微固相萃取、分散液液微萃取、快速溶剂萃取等新方法,在提取效率和环境友好等方面表现出巨大的优势;仪器方法方面,液相色谱或气相色谱串联高分辨质谱法仍然是最主流的检测方法,但是在重金属残留分析中更多采用原子吸收光谱法或者电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法。采用新的样品前处理方法提高提取效率、节约分析时间,使用高分辨质谱检测仪器提高灵敏度、实现高通量是国内外的蜂产品质量安全研究的着重点。本文的研究拓展了今后蜂产品质量安全研究的思路,同时对提升蜂产品检测方法有效性和质量控制起着积极促进作用。     

饲料中重金属元素检测研究进展

随着人民生活水平及质量的不断提高,公众对动物源性产品安全的重视程度日益增强,重金属元素污染是当今饲料中存在的不安全因素之一,极少量的重金属便可对动物及人体造成危害,因此有必要建立快速、准确的方法用于检测饲料中重金属元素,从源头上防止重金属进入人们的餐桌。分析了重金属元素对动物机体的危害,并介绍了近年来饲料中重金属元素检测的一些方法。     

重金属离子单克隆抗体及免疫检测研究进展

重金属离子的免疫学检测是检测重金属离子的一种新方法,与传统检测方法相比,省时、便携、费用低、易操作,能用于重金属离子的现场快速检测。重金属离子的免疫检测分为多克隆抗体免疫检测和单克隆抗体免疫检测,包括荧光偏振免疫检测、酶联免疫吸附检测和免疫传感器检测。其中基于抗重金属离子—螯合剂复合物的单克隆抗体建立的免疫检测技术显示出很好的应用前景。     

2014年国内外蜂胶研究概况(二)

<正>(续2015年第3期)2.3蜂胶的安全性由于蜂胶的应用领域越来越广泛,合理、安全地使用蜂胶也是当前研究人员关注的重点内容。2.3.1蜂胶中的重金属残留及其检测方法研究蜂胶及蜂胶产品在生产过程中存在被重金属污染的风险,消费者长期食用或使用受重金属污染的蜂胶产品会造成重金属富集,危害人体健康。准确、快速、便捷地检测蜂胶产品中重金属残留日益受到人们的重视。山东菏泽学院张修景[50]建立了微波消解-分子荧     

动物源性食品中的重金属污染检测

重金属污染是威胁我国食品安全的重要问题之一。当前在我国要解决动物源性食品重金属污染问题,一方面要从源头控制污染源,另一方面要尽快建立健全重金属污染检测技术体系及预警机制,扩大和加强对食品污染的监测,提高食品中重金属污染的检测技术水平。重金属检测技术的发展方向和趋势是研制出检测重金属的快速、简便、准确、价格低廉、能够实现现场检测的便携式设备。     

羊肉重金属污染风险分析

为探究我国不同饲养方式下羊肉中重金属污染情况,特对我国肉羊养殖、生产和加工等全过程进行了跟踪调研,对羊肉中重金属污染来源进行深入分析,比对研究了国内外羊肉重金属限量及检测方法标准,并对我国不同饲养方式下羊肉重金属污染状况进行了检测研究。结果显示:不同饲养方式下羊肉中重金属污染略有差异且均低于国家标准限量要求,羊肉质量状况良好。     

重金属污染的动物内脏与人类食品——实际饲喂中采取预防措施防止重金属污染

<正>在动物生产过程中,如果饲料遭受了重金属污染,重金属就会在动物的肾脏和肝脏中沉积。当前欧洲检测计划的目标是检测动物及其不同器官组织,找出最有可能是重金属沉积最多的部位。取样检测发现铅、镉和汞是最容易超标的重金属,在欧洲所有的动物(包括野生动物)身上都能发现重金属沉积。2009年在欧洲绝大多数地区检测发现,2%的猪组织样中的     

草类对重金属胁迫的生理生化响应机制

随着我国工业化进程不断加快,作为工业化基本生产资料的重金属不断被释放到生物圈中,并通过食物链传递给动物或人,给人类健康带来严重危害。草类分布广泛,有一定的抵抗能力,一些草类甚至还具有重金属超富集能力,在生物修复中发挥重要作用。本文就重金属胁迫对草类种子萌发、根系活力和生物量方面的影响以及草类的抗性机制(脯氨酸、抗氧化酶系统、谷胱甘肽、隔离、菌根和水杨酸)等研究现状进行论述,并阐明草类对重金属镉、锌、铜、铬、铅和汞的富集效应及其耐性机制,以期为今后草类耐重金属胁迫品种的选育和耐重金属胁迫分子机制的研究,提供现实依据和理论基础。     

The effect of ecotoxicological processes on animal husbandry in industrial countries]

This paper describes results of ecotoxicological investigations concerning the effects of industrial pollutants on farm animals. By means of simultaneous experiments using dusts from lignite-filters and sedimentation-filters as well as sulfur dioxide (SO2) as stress models and by using studies on farm animals in pollutant-burden regions of eastern Germany it could be shown, that pollutants can lead to disorders of health, efficiency and behaviour, like o. g. heavy metals, and to contamination of food of animal origin. Dusts, resulting from combustion of lignite and SO2 initiate non specific effects in the organism and it is only difficult to determine their part on the decrease of productivity and metabolic disorder of farm animals in pollutant regions.     

污泥在森林及园林绿地的利用研究概况

污泥的森林及园林绿地利用具有能耗低、可回收污泥中养分、避开人类食物链等优点,但需解决好病原菌、重金属污染及其他可能的污染问题。对我国这样一个发展中的农业大国来说,污泥的绿地利用是最佳的最终处置办法。     

重金属对家蚕茧质及生长发育的影响

使用不同浓度的重金属(Pb2+、Cd2+)添食家蚕,利用脱胶、灰化、等离子测定等方法,检测蚕茧及其组分和丝腺中的重金属含量,并研究重金属对其生长发育的影响。结果表明,蚕茧、丝素和丝腺中均含有重金属,其含量随添食的浓度的增加而增加。不同浓度重金属对家蚕在死亡率、体重等方面有不同影响,混合浓度中重金属之间有一定的相互作用。     

Surveillance of suspect animal toxicoses with potential food safety implications in England and Wales between 1990 and 2002

The potential chemical contamination incidents investigated by the Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA) between 1990 and 2002 are reviewed. Incidents were identified in the course of the VLA's surveillance of food animal disease and further investigations were carried out on behalf of the Food Standards Agency in order to identify and control the contamination of food animals and animal products with chemical hazards. In total 876 incidents were investigated, of which 588 involved the poisoning of cattle with heavy metals. There were 63 incidents involving the exposure of cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry to the accidental misuse of veterinary medicines, pesticides or rodenticides, and 50 incidents involving their exposure to microbiological toxins, particularly botulism.     

Heavy metals in horse blood, serum, and feed in Minas Gerais, Brazil

Pollution is a subject of worldwide concern and discussion and various areas of science are seeking to integrate their knowledge in an attempt to improve understanding of the harmful effects of modern human activities. Thus, the objective of the current study was to assess the potential for using the horse as a bio-indicator of environmental pollution. Blood and serum samples from 120 horses from locations with different degrees of urbanization and industrialization and the feeds used for these animals were analyzed to determine their heavy metal (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Zn) content. The data obtained were compared. The results did not show increases in heavy metal concentration in the blood and serum of the horses with the intensification of urbanization and industrialization around the farms. Only Cd, as determined in the blood of the animals, showed a certain potential for using horses as bio-indicators of environmental pollution. The data for sex, age, and chemical composition of the foodstuffs supplied to the animals were not determinants in explaining the variation in the concentrations of heavy metals observed.     

植物响应重金属胁迫的蛋白质组学研究进展

重金属对生态系统造成的污染已成为全球关注的问题。植物对重金属的摄取不仅影响其正常生长,并能通过食物链来威胁人类及整个生态系统的健康。在mRNA水平上的基因表达分析,增强了人们对植物响应重金属的理解。然而,关于相关功能基因组翻译方面的问题仍未得到有效解决。通过分析鉴定相关响应基因和功能蛋白,获取翻译及翻译后水平上的信息,能为植物响应重金属胁迫提供更深层次的理解。本研究分析比较了近年来重金属胁迫蛋白组学研究技术,综述了植物响应重金属胁迫的蛋白组学研究进展,探讨从亚细胞蛋白组学水平解析植物解毒重金属过程的可能性,并提出未来该研究方向所面临的挑战及应对策略,为揭示植物与重金属相互作用的分子机制提供有效方法。     

镉、汞、铅污染及其微生物修复研究进展

随着人类活动的增强,重金属的应用越来越广,同时造成的环境污染问题愈发严重,特别是重金属镉、汞、铅。利用微生物技术修复环境污染中的重金属,以其成本低、效率高等特点,已经成为环境污染修复领域的研究热点。作者综述镉、汞、铅污染及其微生物修复的研究进展,并提出利用微生物细胞表面展示技术构建高效吸附重金属的基因工程菌,在微生物修复方面应用的重要价值。     

Trace metals and animal health: Interplay of the gut microbiota with iron,manganese, zinc,and copper

Metals such as iron, manganese, copper, and zinc are recognized as essential trace elements. These trace metals play critical roles in development, growth, and metabolism, participating in various metabolic processes by acting as cofactors of enzymes or providing structural support to proteins. Deficiency or toxicity of these metals can impact human and animal health, giving rise to a number of metabolic and neurological disorders. Proper breakdown, absorption, and elimination of these trace metals is a tightly regulated process that requires crosstalk between the host and these micronutrients. The gut is a complex system that serves as the interface between these components, but other factors that contribute to this delicate interaction are not well understood. The gut is home to trillions of microorganisms and microbial genes (the gut microbiome) that can regulate the metabolism and transport of micronutrients and contribute to the bioavailability of trace metals through their assimilation from food sources or by competing with the host. Furthermore, deficiency or toxicity of these metals can modulate the gut microenvironment, including microbiota, nutrient availability, stress, and immunity. Thus, understanding the role of the gut microbiota in the metabolism of manganese, iron, copper, and zinc, as well as in heavy metal deficiencies and toxicities, and vice versa, may provide insight into developing improved or alternative therapeutic strategies to address emerging health concerns. This review describes the current understanding of how the gut microbiome and trace metals interact and affect host health, particularly in pigs.     

Modeling the relationship between food animal health and human foodborne illness

To achieve further reductions in foodborne illness levels in humans, effective pre-harvest interventions are needed. The health status of food animals that are destined to enter the human food supply chain may be an important, although often overlooked, factor in predicting the risk of human foodborne infections. The health status of food animals can potentially influence foodborne pathogen levels in three ways. First, diseased animals may shed higher levels of foodborne pathogens. Second, animals that require further handling in the processing plant to remove affected parts may lead to increased microbial contamination and cross-contamination. Finally, certain animal illnesses may lead to a higher probability of mistakes in the processing plant, such as gastrointestinal ruptures, which would lead to increased microbial contamination and cross-contamination. Consequently, interventions that reduce the incidence of food animal illnesses might also help reduce bacterial contamination on meat, thereby reducing human illness. Some of these interventions, however, might also present a risk to human health. For example, the use of antibiotics in food animals can reduce rates of animal illness but can also select for antibiotic-resistant bacteria which can threaten human treatment options. In this study, we present a mathematical model to evaluate human health risks from foodborne pathogens associated with changes in animal illness. The model is designed so that potential human health risks and benefits from interventions such as the continued use of antibiotics in animal agriculture can be evaluated simultaneously. We applied the model to a hypothetical example of Campylobacter from chicken. In general, the model suggests that very minor perturbations in microbial loads on meat products could have relatively large impacts on human health, and consequently, small improvements in food animal health might result in significant reductions in human illness.