生物农药短稳杆菌防治杨梅果蝇试验研究

[目的]杨梅果蝇是为害杨梅果实的主要害虫,其发生危害期接近杨梅果实成熟期,不易使用化学农药防治.为寻求用于杨梅果蝇防治的生物农药,进行了生物农药短稳杆菌防治杨梅果蝇试验研究.[方法]试验采用慕卫等"胃毒触杀联合毒力测定法"进行室内生物活性测定,田间药效试验和农药对杨梅的安全性评价试验依照农业行业标准《NY/T 1464.68—2018》、《NY/T 1965.1—2010》实施.[结果]生物农药100亿孢子/mL短稳杆菌悬浮剂对杨梅果蝇有较高的生物活性,LC50值为1.6636亿孢子/L;且对杨梅安全,安全系数大于4.0;对杨梅果蝇具有较好的防治效果,在杨梅果蝇发生初期或杨梅果实硬核转色期使用一次,使用剂量为稀释300～700倍液,平均防效86.36％.可在杨梅果蝇防治中推广应用.[意义]为杨梅果蝇的防治提供了一个生物农药品种,解决了杨梅果蝇在杨梅成熟期不能使用化学农药防治的难题,促进绿色水果生产,提高了杨梅果实的质量、品质和果农的经济效益.     

植物源农药印楝素对柑橘全爪螨的防治效果

为评价印楝素对柑橘全爪螨的控制效果,进行田间防治试验。结果表明,0.3%印楝素乳油600~800倍液对柑橘全爪螨的防治效果较好,药后1 d和3 d,防治效果与对照药剂10%阿维菌素悬浮剂相当,药后7~14 d防治效果显著高于对照药剂。0.3%印楝素乳油随药后时间延长而药效提高,药后3 d,防治效果在70%以上,有较好的速效性;药后14 d防治效果达80%以上,基本控制了柑橘全爪螨的为害,有较好的持效性。     

南安市杨梅黒腹果蝇发生特点及防治对策

杨梅是南安市的第二大宗水果,现有栽培面积达1800 hm^2,主要集中在柳城、溪美、东田、官桥、霞美、仑苍等地。近年来黑腹果蝇（又名黄果蝇）Drosophila melanogaster Meigen为害杨梅有逐年加重的趋势。杨梅果实受害后,果汁外溢、果肉稀软、容易腐烂,大量果蝇幼虫聚集在果肉中,严重影响果实品质,并引起大量落果,丰产不丰收,造成经济损失在30%～50%,已成为制约南安市杨梅产业进一步发展的主要障碍。笔者于2011-2013年对南安市部分杨梅果园的黒腹果蝇的为害特点、发生规律及防治方法等进行了初步观察研究,旨在为杨梅黒腹果蝇的有效防治提供参考。     

杨梅柏牡蛎蚧发生规律与监测防治技术

杨梅是浙江省的优势特色农产品,近年来以柏牡蛎蚧为主的介壳虫已成为杨梅主要害虫种类,且其发生为害呈明显上升趋势。通过在浙江台州黄岩、临海等杨梅主产区监测调查,探明了杨梅上常见发生为害的介壳虫有16种,隶属1目5科。其中,柏牡蛎蚧为优势种。柏牡蛎蚧在浙江1年发生2代,种群数量消长呈双峰型,5月下旬至6月上旬和8月上、中旬为主害期,为害杨梅春梢和夏梢。初步分析了寄主植物、栽培管理、田间防治、自然天敌、气候条件与害虫发生消长关系,制定了预测预报方法。药剂试验结果表明,植物源农药45%松脂酸钠可溶粉剂100倍液、150倍液喷雾防治,校正防治效果达97.99%、97.51%,对害虫防治效果好,使用安全,已在杨梅上登记,可应用于生产。研究提出了防控对策和农业防治、天敌保护利用与安全高效药剂防治相结合的综合防治技术,有效控制害虫的发生为害。     

氟吡菌胺·霜霉等药剂防治马铃薯晚疫病试验

田间试验结果表明,70%丙森锌WP300倍+68.75%氟吡菌胺·霜霉SC600倍液叶面喷雾防治2次,或单用68.75%氟吡菌胺·霜霉SC600倍液喷湿种薯自然晾干种植后,田间喷雾防1～2次,均有较好的防病、保产效果,投入产出比超过1∶5。     

混合药剂防治烟草气候斑点病的效果

2013年用70%甲基托布津和0.01%芸薹素内酯混配防治烟草气候性斑点病,效果较好。在此基础上,研制出70%甲托·芸薹素水分散粒剂。试验结果表明,70%甲托·芸薹素水分散粒剂500倍液对云烟85烟草气候性斑点病的防治效果可达60.91%,70%甲托·芸薹素水分散粒剂在1 000倍液对K326烟草气候性斑点病的防治效果达64.59%。     

山东青岛设施蓝莓果蝇发生动态及鲜果受害情况调查

于2019年在山东青岛采用糖醋液诱捕和鲜果抽样调查的方法对设施蓝莓果蝇发生及为害展开了调查。结果表明,设施塑料大棚内果蝇成虫主要有黑腹果蝇和斑翅果蝇,表面无伤的鲜果内果蝇幼虫则均为斑翅果蝇。鲜果内果蝇幼虫的检出量高峰比棚内果蝇成虫发生高峰大约延后4～5 d;幼虫检出量在果实采收期内总体呈增加趋势,在采收接近90%时果蝇幼虫检出量达到最高,为2.2头/500g鲜果。斑翅果蝇为害隐蔽、影响鲜果品质,应在防治中引起重视。     

非化防措施对茶小绿叶蝉的防控效果

本文研究了及时采摘、茶园轻修剪、中耕除草、黄板诱杀、灯光诱杀、植物源农药印楝素和生物农药球孢白僵菌等非化学防治措施对茶小绿叶蝉的防治效果。结果表明,供试的7种非化学防治措施对茶小绿叶蝉均有一定程度的防治效果。其中农业防治措施中,以茶园轻修剪、第7 d防治效果最优,达60.02%;物理防治措施中,以黄板与灯光组合诱杀第21 d防治效果最优,达75.00%;生物防治措施中,0.3%印楝素乳油500倍液和400亿孢子/g球孢白僵菌水分散粒剂600倍液两种生物农药防治效果均达73.00%以上。上述几种非化学防治措施可优先作为绿色防控技术推广应用。     

霓纱燕灰蝶药剂防治试验

选用7种杀虫剂对霓纱燕灰蝶幼虫进行室内外毒力测定,试验结果表明,5%高效氯氰菊酯2 500倍液、25%灭幼脲悬浮剂2 000倍液、10%吡虫啉乳油3 000倍液、0.1％氧化苦参碱水剂600倍液、BT悬浮剂400倍液、2.5％多杀菌素悬浮剂2 000倍液用于喷雾防治霓纱燕灰蝶幼虫效果好。     

1%蛇床子素水乳剂防治草莓白粉病药效试验

田间药效试验表明,1%蛇床子素水乳剂对草莓白粉病有较好的防治效果,3次药后7d1%蛇床子素水乳剂400倍液的防效为86.58%,500倍液的防效为76.59%,对照药剂10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂2000倍液的防效为76.45%。从防治效果和使用成本等方面考虑,1%蛇床子素水乳剂400-500倍液防治草莓白粉病,具有较好的推广应用价值。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.