铜绿丽金龟对寄主植物挥发物的触角电生理及行为反应

为深入了解铜绿丽金龟的取食行为,探索开发安全高效的植物源引诱剂,应用昆虫触角电位反应仪和Y型嗅觉仪测试其对不同寄主植物挥发物的趋向行为差异,并根据室内行为结果配制诱剂进行大田试验。结果表明:铜绿丽金龟雄虫对水杨酸甲酯和(1,1’-联环戊基)-2-酮的触角电位反应(electroantennography,EAG)值显著高于其它试剂;石竹烯和水杨酸甲酯能引起雌虫触角较强的电位反应;乙酸顺式-3-己烯酯和石竹烯分别对雄虫和雌虫有较高的嗅觉选择反应率,分别达0.95和0.94。综合EAG和嗅觉试验结果,选择对雌、雄虫均有较好引诱效果的反式-2-己烯醛、乙酸顺式-3-己烯酯、石竹烯、(1,1’-联环戊基)-2-酮和水杨酸甲酯进行田间试验,最终筛选到铜绿丽金龟雄虫的最适引诱剂为每诱芯360 mg乙酸顺式-3-己烯酯,雌虫的最适引诱剂为每诱芯360 mg石竹烯,日诱虫量分别可达33.00±1.53头和29.33±1.45头。     

华北大黑鳃金龟对20种植物源挥发物的电生理和行为反应

［目的］ 发掘能影响华北大黑鳃金龟行为反应的植物挥发性物质,以利用化学生态学技术调控华北大黑鳃金龟的行为,达到绿色防控的目的。［方法］ 采用触角电位（EAG）及Y型嗅觉仪行为测定技术,对20种植物挥发物进行筛选。［结果］ 在10 μg/μL浓度刺激下,顺2己烯醇、反2己烯醇、乙酸顺3己烯酯、辛醛和苯乙醇能引起华北大黑鳃金龟触角较强的电位反应,总体趋势雌虫反应大于雄虫。行为测试中,反2己烯醇、芳樟醇、乙酸顺3己烯酯、1己醇、邻氨基苯甲酸甲酯吸引能力都显著高于对照正己烷,但辛醛和苯乙醇对华北大黑鳃金龟的吸引作用低于对照正己烷,并呈极显著差异（p＜0.01）。［结论］ 华北大黑鳃金龟对本文所选的部分植物源挥发物对有显著的电生理和行为反应,该结果可为开发对其的田间引诱剂或驱避剂提供一定的理论依据。     

中华弧丽金龟甲对十二种常见植物挥发物的触角电位和嗅觉反应

为筛选中华弧丽金龟甲Popillia quadriguttata的行为调控剂,利用触角电位仪测定中华弧丽金龟甲雌、雄成虫对12种挥发物的电生理反应,利用Y型嗅觉仪测试其对8种具有电生理活性的挥发物的行为反应。结果表明:寄主植物挥发物1-辛烯-3-醇引起的中华弧丽金龟甲雌成虫触角电位(EAG)相对反应值分别为己醛的3.08倍、反式-2-己烯醛的2.96倍、3-辛酮的2.33倍,显著高于这3种挥发物;5种非寄主植物挥发物引起的雌成虫EAG相对反应值之间不存在显著差异。在浓度为0.1 mol/L时,寄主植物挥发物2-乙基-1-己醇、1-辛烯-3-醇和β-石竹烯均对雌成虫具有显著引诱作用,非寄主挥发物(-)-β-蒎烯对雄成虫具有显著驱避作用;在浓度为0.001 mol/L时,寄主挥发物2-乙基-1-己醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、β-石竹烯和芳樟醇均对雌成虫具有显著引诱作用,非寄主挥发物(R)-(+)-柠檬烯、1,6-二甲基-2,4,6-辛三烯对雄成虫具有显著引诱作用;在浓度为0.00001 mol/L时,寄主挥发物β-石竹烯、芳樟醇均对雌成虫具有显著引诱作用,非寄主挥发物(R)-(+)-柠檬烯、1,6-二甲基-2,4,6-辛三烯对雄成虫具有显著引诱作用。说明一定浓度的β-石竹烯、芳樟醇、2-乙基-1-己醇对中华弧丽金龟甲雌成虫具有显著的引诱能力,可作为引诱剂成分加以开发利用。     

绿盲蝽对七种锦葵科植物挥发物的EAG和趋向行为反应

研究绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)对锦葵科植物挥发物的EAG和趋向行为反应,为研发绿盲蝽引诱剂或驱避剂策略提供科学依据。田间采用动态顶空采样方法收集了7种锦葵科植物的挥发物,通过室内气相-质谱联用系统(GC-MS)进行物质鉴定及定量分析,最终测定了雌、雄绿盲蝽成虫对11种候选特征挥发物的触角电位(EAG)反应和嗅觉趋向选择行为。结果表明,7种锦葵科植物的挥发物种类和含量有较大差异,而且4种棉花品种之间的挥发物差异也很显著。棉花石远321的挥发物总量最大,其中4,8-二甲基-1,3,7-壬三烯(DMNT)含量最高,壬醛和罗勒烯其次。蜀葵的挥发物种类和含量均最少。11种候选特征挥发物均能够引起绿盲蝽雌、雄成虫EAG反应,且雄性成虫的反应值大都高于雌性成虫。其中,绿盲蝽雌、雄成虫触角对反-2-己烯酸丁酯EAG反应值最大,芳樟醇、乙酸叶醇酯、甲基庚烯酮及DMNT也能够激发绿盲蝽较大的EAG反应。在趋向行为检测中发现,DMNT及柠檬烯等对雄性成虫具有吸引作用。对雌性成虫有吸引作用的物质有γ-萜品烯、DMNT、月桂烯、α-石竹烯、罗勒烯及乙酸叶醇酯等,其中γ-萜品烯和乙酸叶醇酯对雌性成虫具有极显著吸引效果。锦葵科候选植物挥发物对绿盲蝽雌、雄虫具有不同EAG和趋向行为反应影响,候选气味化合物可以作为设计绿盲蝽引诱剂组分进行害虫防控田间实践。     

从虫害诱导水稻挥发物中筛选对拟环纹豹蛛有引诱活性的化合物

为明确虫害诱导水稻挥发物中对拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata有引诱作用的活性组分,选择了10种常见虫害诱导产生的水稻挥发物,测试了拟环纹豹蛛雌、雄成蛛对每种挥发物的嗅觉选择和触角电位反应。嗅觉选择结果表明,虫害诱导产生的水稻挥发物对拟环纹豹蛛雌成蛛的嗅觉选择无诱导作用,但能诱导拟环纹豹蛛雄成蛛的嗅觉选择,其中1μg/μL和1.5μg/μL水杨酸甲酯、0.25μg/μL(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇、0.5μg/μL 2-庚酮、0.25μg/μL和1μg/μL芳樟醇对雄成蛛的诱导作用显著;拟环纹豹蛛雄成蛛对1μg/μL水杨酸甲酯、0.25μg/μL(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇、0.5μg/μL 2-庚酮及0.25μg/μL芳樟醇的选择潜伏期两两间差异均不显著。触角电位分析表明,4种挥发物同样能诱导拟环纹豹蛛雌、雄成蛛触肢和第一对步足产生电位反应,水杨酸甲酯和(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇的效果最显著,2-庚酮和芳樟醇稍弱;只有2-庚酮在雌、雄成蛛间差异显著,其它挥发物在雌、雄成蛛间均差异不显著。表明虫害诱导的水稻挥发物能诱导拟环纹豹蛛成蛛产生嗅觉选择和电位反应,不同挥发物可能代表不同的生态学信息,挥发物种类和浓度对雌、雄成蛛的影响存在差异。     

草地贪夜蛾对氧化芳樟醇的趋性

利用植物挥发物作为增效剂增加昆虫性信息素的诱捕效果,提高生物防治效率已成为研究趋势。本研究利用触角电位仪以及Y形嗅觉仪研究草地贪夜蛾对3个浓度梯度氧化芳樟醇的电生理及行为反应。结果表明:草地贪夜蛾雌、雄蛾对各浓度氧化芳樟醇都具有较强的电生理反应,且雌蛾对1μg/μL的氧化芳樟醇电生理反应值最高,为(0.40±0.051)mV,显著高于雄蛾;行为研究结果则表明,草地贪夜蛾雌虫对1μg/μL的氧化芳樟醇具有明显的选择偏好性,而雄蛾则对浓度为10μg/μL的氧化芳樟醇表现出明显的排斥性。本研究为开发有效的植物源草地贪夜蛾引诱剂提供了基础。     

华北大黑鳃金龟聚集信息素的分离鉴定及其引诱效果

为确定华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita聚集行为产生的原因和是否存在聚集素,采用Y型嗅觉仪和气相色谱-质谱联用仪(gas chromatography-mass spectrometer,GC-MS),观测试虫聚集行为、鉴定后肠粗提物主要成分及其生物活性。结果表明,在华北大黑鳃金龟雄虫后肠粗提物中发现了顺-9-十八烯醛和乙酸顺-9-十八烯酯等活性物质;与对照相比,100μg/mL和200μg/mL浓度的顺-9-十八烯醛对华北大黑鳃金龟雌、雄成虫具有显著的引诱效果,100μg/mL浓度引诱的雌、雄虫数分别为119头和102头,显著多于对照(分别为60头和75头);而100μg/mL和50μg/mL浓度的乙酸顺-9-十八烯酯浓度对雌、雄虫具有显著的引诱效果。当顺-9-十八烯醛与2-乙基-1-己醇混合比例分别为3∶1和5∶1时,华北大黑鳃金龟雌、雄虫对混合物的选择性显著高于对照。当乙酸顺-9-十八烯酯与榆树挥发物混合比例为3∶1、5∶1时,对华北大黑鳃金龟雌虫的引诱性显著高于对照;当混合比例为5∶1和7∶1时,对华北大黑鳃金龟雄虫的引诱显著高于对照。表明顺-9-十八烯醛和乙酸顺-9-十八烯酯可能是华北大黑鳃金龟聚集信息素的主要成分。     

华北大黑鳃金龟植物源引诱剂配方筛选及引诱效果

为研制华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita的植物源引诱剂,选取7种植物挥发物单体,筛选各单体最佳引诱浓度并据此设计35个三元配方,通过华北大黑鳃金龟成虫触角电位反应试验及进一步的趋势行为反应试验筛选出对华北大黑鳃金龟雌、雄成虫引诱作用较强的配方,并通过笼罩引诱试验测试所筛选配方对成虫的引诱效果。结果表明,趋势行为反应试验中配方5(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯+芳樟醇+苯甲醇)、配方14(肉桂醛+苯甲醇+顺-3-己烯基乙酸酯)、配方27(1-己醇+肉桂醛+苯甲醇)和配方35(1-己醇+顺-3-己烯基乙酸酯+顺-3-己烯基异丁酸酯)对雌成虫引诱效果较好,选择反应率分别为62.09%、62.79%、60.22%和85.13%;配方3(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯+肉桂醛+顺-3-己烯基乙酸酯)、配方6(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯+芳樟醇+顺-3-己烯基乙酸酯)和配方35对雄成虫引诱效果较好,选择反应率分别为69.12%、64.22%和89.05%。笼罩引诱试验结果表明,成虫对配方3、配方6和配方35的选择反应率分别为68.16%、60.24%和70.59%,均高于其它配方;配方3、配方6和配方35引诱的成虫数量分别为61、61和72头,均显著高于其对照引诱的成虫数量(29、40和30头)。表明配方3、配方6和配方35对华北大黑鳃金龟成虫具有显著引诱效果,可作为其引诱剂备选配方应用于生态防控。     

烟粉虱MED隐种对13种植物挥发性物质的行为反应

为明确烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci MED隐种对不同植物挥发性物质的行为选择,采用Y型嗅觉仪测定了烟粉虱雌、雄成虫对13种植物挥发性物质的趋向行为反应。结果显示,烟粉虱MED隐种雌、雄成虫对不同浓度植物挥发性物质的选择性存在明显差异。1、0.01和0.0001μL/μL浓度的芳樟醇、反-2-己烯醛和桉树脑对烟粉虱MED隐种雌、雄虫校正反应率均为正值,具显著吸引效果;而p-伞花烃、月桂烯、3-蒈烯、α-蒎烯和顺-3-己烯-1-醇对雌、雄成虫的校正反应率均为负值,说明其对烟粉虱MED隐种雌、雄虫具有不同程度的趋避性。雌烟粉虱对0.0001μL/μL浓度桉树脑的选择率达最大值70.30%,与对照差异显著,具显著吸引作用。雌、雄烟粉虱对0.01μL/μL浓度的顺-3-己烯-1-醇的选择率最小,仅为24.75%和27.03%,具显著驱避作用。因此,烟粉虱MED隐种雌、雄成虫对不同浓度植物挥发性物质趋性反应不同,可能是烟粉虱环境适应性的表现。     

柑橘大实蝇成虫对9种植物提取物的嗅觉反应

为明确对柑橘大实蝇具有引诱或拒避作用的植物精油或挥发物,通过Y形嗅觉仪分别测定柑橘大实蝇雌、雄成虫对橘子精油、橙叶精油、橙花精油、柠檬桉精油、薄荷素精油、栀子花精油、D-柠檬烯、芳樟醇和月桂烯的选择率。结果表明,柑橘大实蝇雄虫倾向于选择橘子精油、橙花精油、D-柠檬烯、柠檬桉精油、栀子花精油,雌虫倾向于选择芳樟醇和柠檬桉精油。柠檬桉精油对柑橘大实蝇雌虫和雄虫均有显著的引诱作用,雌虫对柠檬桉精油的选择率为52.38%,雄虫的选择率也达到了50%。本研究为开发对柑橘大实蝇雌、雄成虫均具有引诱作用的引诱剂提供了一定的理论参考。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.