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1.
Crop residues and fertilizer nitrogen influence residue decomposition and nitrous oxide emission from a Vertisol 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Wisal Muhammad Sarah M. Vaughan Ram C. Dalal Neal W. Menzies 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2011,47(1):15-23
Crop residues with high C/N ratio immobilize N released during decomposition in soil, thus reducing N losses through leaching,
denitrification, and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission. A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted for 84 days under controlled conditions (24°C and moisture content
55% of water-holding capacity) to study the influence of sugarcane, maize, sorghum, cotton and lucerne residues, and mineral
N addition, on N mineralization–immobilization and N2O emission. Residues were added at the rate of 3 t C ha−1 to soil with, and without, 150 kg urea N ha−1. The addition of sugarcane, maize, and sorghum residues without N fertilizer resulted in a significant immobilization of
soil N. Amended soil had significantly (P < 0.05) lower NO3−–N, which reached minimum values of 2.8 mg N kg−1 for sugarcane (at day 28), 10.3 mg N kg−1 for maize (day 7), and 5.9 mg N kg−1 for sorghum (day 7), compared to 22.7 mg N kg−1 for the unamended soil (day 7). During 84 days of incubation, the total mineral N in the residues + N treatments were decreased
by 45 mg N kg−1 in sugarcane, 34 mg kg−1 in maize, 29 mg kg−1 in sorghum, and 16 mg kg−1 in cotton amended soil compared to soil + N fertilizer, although soil NO3−–N increased by 7 mg kg−1 in lucerne amended soil. The addition of residues also significantly increased amended soil microbial biomass C and N. Maximum
emissions of N2O from crop residue amended soils occurred in the first 4–5 days of incubation. Overall, after 84 days of incubation, the
cumulative N2O emission was 25% lower with cotton + N fertilizer, compared to soil + N fertilizer. The cumulative N2O emission was significantly and positively correlated with NO3−–N (r = 0.92, P < 0.01) and total mineral N (r = 0.93, P < 0.01) after 84 days of incubation, and had a weak but significant positive correlation with cumulative CO2 in the first 3 and 5 days of incubation (r = 0.59, P < 0.05). 相似文献
2.
Joseph C. Fetter Rebecca N. Brown Josef H. Görres Chong Lee José A. Amador 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(4):1531-1541
Consumer demand for cleaned squid generates a substantial amount of waste that must be properly disposed of, creating an economic
burden on processors. A potential solution to this problem involves converting squid by-products into an organic fertilizer,
for which there is growing demand. Because fertilizer application to lawns can increase the risk of nutrient contamination
of groundwater, we quantified leaching of NO3–N and PO4–P from perennial ryegrass turf (Lolium perenne L.) amended with two types of fertilizer: squid-based (SQ) and synthetic (SY). Field plots were established on an Enfield
silt loam, and liquid (L) and granular (G) fertilizer formulations of squid and synthetic fertilizers were applied at 0, 48,
146, and 292 kg N ha−1 year−1. Levels of NO3–N and PO4–P in soil pore water from a depth of 60 cm were determined periodically during the growing season in 2008 and 2009. Pore
water NO3–N levels were not significantly different among fertilizer type or formulation within an application rate throughout the
course of the study. The concentration of NO3–N remained below the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 mg L−1 until midSeptember 2009, when values above the MCL were observed for SQG at all application rates, and for SYL at the high
application rate. Annual mass losses of NO3–N were below the estimated inputs (10 kg N ha−1 year−1) from atmospheric deposition except for the SQG and SYL treatments applied at 292 kg N ha−1 year−1, which had losses of 13.2 and 14.9 kg N ha−1 year−1, respectively. Pore water PO4–P levels ranged from 0 to 1.5 mg P L−1 and were not significantly different among fertilizer type or formulation within an application rate. Our results indicate
that N and P losses from turf amended with squid-based fertilizer do not differ from those amended with synthetic fertilizers
or unfertilized turf. Although organic in nature, squid-based fertilizer does not appear to be more—or less—environmentally
benign than synthetic fertilizers. 相似文献
3.
Clayton R. Butterly Petra Marschner Ann M. McNeill Jeff A. Baldock 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2010,46(7):739-753
An incubation study determined the effect of one dry–rewetting (DRW) event on the turnover of carbon (C), phosphorus (P) and
nitrogen (N). Thirty-two soils were collected from different climatic regions of southern Australia, varying in soil type,
land use and agronomic management history. We hypothesised that respiration and nutrient pulses are related to soil physio-chemical
properties. Respiration (CO2 release) was measured intensively for 90 h after rewetting. C mineralisation (C
min) model fitting was used to describe the amount of mineralisable C (Co90 h) and the proportional mineralisation rate (k). Compared to constantly moist soils, 13 soils showed increases in both Co90 h and k, indicating that DRW increased the amount of mineralisable C and the rate at which C was mineralised over the 90-h period.
In 17 soils, k was increased but not Co90 h, showing an increase in C mineralisation rate but no change in the amount of mineralisable C. Two soils showed a reduction
in k with no change in Co90 h, possibly due to low C contents and small microbial biomass. Only one soil exhibited no change in either Co90 h or k. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the magnitude of the increase in mineralisable C in response to the DRW
event (∆Co90 h = Co90 h DRW − Co90 h moist) was primarily explained by clay content (39%); however, inclusion of nine soil physio-chemical properties explained
more of the variation in ∆Co90 h than any of the properties alone. Five of the nine physio-chemical variables present in the multiple-regression model were
related to C content or composition. Pulses in available N and P were not related to ∆Co90 h. 相似文献
4.
Balaji Anandha Rao Cameron P. Wake Todd Anderson William Andrew Jackson 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(1):181-188
Temporal depositional rates are important in order to understand the production and occurrence of perchlorate (ClO4−) as limited information exists regarding the impact of anthropogenic production or atmospheric pollution on ClO4− deposition. Perchlorate concentrations in discrete ice core samples from the Eclipse Icefield (Yukon Territory, Canada) and
Upper Fremont Glacier (Wyoming, USA) were analyzed using ion chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to evaluate temporal
changes in the deposition of ClO4
− in North America. The ice core samples cover a time period from 1726 to 1993 and 1970 to 2002 for the Upper Fremont Glacier
(UFG) and Eclipse ice cores, respectively. The average ClO4
− concentration in the Eclipse ice core for the time period from 1970 to 1973 was 0.6 ± 0.3 ng L−1, with higher values of 2.3 ± 1.7 and 2.2 ± 2.0 ng L−1 for the periods 1982–1986 and 1999–2002, respectively. All pre-1980 ice core samples from the UFG had ClO4
− concentrations <0.2 ng L−1, and the post-1980 samples ranged from <0.2 ng L−1 to a maximum of 2.6 ng L−1 for the year 1992. A significant positive correlation (R = 0.75, N = 15, p < 0.001) of ClO4− with SO42− was found for the annual UFG ice core layers and of ClO4
− with SO42− and NO3− in sub-annual Eclipse ice samples (R > 0.3, N = 121, p < 0.002). The estimated yearly ClO4− depositional flux for the Eclipse ice core ranged from 0.6 (1970) to 4.7 μg m−2 year−1 (1982) and the UFG from <0.1 (pre-1980) to 1.4 μg m−2 year−1 (1992). There was no consistent seasonal variation in the ClO4− depositional flux for the Eclipse ice core, in contrast to a previous study on the Arctic region. The presence of ClO4− in these ice cores might correspond to an intermittent source such as volcanic eruptions and/or any anthropogenic forcing
that may directly or indirectly aid in atmospheric ClO4− formation. 相似文献
5.
In this study, the effects of 1 h aeration, nitrogen gas N2(g) sparging (15 and 30 min) and increasing ferric ions (Fe+3) as FeSO4 (10, 20 and 50 mg L−1) and Fe3O4 nanoparticles (1, 2 and 4 g L−1) concentrations on three less hydrophobic and three more hydrophobic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and toxicity
removals from a petrochemical industry in Izmir (Turkey) were investigated in a sonicator with a power of 650 W and an ultrasound
frequency of 35 kHz; 1 h aeration increased the yields in benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene PAHs (less hydrophobic) from 62% to 67% to around 95–97% after 150 min sonication at 60°C. However, 1 h aeration did
not contribute to the yields of more hydrophobic PAHs (indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene). The maximum yields were obtained at acidic and alkaline pH for more and less hydrophobic PAHs, respectively, after
60 and 120 min sonication at 30°C; 30 min N2(g) sparging, 50 mg L−1 Fe+3 increased the yields of less hydropobic PAHs after 150 min sonication at 60°C. Two milligrams per liter of Fe3O4 nanoparticles increased both less (87–88%) and more (96–98%) hydrophobic PAH yields. The Daphnia magna acute toxicity test showed that the toxicity decreased significantly with an hour aeration, 30 min N2(g) sparging, 50 mg L−1 Fe+3 and 2 g L−1 Fe3O4 nanoparticles at 60°C after 120 and 150 min sonications. Vibrio fischeri was found to be more resistant to the sonicated samples than D. magna. Significant correlations were found between the physicochemical properties of sonicated PAHs and acute toxicities both organisms. 相似文献
6.
Effects of moisture and temperature on greenhouse gas emissions and C and N leaching losses in soil treated with biogas slurry 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of soil moisture, irrigation pattern, and temperature on gaseous and
leaching losses of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) from soils amended with biogas slurry (BS). Undisturbed soil cores were amended
with BS (33 kg N ha−1) and incubated at 13.5°C and 23.5°C under continuous irrigation (2 mm day−1) or cycles of strong irrigation and partial drying (every 6 weeks, 1 week with 12 mm day−1). During the 6 weeks after BS application, on average, 30% and 3.8% of the C and N applied with BS were emitted as carbon
dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O), respectively. Across all treatments, a temperature increase of 10°C increased N2O and CO2 emissions by a factor of 3.7 and 1.7, respectively. The irrigation pattern strongly affected the temporal production of CO2 and N2O but had no significant effect on the cumulative production. Nitrogen was predominantly lost in the form of nitrate (NO3−). On average, 16% of the N applied was lost as NO3−. Nitrate leaching was significantly increased at the higher temperature (P < 0.01), while the irrigation pattern had no effect (P = 0.63). Our results show that the C and N turnovers were strongly affected by BS application and soil temperature whereas
irrigation pattern had only minor effects. A considerable proportion of the C and N in BS were readily available for soil
microorganisms. 相似文献
7.
Robert John Wilcock Karin Müller Gareth B. van Assema Margaret A. Bellingham Ron Ovenden 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(2):499-509
Water quantity and quality were monitored for 3 years in a 360-m-long wetland with riparian fences and plants in a pastoral
dairy farming catchment. Concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and Escherichia coli were 210–75,200 g N m−3, 12–58,200 g P m−3 and 2–20,000 most probable number (MPN)/100 ml, respectively. Average retentions (±standard error) for the wetland over 3 years
were 5 ± 1%, 93 ± 13% and 65 ± 9% for TN, TP and E. coli, respectively. Retentions for nitrate–N, ammonium–N, filterable reactive P and particulate C were respectively −29 ± 5%,
32 ± 10%, −53 ± 24% and 96 ± 19%. Aerobic conditions within the wetland supported nitrification but not denitrification and
it is likely that there was a high conversion rate from dissolved inputs of N and P in groundwater, to particulate N and P
and refractory dissolved forms in the wetland. The wetland was notable for its capacity to promote the formation of particulate
forms and retain them or to provide conditions suitable for retention (e.g. binding of phosphate to cations). Nitrogen retention
was generally low because about 60% was in dissolved forms (DON and NOX–N) that were not readily trapped or removed. Specific yields for N, P and E. coli were c. 10–11 kg N ha−1 year−1, 0.2 kg P ha−1 year−1 and ≤109 MPN ha−1 year−1, respectively, and generally much less than ranges for typical dairy pasture catchments in New Zealand. Further mitigation
of catchment runoff losses might be achieved if the upland wetland was coupled with a downslope wetland in which anoxic conditions
would promote denitrification. 相似文献
8.
Influence of N and non-N salts on atmospheric methane oxidation by upland boreal forest and tundra soils 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
S. C. Whalen 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2000,31(3-4):279-287
The short-term (24 h) and medium-term (30 day) influence of N salts (NH4Cl, NaNO3 and NaNO2) and a non-N salt (NaCl) on first-order rate constants, k (h–1) and thresholds (CTh) for atmospheric CH4 oxidation by homogenized composites of upland boreal forest and tundra soils was assessed at salt additions ranging to 20 μmol
g–1 dry weight (dw) soil. Additions of NH4Cl, NaNO3 and NaCl to 0.5 μmol g–1 dw soil did not significantly decrease k relative to watered controls in the short term. Higher concentrations significantly reduced k, with the degree of inhibition increasing with increasing dose. Similar doses of NH4Cl and NaCl gave comparable decreases in k relative to controls and both soils showed low native concentrations of NH4
+-N (≤1 μmol g–1dw soil), suggesting that the reduction in k was due primarily to a salt influence rather than competitive inhibition of CH4 oxidation by exogenous NH4
+-N or NH4
+-N released through cation exchange. The decrease in k was consistently less for NaNO3 than for NH4Cl and NaCl at similar doses, pointing to a strong inhibitory effect of the Cl– counter-anion. Thresholds for CH4 oxidation were less sensitive to salt addition than k for these three salts, as significant increases in CTh relative to controls were only observed at concentrations ≥1.0 μmol g–1 dw soil. Both soils were more sensitive to NaNO2 than to other salts in the short term, showing a significant decrease in k at an addition of 0.25 μmol NaNO2 g–1 dw soil that was clearly attributable to NO2
–. Soils showed no recovery from NaCl, NH4
+-N or NaNO3 addition with respect to atmospheric CH4 oxidation after 30 days. However, soils amended with NaNO2 to 1.0 μmol NaNO2 g–1 dw showed values of k that were not significantly different from controls. Recovery of CH4-oxidizing ability was due to complete oxidation of NO2
–-N to NO3
–-N. Analysis of soil concentrations of N salts necessary to inhibit atmospheric CH4 oxidation and regional rates of N deposition suggest that N deposition will not decrease the future sink strength of upland
high-latitude soils in the atmospheric CH4 budget.
Received: 30 April 1999 相似文献
9.
Karoline D’Haene Annemie Van den Bossche Jeroen Vandenbruwane Stefaan De Neve Donald Gabriels Georges Hofman 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2008,45(2):213-217
The effect of reduced tillage (RT) on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions of soils from fields with root crops under a temperate climate was studied. Three silt loam fields under RT agriculture
were compared with their respective conventional tillage (CT) field with comparable crop rotation and manure application.
Undisturbed soil samples taken in September 2005 and February 2006 were incubated under laboratory conditions for 10 days.
The N2O emission of soils taken in September 2005 varied from 50 to 1,095 μg N kg−1 dry soil. The N2O emissions of soils from the RT fields taken in September 2005 were statistically (P < 0.05) higher or comparable than the N2O emissions from their respective CT soil. The N2O emission of soils taken in February 2006 varied from 0 to 233 μg N kg−1 dry soil. The N2O emissions of soils from the RT fields taken in February 2006 tended to be higher than the N2O emissions from their respective CT soil. A positive and significant Pearson correlation of the N2O–N emissions with nitrate nitrogen (NO3
−–N) content in the soil was found (P < 0.01). Leaving the straw on the field, a typical feature of RT, decreased NO3
−–N content of the soil and reduced N2O emissions from RT soils. 相似文献
10.
Denitrification plays an important role in N-cycling. However, information on the rates of denitrification from horticultural
growing media is rare in literature. In this study, the effects of pH, N, C, and moisture contents on denitrification were
investigated using four moderately decomposed peat types (oligotrophic, mesotrophic, eutrophic, and transitional). Basal and potential denitrification rates (20°C, 18 h) from the unlimed peat samples varied widely from 2.0 to 21.8 and
from 118.9 to 306.6 μg (N2O + N2)–N L−1 dry peat h−1, respectively, with the highest rates from the eutrophic peat and the lowest from the transitional one. Both basal and potential
denitrification rates were substantially increased by 3.6–14- and 1.4–2.3-fold, respectively, when the initial pH (4.3–4.8)
was raised to 5.9–6.5 units. Emissions of (N2O + N2)–N from oligotrophic, mesotrophic, and transitional peats were markedly increased by the addition of 0.15 g NO3–N L−1 dry peat but further additions had no effect. Denitrification rates were increased by increasing glucose concentration suggesting
that the activity of denitrifiers in all peat types was limited by the low availability of easily decomposable C source. Increasing
moisture contents of all peats from 40 to 50% water-filled pore space (WFPS) did not significantly (p > 0.05) increase (N2O + N2)–N emissions. However, a positive effect was observed when the moisture contents were increased from 60% to 70% WFPS in the
eutrophic peat, from 70% to 80% in the transitional, from 80% to 90% in the oligotrophic and from 70% to 90% in the mesotrophic
peat. It can be concluded that liming, N-fertilization, availability of easily decomposable C, and moist condition above 60%
WFPS could encourage denitrification from peats although the rates are greatly influenced by the peat-forming environments
(eutrophic > mesotrophic > oligotrophic > transitional types). 相似文献
11.
Balaji Rao Suhas Mohan Andreas Neuber William Andrew Jackson 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(1):275-287
Perchlorate (ClO4−), a thyroid hormone disruptor, is both naturally occurring and a man-made contaminant increasingly found in a variety of
terrestrial environments. The environmental presence of ClO4− is considered to be the result of atmospheric formation and deposition processes. The ultimate processes, particularly heterogeneous-based
reactions, leading to natural ClO4− formation are not well understood. Oxidation of chlorine species by an energetic source such as lightning is considered to
be one of the potential heterogeneous sources of natural ClO4−. Currently, there is very little information available on lightning-induced ClO4−. We designed a laboratory electrical discharge reactor capable of evaluating ClO4− formation by the oxidation of “dry” sodium chloride (NaCl) aerosols (relative humidity (RH) <70%) in electrical discharge
plasma at voltages and energies up to 24 kV and 21 kJ, respectively. Similar to other non-electrochemical ClO4− production processes, the amount of ClO4− produced (0.5–4.8 μg) was 3 orders of magnitude lower than the input Cl− (7.1–60.1 mg). The amount of ClO4− generated increased with peak voltage (V) and theoretical maximum discharge energy with ΔClO4−/ΔV = 0.28 × 10−3 μg V−1 (R
2 = 0.94) and ΔClO4−/ΔE = 0.44 × 10−3 μg J−1 (R
2 = 0.83). The total ClO4− generated decreased with an increase in relative humidity from 2.8 ± 0.1 μg (RH ∼46%) to 0.9 ± 0.1 μg (RH ∼62%) indicating
that the presence of moisture inhibits the formation of ClO4−. Additional modifications to the reactor support the hypothesis of ClO4− formation due to the action of plasma on Cl− aerosols as opposed to direct oxidation on the surface of the electrodes. Finally, the contribution of lightning-induced
ClO4− in North America is calculated to have a wide range from 0.006 × 105 to 5 × 105 kg/year and is within the range of the measured ClO4− depositional flux in precipitation samples obtained across the USA (0.09 × 105–1.2 × 105 kg/y). 相似文献
12.
Marcel Brokbartold Mareike Wischermann Bernd Marschner 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(1):199-213
Red lead (Pb3O4) has been used extensively in the past as an anti-corrosion paint for the protection of steel constructions. Prominent examples
being some of the 200,000 high-voltage pylons in Germany which have been treated with red lead anti-corrosion paints until
about 1970. Through weathering and maintenance work, paint compounds and particles are deposited on the soils beneath these
constructions. In the present study, six such “pylon soils” were investigated in order to characterize the plant availability
and plant uptake of Pb, Cd, and Zn. For comparison, three urban soils with similar levels of heavy metal contamination were
included. One phase extractions with 1 M NH4NO3, sequential extractions (seven steps), and extractions at different soil pH were used to evaluate the heavy metal binding
forms in the soil and availability to plants. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine heavy metal uptake by Lolium multiflorum and Lactuca sativa var. crispa in untreated and limed red lead paint contaminated soils. Concentrations of Pb and Zn in the pylon soils were elevated with
maximum values of 783 mg Pb kg−1 and 635 Zn mg kg−1 while the soil Cd content was similar to nearby reference soils. The pylon soils were characterized by exceptionally high
proportions of NH4NO3-extractable Pb reaching up to 17% of total Pb. Even if the relatively low pH of the soils is considered (pH 4.3–4.9), this
appears to be a specific feature of the red lead contamination since similarly contaminated urban soils have to be acidified
to pH 2.5 to achieve a similarly high Pb extractability. The Pb content in L. multiflorum shoots reached maximum values of 73 mg kg−1 after a cultivation time of 4 weeks in pylon soil. Lime amendment reduced the plant uptake of Pb and Zn significantly by
up to 91%. But L. sativa var. crispa cultivated on soils limed to neutral pH still contained critical Pb concentrations (up to 0.6 mg kg−1 fresh weight). Possible mechanisms for the exceptionally high plant availability of soil Pb derived from red lead paint are
discussed. 相似文献
13.
Mohammad Mofizur Rahman Jahangir Dries Roobroeck Oswald Van Cleemput Pascal Boeckx 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2011,47(7):753-766
Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, soil microbial community structure, bulk density, total pore volume, total C and N, aggregate mean weight diameter
and stability index were determined in arable soils under three different types of tillage: reduced tillage (RT), no tillage
(NT) and conventional tillage (CT). Thirty intact soil cores, each in a 25 × 25-m2 grid, were collected to a depth of 10 cm at the seedling stage of winter wheat in February 2008 from Maulde (50°3′ N, 3°43′ W),
Belgium. Two additional soil samples adjacent to each soil core were taken to measure the spatial variance in biotic and physicochemical
conditions. The microbial community structure was evaluated by means of phospholipid fatty acids analysis. Soil cores were
amended with 15 kg NO3−-N ha−1, 15 kg NH4+-N ha−1 and 30 kg ha−1 urea-N ha−1 and then brought to 65% water-filled pore space and incubated for 21 days at 15°C, with regular monitoring of N2O emissions. The N2O fluxes showed a log-normal distribution with mean coefficients of variance (CV) of 122%, 78% and 90% in RT, NT and CT, respectively,
indicating a high spatial variation. However, this variability of N2O emissions did not show plot scale spatial dependence. The N2O emissions from RT were higher (p < 0.01) than from CT and NT. Multivariate analysis of soil properties showed that PC1 of principal component analysis had
highest loadings for aggregate mean weight diameter, total C and fungi/bacteria ratio. Stepwise multiple regression based
on soil properties explained 72% (p < 0.01) of the variance of N2O emissions. Spatial distributions of soil properties controlling N2O emissions were different in three different tillages with CV ranked as RT > CT > NT. 相似文献
14.
Use of Ozonization for the Treatment of Dye Wastewaters Containing Rhodamine B in the Agate Industry
Machado Ênio Leandro de Sales Dambros Vagner Kist Lourdes Teresinha Alcayaga Lobo Eduardo Alexis Tedesco Solange Bosio Moro Celso Camilo 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(4):1753-1764
The industrial processing of precious stones is a source of revenue for several Brazilian towns, especially in the state of
Rio Grande do Sul. Given the growing number of small-sized companies that process precious stones, wastewater production is
inevitable and is a cause for concern inasmuch as preservation of nature is considered. The present study investigates the
detoxification of the wastewater produced by the process of rhodamine B dyeing using oxidation processes. Ozonization (O3), ultraviolet irradiation (UV), and O3/UV methods were assessed. Some of the parameters used to measure the efficiency of the analyzed treatments included COD,
ecotoxicity (Daphnia magna), cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity assays (Allium cepa assays). Results show predominance of negative and local environmental impacts, which are reversible in more than 70% of
cases. The major proposed reversibility measures were the change in the process layout and dye wastewater segregation. Among
the analyzed methods, ozonization proved to be more efficient in decolorization, with 60 min of treatment, pH = 9 and dosage
of 5.705 mg O3/mg of rhodamine B. A pseudo first-order reaction, with a kinetic constant of 7.5 × 10−2 min−1, was observed. The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects were assessed for both raw and treated wastewaters. Despite complete decolorization,
cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays revealed an EC50 of 28.6, in addition to chromosome aberrations in 40% of dividing cells for the treated wastewater. 相似文献
15.
Background and Objectives
Soil nitrate nitrogen (NO3 −-N) accumulation is related closely to NO3 − leaching, which is an important issue in groundwater pollution, especially in intensive agricultural areas with saline soils where volumes of water are used in irrigation to avoid salt accumulation in the root zone. However, in the saline environment in Hai River Basin, China, the importance of detailed research into NO3 −-N distribution in the root zone has not been adequately recognized. Considering the impacts of eco-environmental system N and crop production, the present study aimed at contributing to an understanding of the effects of N application rate on soil NO3 −-N distribution, NO3 −-N residue, N loss, and maize (Zea mays L.) yield in this region. 相似文献16.
A simple spectrophotometric method was developed to quantify chlorophenol (CP) concentrations after reaction with potassium
permanganate and quenching with sodium sulfite. Other quenching agents (peroxide, sodium thiosulfate and hydroxylamine hydrochloride)
were found to create absorbance in the spectral range required for CP quantification. Analysis at pH 12 gave greater absorption
and sensitivity for the method compared with pH 5.6. The calibration curves of the proposed methods were linear in the concentration
ranges 0.0061–0.61 and 0.0078–0.78 mM with detection limit of 0.0006 and 0.0008 mM for dichlorophenols and monochlorophenols,
respectively. The oxidation kinetics of five chlorophenols in aqueous solution with excess potassium permanganate were evaluated
using the analytical method. The pseudo-first-order reaction rates were found to be relatively rapid 1.42 × 10−3 to 0.024 s−1 and followed the sequence 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) > 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP) > 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) > 2,4-dichlorophenol
(2, 4-DCP) > 3-chlorophenol (3-CP). The apparent second-order rate constant was calculated from the measured pseudo-first-order
rate constant with respect to CP with initial KMnO4 concentration (1.5 mM) and follows the same sequence of pseudo-first-order rate constant. This shows that chlorine atoms
in the structure of chlorophenol had a significant influence on the oxidation of chlorophenols by potassium permanganate.
Permanganate can be used for the treatment of chlorophenol-contaminated soil and groundwater. 相似文献
17.
Katriina Kyllönen Hannele Hakola Heidi Hellén Markku Korhonen Matti Verta 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(3):1171-1182
Total gaseous mercury (TGM) fluxes from the forest floor and a boreal wetland were measured by a flux chamber technique coupled
with an automatic mercury vapour analyser. The fluxes were measured at three sampling sites in southern Finland, 61°14′ N,
25°04′ E in summer 2007, with additionally in situ TGM concentrations in the air at one of the sites and mercury bulk deposition
at another. Most of the flux data were collected during the daytime. At one of the sites, diurnal flux behaviour was studied,
and a clear cycle with an afternoon maximum and a night minimum was observed. The highest emissions (up to 3.5 ng m−2 h−1) were observed at the forest floor site having a moss and grass cover. At the wetland and litter-rich forest floor sites,
the emissions were below 1 ng m−2 h−1 and sometimes negative (down to −1.0 ng m−2 h−1), indicating mercury uptake. The measured average fluxes in August were 0.9 ± 1.1 and 0.2 ± 0.3 ng m−2 h−1 for the forest floor sites and wetland sites, respectively. The flux data were compared with the mercury bulk deposition,
which proved to be of the same magnitude, but opposite in sign. At the mossy forest floor site, the extrapolated TGM emissions
were 130% of the Hg deposition in August 2007. Comparison with other studies showed that the fluxes in background areas are
relatively uniform, regardless of measurement site location and method used. Airborne TGM remained at the background level
during the study, with an average value of 1.3 ± 0.2 ng m−3; it frequently showed a diurnal cycle pattern. 相似文献
18.
Mohammad Ashik Iqbal Khan Kihachi Ueno Sakae Horimoto Fuminori Komai Kinji Tanaka Yoshitaka Ono 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2009,45(3):305-313
The aims of this study were to monitor the changes in physicochemical, including spectroscopic, and biological characteristics
during composting of green tea waste–rice bran compost (GRC) and to define parameters suitable for evaluating the stability
of GRC. Compost pile temperature reflected the initiation and stabilization of the composting process. The pH, electrical
conductivity, NO3
−-N content, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio were measured as chemical properties of the compost. The color (CIELAB variables),
humification index (the absorption ratio Q
4/6 = A
472 / A
664 of 0.5 M NaOH extracts), absorption at 665 nm of acetone extracts, and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were measured
to evaluate the organic matter transformation; germination of komatsuna or tomato seeds was measured to assess the potential
phytotoxicity of composting materials during composting. No single parameter was capable of giving substantial information
on the composting process, the nutrient balance, phytotoxicity, and organic matter decomposition. The FT-IR spectra at 3,300,
2,930, 2,852, and 1,065 cm−1 provided information on the molecular transformation of GRC during composting and they decreased over the composting. Most
of the assayed parameters showed no further change after about 90 days of composting suggesting that GRC can be used for agricultural
purposes after this period. 相似文献
19.
C. Alejandra Villamar Teresa Cañuta Marisol Belmonte Gladys Vidal 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(1):363-369
Since swine wastewater is used by farmers for soil fertilization, evaluation of toxic compounds or micro-contaminants of separate
streams is required. This paper uses the toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) procedure for the physicochemical and ecotoxicological
characterization of swine wastewater. To distinguish the most important toxic compounds, a physicochemical characterization
and phase I-TIE procedure were performed. The acute toxic effect of swine wastewater and treated fractions (phase II-TIE)
were evaluated using Daphnia magna determining 48-h LC50. Results show a high level of conductivity (23.5 μS cm−1), which is explained as due to the concentration of ions, such as ammonium (NH4+–N 1.6 g L−1), sulfate (SO42− 397.3 mg L−1), and chlorine (Cl− 1,230.0 mg L−1). The acute toxicity of the swine wastewater was evaluated on D. magna (48-h LC50 = 3.4%). Results of the different water treatments indicate that anionic exchange treatments could reduce 22.5% of swine
wastewater’s acute toxicity by reducing chlorine (to around 51%) and conductivity (8.5%). On the other hand, cationic exchange
treatment increased acute toxicity on D. magna (% RT = −624.4%), by reducing NH4+–N (around 100%) and total nitrogen (95.5%). This finding suggests that part of the toxicity comes from anionic compounds,
such as chlorine. 相似文献
20.
Elevated emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region, Alberta and higher foliar nitrogen (N) concentrations in jack pine (Pinus banksiana) needles close to major emission sources has led to concerns that the surrounding boreal forest may become N-saturated. Despite
these concerns, N deposition and impacts on upland forests in the region is poorly quantified. The objective of this study
was to characterize N cycling in five plots representing the two dominant upland forest types (jack pine and trembling aspen,
Populus tremuloides) close (<30 km) to the largest mining operations in the region, during a 2-year period. Despite the high level of NOx emissions, bulk throughfall and deposition measured at both study sites were surprisingly very low (<2 kg N ha−1 year−1). Internal N cycling was much greater in aspen stands; annual N input in litterfall was ten times greater, and net N mineralization
rates were two to five times greater than in jack pine stands. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was much greater in jack pine
when calculated based on N litterfall indices, but not when N pools in biomass were considered. Despite differences in internal
cycling among forest types, nitrate leaching from mineral soil in both forest types was negligible (<0.1 kg N ha−1 year−1) and patterns of 15N in roots, foliage, and mineral soil were typical of N-limited ecosystems, and both sites show no evidence of N saturation. 相似文献