2株溶藻弧菌烈性噬菌体的分离鉴定及其生物学特性

为寻找并丰富溶藻弧菌噬菌体资源,实验以溶藻弧菌VAHN1为宿主菌,采用双层平板法从海南虾塘水样及福建海产品样本中分离溶藻弧菌噬菌体。通过透射电镜、限制性内切酶及构建发育树等方法对所获溶藻弧菌噬菌体进行分类鉴定;同时分析其生理生化性能。结果显示,本研究分离获得2株溶藻弧菌噬菌体VAP9与VAP21,其噬菌斑均清晰透亮,直径约1.5～2.0 mm。2株噬菌体核酸均为双链DNA,于透射电镜下可见其头部均呈正二十面体结构,2株噬菌体均属肌尾噬菌体科。噬菌体VAP9与VAP21对理化环境具有良好的耐受性;VAP9最适pH为6～8,VAP21最适pH为7～11;2株噬菌体可耐受通用杀菌浓度的过氧乙酸,且对氯仿与乙醚不敏感,同时对紫外线具有一定耐受性。2株噬菌体的最佳感染复数均为0.001,对供试溶藻弧菌的裂解率达95.2%,可裂解部分副溶血性弧菌,但无法裂解除溶藻弧菌与副溶血性弧菌外的弧菌属、葡萄球菌属、假单胞菌属等其他种属的供试细菌。噬菌体VAP9与VAP21可高效抑制溶藻弧菌VAHN1的生长,且2株噬菌体的混合制剂对溶藻弧菌的抑制效果优于单株噬菌体。将噬菌体VAP9及VAP21保守蛋白序列于N...     

溶藻弧菌单克隆抗体的制备及应用

小鼠骨髓瘤细胞系SP2/0与经溶藻弧菌(1.1587)免疫的BALB3/C雌鼠脾细胞在PEG条件下融合,有45.8%的培养孔有杂交瘤细胞生长,其培养上清液抗体阳性率为77.4%.经反复有限稀释法克隆杂交瘤细胞,获得7株抗溶藻弧菌的单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株,分别为AC1-C9,AC1-C11,BB4-D4,AD1-A3,AD1-F3,AD2-E7,AD2-F7.取AD1-F3扩大培养,注射小鼠,制备了抗溶藻弧菌的单克隆抗体腹水,滴度为11000.该腹水与其他3株溶藻弧菌菌株有强交叉反应,与其他13株标准菌株无交叉反应.利用制备的单抗腹水,建立了检测溶藻弧菌的单抗-ELISA技术.该反应系统可应用于溶藻弧菌的快速诊断,反应时间为6-7h,检测灵敏度为104cells·-1.并利用该检测方法进行了11份待测菌样本溶藻弧菌的检测.     

一株溶藻细菌的分离、鉴定及溶藻特性研究

从三亚市大东海分离出1株有较强溶藻活性的细菌,命名为L-D1,并对该菌株进行形态和生理生化鉴定。L-D1的菌悬液对中肋骨条藻的生长有很强的抑制作用。试验发现,L-D1是通过直接和间接的方式共同作用影响中肋骨条藻的生长的;L-D1的溶藻效果在温度为25℃时优于其他温度,盐度为20‰时优于其他盐度,全黑暗条件下的溶藻效果优于其他光照条件下的。     

海南地区溶藻弧菌耐药性及其质粒多样性的研究

调查了海南省的30株溶藻弧菌环境菌株对24种常见抗生素的耐药性,并对菌株携带质粒及其多样性进行了研究,所有菌株对洁霉素、乙酰螺旋霉素、万古霉素、氯洁霉素、制霉菌素5种抗生素完全耐药,对24种抗生素的耐药率为20.8%～66.7%,表明该地区溶藻弧菌具有严重的多重耐药性;30株溶藻弧菌中有22株不携带质粒,8株携带1～3个质粒,质粒为1.20～12.5kb;8株携带质粒的菌株共形成了7种类型的质粒指纹图谱。试验结果表明,该地区溶藻弧菌的耐药性与其是否携带质粒无明显关系。分离菌株的耐药性可能主要是由染色体相关基因引起的。     

溶藻细菌及其分子生物学研究进展

为验证地中海弧菌117-T6(Vm 117-T6)是否具有广谱溶藻性,本实验观察了其对赤潮异湾藻、颗石藻、叉鞭金藻和东海原甲藻的溶藻作用,并对其溶藻物质的特性进行了分析。结果表明,紫菜黄斑病致病菌Vm 117-T6对赤潮异湾藻、颗石藻、叉鞭金藻和东海原甲藻等微藻具有较强溶藻活性,可使藻类叶绿素含量显著降低,是一株广谱性溶藻细菌。Vm 117-T6能在40 min内使赤潮异弯藻的活动能力下降,光合作用受抑,感染120 min即可导致藻体裂解并产生白色絮状沉淀。该菌株能降解卡拉胶,不能降解果胶、纤维素和几丁质。Vm 117-T6菌体、胞内及胞外提取物均具有较强的溶藻活性,其胞外溶藻物质易溶于水、不溶于石油醚和乙酸乙酯,具较强极性;耐高温、不易被活性炭吸附、乙醇处理会降低溶藻活性。Vm 117-T6在常规与易感条件下的关键差异蛋白包括大量的ABC转运蛋白、外膜蛋白、鞭毛蛋白及少量毒素。上述结果提示,Vm 117-T6毒力效应物中含有极性的内毒素物质,且与毒力因子转运、分泌以及细胞黏附相关的蛋白可能在其毒力作用中发挥重要作用。本实验为解析该菌株溶藻机制提供了证据,为该菌的防治及应用提供了参考。

     

大菱鲆致病性溶藻弧菌SR1的外膜蛋白及其抗原性分析

用十二烷基肌氨酸钠(Sarkosyl)抽提结合超速离心的方法提取了一株大菱鲆致病性溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)SR1和其他7株弧菌的外膜蛋白。通过SDS-PAGE图谱分析比较了这8株弧菌外膜蛋白的组成,结果表明,8株弧菌的外膜蛋白电泳一般可得到6-12条条带,其分子量多集中在65-106 kD和28-48 kD,其中36 kD的蛋白带为8株弧菌所共有。用兔抗SR1全菌血清进行Western-blot印迹显示,菌株SR1的外膜蛋白条带中有6条发生了阳性反应,其分子量分别为73 kD、48 kD4、5 kD3、9 kD、36 kD和32 kD。而其他7株弧菌的外膜蛋白与兔抗SR1血清也发生程度不等的阳性反应,这些阳性反应条带的分子量集中在65-73 kD、45-48 kD和36-41 kD之间,其中36 kD的外膜蛋白在8株弧菌中均出现明显的阳性反应,说明36 kD的外膜蛋白是这8株弧菌共有的特异性抗原。     

一株来自水库底泥的溶藻菌G2溶藻特性研究

铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)可引起藻类水华,其大量繁殖会对水体环境造成严重威胁。微生物除藻技术具有良好的应用前景。从陕西省西安市某水库的底泥中分离出一株对铜绿微囊藻具有溶解作用的菌株G2,经16S rDNA序列分析鉴定为纤维弧菌属(Cellvibrio sp.),GenBank登录号为MW221316,并对G2溶解铜绿微囊藻的可行性进行了研究。结果表明,G2通过分泌胞外物质间接溶藻,稳定期的G2对藻类去除效果最佳;提高G2的投加比例(>10%)有助于提升溶藻效果;G2对温度的变化较敏感,5和25℃时除藻率分别可达(59.42±0.88)%和(63.10±1.42)%,温度高于75℃除藻效果不佳;pH和光照对除藻效果影响不显著,G2具有对酸碱耐受能力强(pH 3～11)的特点。综上,G2能有效地抑制铜绿微囊藻繁殖,可作为一种潜在的控制有害藻华的生物制剂。     

溶藻细菌A3的溶藻特性

本研究以锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)、蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)、四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)、条纹小环藻(Cyclotella striata)作为实验藻种,将浓度为107 CFU/ml的菌株A3分别加入到4种微藻的单种藻液、2种藻混合藻液、3种藻混合藻液中,每48 h观察藻细胞形态并统计藻细胞数量,实验周期为10 d,以探究菌株A3对4种微藻的溶藻效果。结果显示,在单种藻实验中,加菌组锥状斯氏藻细胞于第1天失去运动活性,细胞拉长变形,第5天细胞壁破裂溶解,第10天细胞密度为7.07×10~2 cells/ml,显著低于对照组的2.90×10~4 cells/ml(P0.05);实验期间,加菌组蛋白核小球藻细胞形态保持完整,第10天藻细胞密度为2.58×10~7 cells/ml,显著高于对照组的2.09×10~7 cells/ml(P0.05);加菌组四尾栅藻细胞形态保持完整,与对照组藻细胞密度无显著差异(P0.05);加菌组条纹小环藻细胞于第8天溶解,第10天对照组与加菌组藻细胞密度分别为4.38×105 cells/ml、1.78×10~5 cells/ml,加菌组藻细胞密度显著低于对照组(P0.05)。混合藻实验中,菌株A3对各种微藻的溶藻效果与单种藻实验结果类似,菌株A3对锥状斯氏藻生长具有显著的溶藻作用,对蛋白核小球藻与四尾栅藻无溶藻作用,对条纹小环藻生长具有较弱的溶藻作用。研究表明,菌株A3具有溶藻选择性,对锥状斯氏藻具有显著的溶藻作用,而对其他3种藻无溶藻作用或溶藻作用相对较弱。     

诺氟沙星对溶藻弧菌和恩诺沙星对迟缓爱德华菌的抗生素后效应

采用试管二倍稀释法测定诺氟沙星对溶藻弧菌s6 2 2、恩诺沙星对迟缓爱德华菌 75 1的最小抑菌浓度(MIC) ;采用菌落计数法测定诺氟沙星对溶藻弧菌、恩诺沙星对迟缓爱德华菌的抗生素后效应 (PAE)。结果显示 ,诺氟沙星对溶藻弧菌s6 2 2在 1/2MIC、1MIC、2MIC和 4MIC浓度时的PAE分别为 :0 .4 7h、0 .76h、1.2 6h和2 .0 5h ;恩诺沙星对迟缓爱德华菌 75 1在 1/2MIC、1MIC、2MIC和 4MIC浓度时的PAE分别为 :0 .2 9h ,0 .4 8h ,1.97h ,2 .30h。结果表明 ,诺氟沙星和恩诺沙星具有明显的PAE ;该结果提示 ,在制定给药方案时可以适当延长给药间隔时间 ,减少给药次数 ,仍能维持抗菌效果。     

溶藻细菌A3的溶藻特性

本研究以锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)、蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)、四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)、条纹小环藻(Cyclotella striata)作为实验藻种,将浓度为107 CFU/ml的菌株A3分别加入到4种微藻的单种藻液、2种藻混合藻液、3种藻混合藻液中,每48 h观察藻细胞形态并统计藻细胞数量,实验周期为10d,以探究菌株A3对4种微藻的溶藻效果.结果显示,在单种藻实验中,加菌组锥状斯氏藻细胞于第1天失去运动活性,细胞拉长变形,第5天细胞壁破裂溶解,第10天细胞密度为7.07× 102 cells/ml,显著低于对照组的2.90× 104 cells/ml (P＜0.05);实验期间,加菌组蛋白核小球藻细胞形态保持完整,第10天藻细胞密度为2.58× 107 cells/ml,显著高于对照组的2.09× 107 cells/ml (P＜0.05);加菌组四尾栅藻细胞形态保持完整,与对照组藻细胞密度无显著差异(P＞0.05);加菌组条纹小环藻细胞于第8天溶解,第10天对照组与加菌组藻细胞密度分别为4.38× 105 cells/ml、1.78×105 cells/ml,加菌组藻细胞密度显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).混合藻实验中,菌株A3对各种微藻的溶藻效果与单种藻实验结果类似,菌株A3对锥状斯氏藻生长具有显著的溶藻作用,对蛋白核小球藻与四尾栅藻无溶藻作用,对条纹小环藻生长具有较弱的溶藻作用.研究表明,菌株A3具有溶藻选择性,对锥状斯氏藻具有显著的溶藻作用,而对其他3种藻无溶藻作用或溶藻作用相对较弱.     

饲料浮萍水平对大正三色锦鲤TYR及MC1R基因表达的影响

为探究饲料中不同浮萍添加水平对大正三色锦鲤酪氨酸酶TYR以及黑素皮质素受体MC1R基因表达的影响,配制浮萍添加水平分别为0%、3%、6%、9%、13%、14%6种等蛋白(38.6%)饲料饲养大正三色锦鲤(42.19±1.32)g 8周,分别记为Diet 1(0/13)、Diet 2(3/10)、Diet 3(6/7)、Diet 4(9/4)、Diet 5(13/1)、Diet 6(14/0)。每种饲料设3个重复,每个重复饲喂10尾鱼。试验结果表明:(1)TYR基因在大正三色锦鲤的心脏、肝脏、眼睛、黑色皮肤、脑中均有表达,并且在脑、皮肤、眼睛中表达量相对较高;(2)各组织中TYR mRNA表达量随浮萍添加水平的升高均有一定波动,在皮肤与眼睛中,以Diet 6(14/0)组显著高于其他各组(P0.05),在脑中,以Diet 3(6/7)组显著高于除Diet 6的其他各组(P0.05);(3)皮肤与眼睛中MC1R mRNA表达量以Diet 6(14/0)组显著高于其他各组(P0.05),而在脑中各组差异均不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,在本试验条件下,饲料不同浮萍添加水平促进大正三色锦鲤TYR以及MC1R基因表达,有利于鱼体黑色素沉积,因此选择Diet 6(14/0)组饲料投喂大正三色锦鲤最适。     

黑尾近红鲌鱼种耗氧率和窒息点的研究

在不同水温(14、20、25、27.5、32℃)条件下,测定了不同规格黑尾近红鲌(Ancherythroculter nigrocauda)鱼种(Ⅰ:6~8 cm,1.45~2.89 g,Ⅱ:9~11 cm,3.73~6.26 g,Ⅲ:25.0~26.8 cm,119.36~123.64 g)的耗氧率和窒息点。结果表明:黑尾近红鲌鱼种耗氧量和耗氧率随水温上升而升高,呈显著正相关,规格Ⅰ和规格Ⅱ的耗氧量关系式分别为:Y_(Ⅰ-1)=0.005 3X1.484 8(R2=0.996 2)、Y_(Ⅱ-1)=0.003 8X1.767 1(R2=0.985 7);耗氧率关系式分别为:Y_(Ⅰ-2)=0.003 0X1.510 6(R2=0.960 4)、Y_(Ⅱ-2)=0.001 4X1.650 3(R2=0.986 6)。黑尾近红鲌鱼种的窒息点随水温的上升和鱼体规格的增加略有升高,但其窒息点较低,三种规格鱼种的平均窒息点分别为0.37mg/L、0.44 mg/L和0.40 mg/L。在水温14~32℃条件下,黑尾近红鲌鱼种的耗氧率具有明显的周期性变化,可根据其活动规律指导人工养殖。     

合浦珠母贝2个野生种群的遗传多样性

用形态特征比较与同工酶电泳分析相结合的方法，对产于我国部湾和大亚湾的野生合浦珠母贝（pinctada martensii)的遗传多样性进行研究，结果表明，在贝壳形态方面，北部湾种群的平均壳长与壳高都略大于大亚湾种群，壳高与壳长呈乘幂相关，壳宽与壳长呈对数相关，大亚湾种群的壳宽指数，壳重指数和肥满度指标都大于北部湾种群，用聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶电泳检测由26个位点编码的12种同工酶，2种群都显示出较高的多态性，北部湾种群多态位点的比率为38．46％，大亚湾种群则为46．15％，都表现出明显的杂合子缺失现象，北部湾种群的平均杂合度（0．0999）小于大亚湾种群（0．1243），2种群之间的遗传距离为0．0159,本文还讨论了引种2种群杂合子缺失现象的原因，并认为生化遗传分析的结果与2个种群的形态特征是相关联的。     

Compensatory Growth of Olive Flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus,Fed the Extruded Pellet with Different Feeding Regimes

This study was performed to determine compensatory growth of juvenile olive flounder fed the extruded pellet (EP) with different feeding regimes. Seven treatments with triplicates of different feeding regimes were prepared; α fish was daily fed for 6 d a week throughout 8 wk (8WF); α fish was starved for 1 wk and then fed for 3 wk twice [(1WS + 3WF) × 2]; β fish was starved for 2 wk and then fed for 6 wk (2WS + 6WF); χ fish was starved for 5 d and then fed for 9 d four times [(5DS + 9DF) × 4]; δ fish was starved for 10 d and then fed for 18 d twice [(10DS + 18DF) × 2]; δ fish was starved for 2 d, fed for 5 d, starved for 3 d, and then fed for 4 d four times [(2DS + 5DF + 3DS + 4DF) × 4]; and φ fish was starved for 4 d, fed for 10 d, starved for 6 d, and then fed for 8 d twice [(4DS + 10DF + 6DS + 8DF) × 2], respectively. Total feeding day was all same, 36 d except for control group (48 d). Weight gain of flounder in the 8WF treatment was higher than that of fish in other treatments. And weight gain of flounder in the 2WS + 6WF treatment was higher than that of fish in the (5DS + 9DF) × 4 and (4DS + 10DF + 6DS + 8DF) × 2 treatments. Feed consumption of flounder in the 8WF treatment was higher than that of fish experienced feed deprivation. Feed efficiency ratio (FER), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and protein retention (PR) were not significantly different among treatments. Chemical composition of the whole body of fish with and without liver, except for moisture content of liver, was not different among treatments. T₃ level of fish in the 8WF and 2WS + 6WF treatments was higher than that of fish in the (5DS + 9DF) × 4 treatment. It can be concluded that juvenile olive flounder achieved better compensatory growth at 6‐wk refeeding after 2‐wk feed deprivation compared with that of fish with different feeding regimes. And T₃ level of fish seemed to partially play an important role in achieving compensatory growth.     

水环境Mg2+、Ca2+含量对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长和能量收支的影响及其机制

采用人工海水,在保持海水盐度为30的条件下,设置了8个处理,R1,R2,R3,R4,R5,R6,R7和R8,其Mg2+/Ca2+比值(mg/mg)和Mg2+、Ca2+实测含量(mg/L)分别为0.11(35,330),0.53(175,330),1.59(525,330),2.42(800,330),3.36(1110,330),4.78(1110,232),7.87(1110,141),11.81(1110,94),研究了水环境Mg2+、Ca2+含量对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长和能量收支的影响及其机制。实验持续40d(其中R8处理因为实验虾死亡率高而只进行了30d)。实验结果:对虾的生长、蜕皮、食物转化效率和能量收支受水环境Mg2+和Ca2+含量的影响均很显著(P<0.05);其摄食量受水体Ca2+浓度的影响明显(P<0.05),而受Mg2+含量的影响不显著(P>0.05)。本研究表明,凡纳滨对虾对水体低Mg2+含量的耐受能力较强,而对低Ca2+含量的耐受力很弱。在利用内陆低Mg2+或Ca2+含量的天然咸水进行对虾养殖中,通过添加Mg盐或Ca盐,只需将Mg2+浓度调节到该盐度下正常含量的15%以上,保证Ca2+浓度...     

Effect of probiotics on the survival, growth and challenge infection in Tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the potential benefit of Bacillus pumilus and a commercial product (‘Organic Green'^?) as a probiotic in the culture of the tilapia nilotica. Two doses of B. pumilus (10⁶ and 10¹² g^?1 diet fed) and Organic Green^? (1 and 2 g kg^?1 diet fed) were used as feed additives and administered for periods of 1 (groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively) and 2 (groups 6, 7, 8 and 9 respectively) months; group 1 served as a control. Each group consisted of 4 equal replicates of 320 fish. Body weight, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) activity, haematocrit values and total and differential leucocytic counts (TLC and DLC) were recorded in each group after 1 and 2 months. At the end of the experiment (8 months), survival and individual body weights were recorded. Challenge infections were performed after 1, 2 and 8 months using 0.5 mL culture suspension of a pathogenic reference strain of Aeromonas hydrophila (10⁸ bacteria mL^?1). The NBT values were increased significantly in all treated groups, except those administered B. pumillus (groups 3 and 6). There were significant changes in haematocrit values and TLC and DLCs in the treated groups, except group 3, which showed a significant increase in TLC, lymphocytes and monocytes. There was a statistically significant increase in the individual body weight in groups 5, 6, 8 and 9. The survival rates of all treatment groups were higher than the control group, the differences being statistically significant in groups 3 and 9. The challenge infection showed a variable response with the type and dose of treatment and the period of application. The highest relative levels of protection were an average increase of 62.5% after 1 month (groups 3 and 5), 55.6% after 2 months (group 7) and 15.8% after 8 months (groups 8 and 9). Overall, both types of probiotics induced a similar effect. The results show the potential of using probiotics to enhance immune and health status and improve disease resistance in Oreochromis niloticus, thereby improving growth performance. However, further extensive testing, including a full commercial cost–benefit analysis, is necessary before recommending their application in aquaculture.     

烟台四十里湾养殖海区影响栉孔扇贝肥满度和生长因素的研究

1997年6月～1998年5月用现场方法测定了烟台四十里湾海区栉孔扇贝Chlamys(Azumapecten)farreri肥满度和生长率与TPM(总颗粒物质)和POM(颗粒有机物)现存量、饵料质量(POM/TPM，Q)、栉孔扇贝同化率(AE)和同化量(AR)的关系。结果表明：(1)TPM对软体部干重的瞬时生长率IGR-并没有影响，而对于干贝指数IA、干内脏指数IV以及壳高的瞬时生长率IGR1却有明显的影响，其中，IA和IV与TPM呈正相关关系，回归方程分别为IA=5.2149(TPM)0.2478，IV=5.262(TPM)0.4405，而IGR1与TPM呈负相关关系，回归方程分别为IGR1=6.0756(TPM)-2.436；(2)POM对于栉孔扇贝所有的肥满度指标和瞬时生长率指标均有明显的影响，并且都呈正相关关系，回归方程分别为IA=6.1278(POM)0.2749，IV=7.1837(POM)0.6086，IGR1=0.1160(POM)1.8586，IGR2=0.1708(POM)2.4994；(3)Q对IV没有明显的影响，而对于IA以及所有瞬时生长率指标都有明显的影响，回归方程分别为IA=8.2881(Q)0.3211，IGR1=1.8428(Q)1.7807，IGR2=6.4216(Q)2.0404；(4)AE只对IA和IGR1有显著影响，回归方程分别为IA=20.7280(AE)-0.3137，IGR1=0.0068(AE)1.1193，AE对于IV和IGR2并没有明显影响；(5)AR对于栉孔扇贝的肥满度和瞬时生长率指标都有显著影响，并且都呈正相关关系，回归方程分别为IA=7.0289(AR)0.2052，IV=9.1800(AR)0.2868，IGR1=0.5357(AR)1.0351，IGR2=1.5236(AR)1.0386。     

栉孔扇贝三倍体与二倍体的排泄研究

从温度变化、个体大小和昼夜变化等３个角度研究栉孔扇贝（Ｓｃｈｌａｍｙｓ ｆａｒｒｅｉ）三倍体与二倍体的排泄率。结果表明,栉孔扇贝三倍体与二倍体的排泄率均随温度升高而增大;不同壳宽排泄率（Ｎ）与温度（ｔ）的关系为：Ｎ＝７．２０３３ｅ＾０．１２１５ｔ,Ｒ＾２＝０．８４４１（三倍体ｓ组,壳宽约３．２ｃｍ）;Ｎ＝８．８１５３ｅ＾０．１０３１ｔ,Ｒ＾２＝０．９８６３（三倍体ｂ组,壳宽约４．３ｃｍ）;Ｎ＝６．     

Preliminary Results on the Fatty Acid Composition of Freshwater Crayfish, Astacus astacus and Pacifastacus leniusculus, Held in Captivity

The fatty acid compositions of the tail muscle and hepatopancreas of captive noble crayfish Astacus astactus and of signal crayfish pacfastacus leniusculus were investigated. The major fatty acids in the tail muscle of A. astacus were 16:0. 18:ln-7 + 9, 20:4n–6 and 20:5n–3 and the fatty acid composition of hepatopancreas was principally 16:0, 18:In-7 + 9 and 20: ln-9+ 11. These animals had been fed marine fish (sprat and herring) for 2 mo. They were kept in a flowthrough system with gravity-fed fresh water from a nearby lake with a high concentration of calcium and pH above 8. The major fatty acids in the tail muscle of P. leniusculus were 16:0. 18:ln-7+9, 18:2n–6 and 20:5n–3, and in the hepatopancreas 16:0, 18:1n–7 + 9 and 18:2n–6. These animals had been fed mainly plant material (green peas, maize and alder leaves) in a different laboratory for a period of about 2 yr and kept in a flow-through system with ambient water of pH around 7. In A. astacus the total fatty acid content was nearly 13 times higher in the hepatopancreas than in the tail muscle, however, three fatty acids 18:0, 20:4n–6 and 20:Sn-3 were, respectively, 289, 403, and 320% more concentrated in the fatty acids of tail muscle than in the hepatopancreas. Total fatty acids of the hepatopancreas of male P. Ieniusculus was 42 times higher than in the tail muscle and was three times greater than in the hepatopancreas of A. astacus .     

Comparison of three fish-loading systems to harvest food-size channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Three fish-loading systems were used to harvest food-size channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Loading rates of equipment and their effect on post-harvest fish survival and weight gain during cool and warm weather were studied.

The turbine pump loading rate (300·7 kg/min) was greater than the lift net (158·00 kg/min) and vacuum pump (54·1 kg/min), while the lift net was greater than the vacuum pump (p < 0·05).

Mean survivals (± SD) for catfish loaded by lift net, turbine pump and vacuum pump from earthen ponds during cool and warm weather were 96·6% (±2·8), 93·9% (±7·4) and 97·7% (±1·1) and 94·0% (±5·7), 85·3% (±8·6) and 89·0% (±12·5), respectively. Mean weight change (± SD) per catfish loaded by the same equipment during cool-and warm-weather tests were −8·2 g/fish (±31·1), −12·4 g/fish (±15·2) and −17·5 g/fish (±19·9), and 67·6 g/fish (±60·6), 33·9 g/fish (±137·4) and 32·4 g/fish (±142·1), respectivley. There were no significant differences among loading systems for survival or mean weight change per fish. The turbine pump is a possible alternative to the traditional life net as a means of loading food-size channel catfish. Further testing on commercial catfish farms is required.