抗白粉病豌豆种质资源田间筛选

以国内外收集的436份豌豆资源为试验材料,在田间自然感病的条件下,每份材料选10株,每株调查上部10片叶的病情级别,计算病情指数,进行白粉病抗性鉴定。同时对鉴定出的抗白粉病豌豆材料进行主要农艺性状的调查记载,旨在筛选出抗白粉病的豌豆优良种质资源,为今后抗性材料的有效利用提供参考,以利于加速豌豆抗性遗传育种进程。鉴定结果显示,436份材料中,抗病资源35份,占8.03%,其中11份高抗(HR),占2.52%;6份抗病(R),占1.38%;18份中抗(MR),占4.13%。综合抗白粉病性与农艺性状优良性,筛选出半无叶型豌豆抗白粉病资源‘RZ-1-1’、‘X9002’、‘1702’、‘MP1811’,普通蔓生型豌豆抗白粉病资源‘DX23’、‘DX25’、‘定褐’、‘黑眉’、‘所427’、‘所430’可进一步加以利用。     

豌豆根腐病研究进展

根腐病是豌豆根部的重要病害之一,在世界各地豌豆产区均有发生,是制约豌豆产业持续健康发展的因素之一。世界上尚未发现对根腐病完全免疫的豌豆品种,防治方法主要以农业防治和化学防治为主。本文从豌豆根腐病的发生与分布、病原菌的分类及特点、抗性鉴定及评价标准、种质资源、分子标记及防治策略等方面对国内外豌豆根腐病研究现状进行综述。并提出抗病育种和未来豌豆根腐病综合防治的研究方向。     

豌豆离体叶片鉴定白粉病抗性方法

1997～2001年对豌豆离体叶片鉴定白粉病抗性方法进行了研究。结果表明,将豌豆苗期离体叶片在垫有两层湿滤纸的培养皿内培养,并人工接种白粉病菌,能鉴定出豌豆品种抗白粉病的差异。鉴定结果与田间成株期的抗病性表现基本一致。温度、光照强度、叶龄、病菌接种量等因素影响离体叶片白粉病发生速度或保绿时间。离体鉴定较适宜在温度18～20℃、光照强度3600lx以上、每天12h光照与12h黑暗交替的条件下进行。最适叶龄为二叶一心期或三叶一心期的初展叶。较适宜的接种量为每1cm~2叶面积接种5.5×10~3个分生孢子。     

不同诱抗剂防治豌豆白粉病的效果及对防御酶的影响

本文研究了4种诱抗剂防治豌豆白粉病的效果及其诱导豌豆叶片防御酶活性变化。结果表明,用不同诱抗剂进行诱导处理后第7天,对豌豆白粉病防效为16.25%~52.18%,效果最好的处理为0.1%S-诱抗素,平均防效为52.18%,处理后第10天,防效上升到20.59%~56.43%,效果最好的仍为0.1%S-诱抗素;喷施诱抗剂后增产效果明显,不同处理平均增产幅度在0.77%~12.54%之间;诱导后显著提高了抗性相关防御酶POD活性,其中0.1%S-诱抗素处理POD酶活性最高,但却降低了CAT酶活性。     

维生素B1诱发黄瓜白粉病抗性初探

黄瓜白粉病是危害黄瓜生产的重要病害.根据最新报道维生素B1(vitamin B1,VB1)能诱导多种植物对真菌、细菌、病毒病害产生诱导抗性[1] .VB1诱发黄瓜对于白粉病抗性的研究,国内外尚未见报道.本研究利用多个浓度的VB1溶液预处理黄瓜幼苗后,黄瓜白粉菌Sphaerotheca.fuliginea挑战接种,检测幼苗的发病指数,调查VB1对其发病的影响.     

冬小麦Fr81-10抗条锈和白粉病基因的定位研究

 条锈病和白粉病是小麦的主要病害,由于大多数具1B/1R抗病基因的推广品种在我国已先后丧失抗性,导致近年来小麦锈病和白粉病频繁发生。因此需要不断地筛选、鉴定新的抗病基因,进行抗病育种。     

豌豆资源抗镰孢根腐病鉴定

由茄镰孢豌豆专化型（Fusarium solani f.sp. pisi）引起的豌豆根腐病是豌豆的重要病害,在我国豌豆产区普遍发生和严重危害。防治该病唯一经济有效的方法是利用抗病品种。本研究采用分生孢子悬浮液浸种的接种方法,对250份豌豆资源进行抗镰孢根腐病的鉴定和评价。结果表明,有24份资源根腐病病级小于或等于2.5级,表现稳定的和较好的部分抗性。     

不同小麦品种对白粉病的抗性比较试验

小麦白粉病是小麦生产上的重要病害,对小麦危害严重并且难以防治,由于发病时小麦叶片上出现白色粉状霉点而称之为“白粉病“。其危害是夺取植株养分、加剧蒸腾作用、破坏光合作用,导致小麦叶片早枯、成穗率减少、千粒重下降,严重影响了小麦的品质与产量。一般发病后减产10％～20％,严重发病后减产40％～60％,为了筛选出对小麦白粉病的抗性品种,2006～2007年,我们对襄樊市主要种植的小麦品种进行1次大田抗性比较试验。     

燕麦种质资源抗白粉病鉴定及利用评价

采用田间自然感病的方法,于2009-2011年在甘肃省天水市甘谷县对128份燕麦品种进行了由白粉菌(Blumeria graminis f.sp.avenae)引起的燕麦白粉病田间抗性鉴定和评价,该地区属于白粉菌病害常发区。结果表明,所有供试材料均程度不同地感染燕麦白粉病,无免疫材料,2份材料‘MF9715’、‘4607’表现高抗;8份材料‘QO245-7’、‘白燕2号’、‘VAO-1’、‘709’、‘4663’、‘4641’、‘4628’和‘青永久307’表现中抗;其余118份材料表现中感、高感和极度感病。说明抗燕麦白粉病的材料严重匮乏,可利用的抗性种质资源相对更少。筛选出的高抗和中抗材料对燕麦白粉病有较好抗性,是今后可利用的抗性种质资源。     

湖北省小麦品种(系)对赤霉病、条锈病、白粉病和纹枯病的抗性评价

为了解湖北省小麦品种(系)的抗病性水平,对2001年以来湖北省审定的46个小麦品种和在湖北省进行区域试验的447份小麦品系进行赤霉病、条锈病、白粉病和纹枯病等4种主要病害的抗病性评价。结果表明:1)参试品系中有1份材料对赤霉病表现高抗,未发现对纹枯病表现高抗或免疫的材料;对赤霉病和纹枯病的平均抗性评价分值分别为14.30和3.49,介于中感和高感之间;对条锈病和白粉病的平均抗性评价分值分别为13.43和8.34,介于中抗和中感之间。2)审定品种的综合抗性水平不高,对条锈病的抗性评价分值为12.47,介于中抗和中感之间,对其他3种病害的抗性介于中感和高感之间;审定品种的单产呈增加趋势,株高在不断降低,生育期相应延长,综合抗病性也在增强。3)审定品种的综合抗病性与对条锈病抗性的相关系数最高,为0.738;对纹枯病的抗性与株高呈显著正相关,与单产呈显著负相关;对赤霉病的抗性与株高无显著相关。鉴于此,湖北省需加强抗病育种力度,同时应充分做好小麦病害的防控。     

Erysiphe trifolii– a newly recognized powdery mildew pathogen of pea

Diversity of powdery mildew pathogens infecting pea (Pisum sativum) in the US Pacific Northwest was investigated using both molecular and morphological techniques. Phylogenetic analyses based on rDNA ITS sequences, in combination with assessment of morphological characters, defined two groups of powdery mildews infecting pea. Group I (five field samples and three glasshouse samples) had ITS sequences 99% similar to those of Erysiphe pisi in GenBank and exhibited simple, mycelioid type of chasmothecial appendages typical of E. pisi. Erysiphe pisi is normally considered as the powdery mildew pathogen of pea. Group II (four glasshouse samples and two field samples) had ITS sequences 99% similar to those of E. trifolii and produced chasmothecia with dichotomously branched appendages similar to those of E. trifolii. There are fourteen nucleotide differences in the ITS region between the two groups. The correlation of rDNA ITS sequences with teleomorphic features for each of the two groups confirms their identity. Repeated samplings and artificial inoculations indicate that both E. pisi and E. trifolii infect pea in the US Pacific Northwest. Erysiphe trifolii is not previously known as a pathogen of pea. The existence of two distinct powdery mildew species infecting pea in both glasshouse and field environments may interfere with the powdery mildew‐resistance breeding programmes, and possibly explains putative instances of breakdown of resistance in previously resistant pea breeding lines.     

Effect of powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi) on nodulation and nitrogenase activity in pea (Pisum sativum)

The effects of powdery mildew ( Erysiphe pisi) disease of pea (Pisum sativum) on the number and size of root nodules and on nitrogenase activity were investigated in pea plants grown in pots and in the field. There were significant reductions in nodulation and in the size of root nodules as well as in nitrogenase activity in infected plants.     

Polygenic powdery mildew disease resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana: quantitative trait analysis of the accession Warschau-1

To further the understanding of the natural genetic diversity for disease resistance to powdery mildew ( Erysiphe cichoracearum ) in Arabidopsis thaliana , quantitative trait loci analysis was undertaken on recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between the resistant accession Warschau-1 and the susceptible Columbia-0. Powdery mildew grew less well on Warschau-1, but the resistance was not associated with a specific block in the infection sequence. Two potential powdery mildew disease-resistance loci were identified and mapped, one with a major effect and one with a minor effect on disease resistance. The two loci acted in an additive manner to confer resistance, and together they explained 65% of the variation in resistance. In addition, the major powdery mildew disease-resistance locus was genetically mapped to the bottom of chromosome III, a region containing the powdery mildew resistance loci RPW7 , RPW8 and RPW10 . Unlike resistance mediated by the RPW8 locus in the accession Moscow-1, resistance in Warschau-1 was not correlated with the hypersensitive response, highlighting the influence of genetic background or environmental factors on the expression of disease resistance. Together with the powdery mildew resistance loci described in other studies, these results suggest that A. thaliana is a useful source of natural powdery mildew disease resistance, which potentially can be utilized in fundamental studies and as a tool for applied studies.     

苦瓜白粉病病原菌和生理小种的鉴定及苦瓜对白粉病的抗性遗传分析

为明确海南省苦瓜白粉病的病原菌、生理小种及苦瓜对白粉病的抗性遗传规律,结合形态学鉴定和分子鉴定解析白粉病菌及生理小种种类,通过显微镜观察白粉病菌侵染过程,并应用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析法探讨苦瓜对白粉病的主要抗性遗传规律。结果表明:采集自海南省6个市(县)的苦瓜白粉病病原菌均为单囊壳白粉菌Sphaerotheca fuliginea,属生理小种2F,该菌在侵染苦瓜叶片时有4个关键时期:接种后4 h为分生孢子萌发高峰期,8 h为附着孢形成高峰期,16～24 h为次生菌丝形成高峰期,5 d为分生孢子梗形成高峰期。将其接种于苦瓜抗、感品系,对白粉病的抗性符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型,主基因和多基因共同控制苦瓜对白粉病的抗性,其中以主基因遗传为主,且会受到环境变异的影响。根据苦瓜抗性遗传规律,F2代主基因遗传率最高,受环境影响最小,在苦瓜的白粉病抗性育种中,以早期世代F2代作为有效选择世代。研究表明白粉病菌侵染叶片的前2 d是白粉病防治的最佳时期,所以在白粉病易发的物候期,可将防治时间提前1～2 d。     

三个小麦农家品种的苗期抗白粉病遗传分析

[目的]对3份小麦农家品种‘矮秆芒麦’、‘红头麦’和‘大红头’进行苗期抗性的遗传分析,研究它们的抗白粉病遗传特点,为其在抗病育种中的有效利用提供依据.[方法]将这3份小麦农家品种分别与感病品种‘铭贤169’正、反杂交,获得了F1和F2代.利用白粉菌E09菌株,分别对这3份农家品种、感病亲本‘铭贤169’以及各自的F1和F2代植株进行抗性鉴定.调查统计的数据经卡方测验分析其符合度.[结果]这3份农家品种对白粉菌E09菌株的抗性均由1对隐性核基因控制.[结论]3份农家品种对石家庄本地区的混合白粉病菌表现出良好的抗性,并且对E09的抗性均由1对隐性基因控制.可以进一步对它们进行分子标记及定位研究,为其作为抗源在小麦抗白粉病育种中的应用奠定基础.     

茉莉酸对PR-1、PR-2、PR-5和Ta-JA2基因 表达以及小麦白粉病抗性的诱导

 为了探索小麦抗白粉病分子机理,明确茉莉酸对小麦白粉病抗性的诱导作用、对植物抗病性标志基因PR-1、PR-2、PR-5和本实验室克隆的1个新基因Ta-JA2的激活作用,以及抗病性变化与基因表达变化之间的相关性,本研究以感白粉病的小麦品种“中国春”、“濮麦9号” 和“周麦18”为材料,用茉莉酸甲酯（methyl jasmonate,MeJA）喷洒小麦幼苗叶片进行诱导,通过离体叶段培养法接种白粉菌（Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici,Bgt）进行抗性鉴定;用实时定量PCR技术检测小麦叶片中PR-1、PR-2、PR-5和Ta-JA2基因的表达变化。结果表明MeJA处理可以显著提高“中国春”、“濮麦9号”和“周麦18”对白粉菌的抗病水平。茉莉酸处理显著激活了PR-1、PR-2、PR-5和Ta-JA2的转录。茉莉酸诱导的抗病性提高与抗病标志基因PR-1、PR-2、PR-5及Ta-JA2的表达增强呈正相关。植物激素茉莉酸是小麦抗白粉病反应的信号分子。     

Comparison of resistance-inducing abilities of virulent and avirulent races of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei and a race of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici in barley

Resistance to powdery mildew was induced in barley by preinoculation with virulent and avirulent races of barley powdery mildew ( Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei ), and with a race of wheat powdery mildew ( E. graminis f.sp. tritici ). Four inducer densities were tested in 13 different induction periods between 1 and 24 h. Generally, the resistance induced by barley powdery mildew increased up to 10-12 h of induction and was maintained in longer induction periods. The inducing abilities of virulent and avirulent races could not be distinguished up to 10-12 h of induction, after which the inducing ability of avirulent races increased significantly in relation to virulent races. Wheat powdery mildew was able to induce more resistance than barley powdery mildew in induction periods up to 8 h. In a single inoculation procedure the number of haustoria developing from virulent barley powdery mildew decreased as inoculum density increased. The effect was ascribed to induction of resistance. This reduction of infection efficiency in the compatible interaction was compared to induced resistance. However, the inoculum density needed for 50% resistance induction in the double inoculation procedure was approximately 40 times higher than the inoculum density needed for 50% reduction in infection efficiency in the single inoculation procedure.     

2002年部分麦区小麦白粉病菌对三唑酮的抗药性监测及苯氧菌酯敏感基线的建立

 采用拌种离体叶段法测定了2002年采自北京、江苏、山东、山西、河北、新疆和四川7省市部分麦区的109个小麦白粉病菌菌株对三唑酮和苯氧菌酯的敏感性,结果表明小麦白粉病菌群体对三唑酮敏感性EC₅₀平均值是63.70 μg/mL,平均抗性水平为30.48倍,最高抗性水平达142.97倍。其中江苏、山东、四川三地的菌株抗药性水平明显高于河北、北京、山西和新疆。同时测得病菌群体对苯氧菌酯的敏感基线EC₅₀值为85.82μg/mL,且白粉病菌对甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂苯氧菌酯和三唑类杀菌剂三唑酮之间无交互抗性。该结果可为这两类杀菌剂在生产上的合理应用和抗药性治理提供依据。     

普通小麦“兰考90(6)”品系对白粉病抗性的遗传研究

 普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)"兰考90(6)"系列品系是以六倍体小黑麦(X Triticosecale Wittmack;AABBRR)为白粉病抗源培育的新的小麦-黑麦1BL/1RS异易位系。这些品系高抗白粉病。小麦白粉病抗性基因推导试验证明,"豫麦66"携带的抗病基因与大多数已经报道的小麦抗白粉病基因不同。用白粉菌[Blumeria graminis (DC.) E. O. Speer f. sp. tritici]单孢堆分离物进行的遗传分析表明,"兰考90(6)"品系携带一个小种专化的隐性抗白粉病基因。对"中国春"和"兰考90(6)21-12"杂交F₂分离群体进行1RS染色体检测,结果证明该抗白粉病基因不在1RS染色体臂上。本研究为有效利用"兰考90(6)"系列品系中的抗白粉病基因提供了科学依据。     

Molecular characterization of a powdery mildew resistance gene in wheat cultivar suwon 92

ABSTRACT Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp tritici, is an important foliar disease of wheat worldwide. Pyramiding race-specific genes into a single cultivar and combining race-specific resistance genes with durable resistance genes are the preferred strategies to improve the durability of powdery mildew resistance. The objectives of this study were to characterize a powdery mildew resistance gene in Suwon 92 and identify gene-specific or tightly linked molecular markers for marker-assisted selection (MAS). A population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was derived by single seed descent from a cross between Suwon 92 and a susceptible cultivar, CI 13227. The RILs were screened for adult-plant infection type of powdery mildew and characterized with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The linked markers explained 41.3 to 69.2% of the phenotypic variances measured in 2 years. A morphological marker, hairy glume, was also associated with powdery mildew resistance in Suwon 92, and explained 43 to 51% of the phenotypic variance. The powdery mildew resistance gene in Suwon 92 was located on the short arm of chromosome 1A where Pm3 was located. Two gene-specific markers were developed based on the sequence of the cloned Pm3b gene. These two markers, which were mapped at the same locus in the peak region of the LOD score for the RIL population, explained most of the phenotypic variance for powdery mildew resistance in the RIL population. The powdery mildew resistance in Suwon 92 is most likely conditioned by the Pm3 locus. The gene markers developed herein can be directly used for MAS of some of the Pm3 alleles in breeding programs.