芦笋叶袋泡茶生产工艺的研究

为了高效利用芦笋加工的副产物芦笋叶,首次研究了芦笋叶加工袋泡茶的杀青和微粉碎工艺,并研究了芦笋叶与绿茶、甘草复配的配方。结果表明,在烘炒、汽蒸和微波3种常用杀青方式中,微波杀青对芦笋叶的主要营养成分和感官品质影响较小。微波杀青的较佳工艺条件为：功率800W,杀青时间60s。在粒度为60～80目时,杀青后的芦笋叶袋泡茶的水浸出物、游离氨基酸和总糖的含量达到最高,黄酮和多酚含量的增幅也达到最高。经对多酚、黄酮和水浸出物的含量测定和感官评定表明,芦笋叶与绿茶的最佳复配比例为7：3,在此比例基础上,甘草的较佳添加量为20％。     

针芽形名优绿茶滚筒杀青工艺研究优化

为了研究针芽形名优绿茶的滚筒杀青工艺对其感官品质及品质成分的影响,并优化提出最佳滚筒杀青工艺参数,以针芽形名优绿茶的外形、香气、滋味的感官审评结果为依据,多指标评价优化滚筒杀青工艺参数,并考察滚筒杀青时间、温度、投叶量对针芽形茶主要品质成分的影响。结果显示：多指标评价优化的针芽形名优绿茶最佳滚筒杀青工艺参数,即温度270℃、时间90 s、投叶量125 kg/h;杀青温度对氨基酸总量、咖啡碱含量具有显著影响,对茶多酚含量具有极显著影响;杀青时间对水浸出物、茶多酚、氨基酸含量具有显著影响;投叶量对咖啡碱含量具有显著影响。     

绿茶滚筒杀青技术

滚筒杀青机是目前全国绿茶产区比较欢迎的杀青机种。滚筒杀青操作简便、适应性能良好,杀青叶品质比较稳定。但是有些茶叶初制厂对滚筒杀青的特点认识不足,片面追求台时产量,杀青温度、投叶量与失水率三者关系失调,降低了茶叶品质,未能充分发挥滚筒杀青应有的经济效益,失去了“清汤绿叶”、“香高味醇”的绿茶传统风格。现就如何正确使用滚筒杀青,谈谈自己的认识和体会,与大家共商榷。     

鲜叶摊放程度对绿茶品质及主要生化成分的影响

以1芽2、3叶的茶鲜叶为原料,进行摊放处理,取不同减重程度(分别减重4%、8%、12%、16%、20%、24%)摊放叶经微波杀青后烘干,制成绿茶,测定茶多酚、氨基酸、咖啡碱、可溶性糖以及儿茶素组分的含量,并对茶样进行感官审评,研究不同摊放程度对绿茶感官品质以及主要生化成分的影响.结果表明,随着摊放时问的延长,摊放叶含水...     

绿茶“三色定投”杀青技术及对茶企的作用

本文介绍了绿茶“三色定投”杀青技术,即看滚筒内的茶叶三种色泽,准确无误地确定绿茶杀青三种投叶时间和投叶量,达到投叶适温准时,避免由于欠火或过火而导致红梗红叶或焦叶情况发生,出现茶叶次品而造成经济损失。     

加工工艺对石台富硒绿茶主要理化成分的影响

硒是茶叶中微量元素之一,对茶叶的品质具有重要的影响。本实验以安徽省富硒地区石台县茶鲜叶为原料加工成绿茶,分别设置了不同的鲜叶摊放时间、杀青程度、杀青方式、投叶量和揉捻时间等参数,研究加工工艺对绿茶主要理化成分特别是硒含量的影响。结果表明:随着杀青程度加重、揉捻压力加重,绿茶酚氨比降低,但同时会造成硒含量、水浸出物含量降低;随着摊放时间延长,绿茶酚氨比降低、水浸出物含量上升,但硒含量降低;采用滚筒杀青的绿茶比微波杀青的酚氨比低、硒含量高,但水浸出物含量低;揉捻中度投叶量(8kg)的绿茶酚氨比低、硒含量较高、水浸出物含量高,揉捻较长时间(30min)的绿茶酚氨比较低、硒含量高、水浸出物含量高。在一定条件下,通过改变摊放时间、杀青程度、揉捻投叶量、揉捻时间、揉捻压力等工艺,可以有效增加绿茶中的硒含量,     

从茶机维修谈使用技术(续)

结构：6CS系列滚筒杀青机有燃柴式、电热式、煤气式三种，结构基本相同，即机架、传动机构、杀青滚筒及内外壳、进料斗、出料斗、行走机构、滚筒倾斜角度调节机构。其中：柴式：用柴加热，并配助燃鼓风机；电热式：电热管分别安装在滚筒的内壳园周上，电热管功率分4．5KW、5．5-KW、5．6KW，三个开关控制调节杀青温度；燃气式：用煤气加热，并配有助燃鼓风机。     

银杏茶杀青工艺的探讨

近年来，一些主要银杏叶产地，纷纷仿照绿茶的生产工艺生产银杏叶茶，即运用杀青、揉捻、烘炒等工艺流程进行初制。但由于银杏树鲜叶的外部特征、主要内含成分、酶类等与茶树鲜叶有很大的差异。如何根据其特点，探索出合理的杀青工艺，生产出色、香、味符合消费者口味的优质银杏叶茶，是笔者开展该项研究的目的所在。１试验材料及机械设备１．１试验材料马铃种嫩叶，含１芽２叶初展，叶形大小为成熟叶面积１／４左右，含水率为７６％。１．２机械设备１１０型筒式杀青机，转速２５r／min。５０型滚筒连续杀青机，筒体长度３０００mm，两炉膛…     

不同提香时间对湄潭青针茶的影响作用

杀青是绿茶必不可少且最关键的工序,在国内的绿茶制造中,绝大部分都是采用干热式杀青法,而湄潭青针茶和白针茶则采用蒸汽杀青法,是湄潭县茶产业的一种新型茶产品,现行加工工艺中没有提香工序,成品茶香味低淡,甚至带有轻微的水闷气味,因此,为了探索提香对湄潭青针茶的影响作用,本研究在原工艺的基础上融入提香工序,设定四种不同提香时间A、B、C、D与对照CK并测定了提香前后茶样含水量变化,对成茶进行了感官审评。结果表明:提香后成茶的水分含量为CK为10.06%、A为8.40%、B为7.20%、C为6.10%、D为5.10%;提香后处理C品质最好,得分92.05分。经提香工序,可以显著提高绿茶的感官品质,尤其是绿茶的香气,而经过提香后成品茶的水分含量也能达到标准。     

三种杀青机在陕南绿茶清洁化生产线中的应用实践

本文通过对从浙江引进的汽热杀青机、热风杀青机、滚筒杀青机三种杀青机在陕南绿茶清洁化生产中的使用效果对比。发现滚筒杀青机具有操作方便、工作尾期易造成部分鲜叶浪费等优缺点茶叶热风杀青机具有杀青质量高、设备成本较高等优缺点;汽热混合型蒸汽杀青机具有快速高温蒸杀,热风排湿、脱水冷却一体完成、设备用水量较大;成品茶香气较热风杀青和滚简杀青略低等优缺点。研究成果为今后陕南清洁化茶叶生产线建设机械选型提供参考。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.