Antioxidant defence system of boar cauda epididymidal spermatozoa and reproductive tract fluids

Antioxidants secreted by the reproductive tract protect spermatozoa against the toxic effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after ejaculation. This study aimed at characterizing the level of antioxidant protection in boar cauda epididymidal spermatozoa and fluids of the cauda epididymidis, vesicular and prostate glands. Also, this study investigated the effect of a 5-h period of dialysis on the antioxidant capacity of boar seminal plasma. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione transferase (GST) and phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) activities were monitored in the cauda epididymidal spermatozoa or reproductive tract fluids. Also, the concentrations of total glutathione (GSH + GSSG), L-ergothioneine (ERT) and l-ascorbate and the total antioxidant status (TAS) of the fluids were measured. It was found that the cauda epididymidal spermatozoa exhibited high SOD activity and relatively low activity of PHGPx. The relative amounts of GPx, GR and GST activities in the cauda epididymidal spermatozoa were negligible, whereas CAT activity was undetectable. Greater SOD activity was found in the fluids of the cauda epididymidis and prostate gland. Furthermore, the prostate gland fluid appeared to be the main source of CAT activity in the seminal plasma, whereas the highest level of GPx activity was derived from the cauda epididymidal fluid. The reproductive tract fluids exhibited negligible amounts of GR and GST activities. It seemed that the significant amounts of GSH + GSSG, ERT and L-ascorbate in the reproductive tract fluids could have an ameliorative effect on the level of TAS in the seminal plasma. Dialysis had a marked effect on the total antioxidant capacity of the seminal plasma, which was manifested in greater activity of SOD and GPx. The findings of this study confirmed that the scavenging potential of the seminal plasma is dependent on the contributions of different antioxidants, originating in various fluids of boar reproductive tract.     

金雀异黄酮对鸡骨骼肌卫星细胞脂质过氧化和抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了探明大豆异黄酮主要成分金雀异黄酮(GEN)对鸡骨骼肌卫星细胞的抗氧化保护效应,试验研究了GEN对离体培养的鸡骨骼肌卫星细胞脂质过氧化、抗氧化酶活性和基因表达的影响。试验采用岭南黄羽肉鸡骨骼肌卫星细胞接受不同浓度的GEN处理48h后,测定细胞培养上清液中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性以及丙二醛含量,应用TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR法测定GEN对骨骼肌卫星细胞中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶基因表达的影响。结果表明:与空白对照组相比,添加金雀异黄酮组骨骼肌卫星细胞培养上清液中丙二醛含量显著降低(P<0.05),添加1μmol/L和16μmol/L金雀异黄酮显著提高了鸡骨骼肌卫星细胞培养上清液中超氧化物歧化酶活性(P<0.05),添加4μmol/L和16μmol/L金雀异黄酮显著提高了谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性(P<0.05),细胞培养液中添加金雀异黄酮具有提高谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶mRNA拷贝数的趋势(P>0.05)。     

Ontogeny of glutathione and glutathione-related antioxidant enzymes in rat liver

We conducted a comprehensive characterization of the ontogeny of glutathione (GSH) and its related enzymes in rat liver. GSH content and activities of glutathione reductase (GR), cytosolic glutathione-S-transferases (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were determined in male rat livers (n = 4) at different developmental stages. Our results indicate total hepatic GSH content and GR, GST, and GPx activity were low in the perinatal period. GSH content remained relatively constant throughout postnatal development, but GR, GST, and GPx activity underwent significant increases to attain adult levels by late post-weaning. Whether the ontogenic pattern of GSH and its related enzymes explain, in part, the altered susceptibility of neonates to some toxicants requires further investigation. Our study provides fundamental biological information on the ontogeny of cytosolic antioxidant/detoxification enzymes in a relevant toxicological risk assessment species. Additional studies are needed to fully characterize the ontogeny of other xenobiotic detoxification enzymes to further promote the rat as a developmental toxicology model that can identify toxicokinetic reasons for differences in susceptibility to toxicity between the neonate and adult.     

Cellular injury and lipid peroxidation induced by hexavalent chromium in isolated rat hepatocytes

In order to elucidate the relationship between cellular injury and lipid peroxidation induced by hexavalent chromium (CrVI), isolated rat hepatocytes treated with any one of scavengers of active oxygen species, antioxidants or antichromium agent were incubated with K2Cr2O7 as CrVI (1 mM Cr). After the incubation, the development of lipid peroxidation was determined as thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-reacting materials in total lipid extracts from the incubated hepatocytes. Cellular injury was observed as a leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from hepatocytes into incubation medium. The contents of reduced glutathione (GSH) in hepatocytes were also assessed. Results obtained were as follows: (1) CrVI facilitated lipid peroxidation in isolated hepatocytes after 20 min of incubation. On the other hand, the cellular injury induced by CrVI was barely observed even after 60 min of incubation. (2) The CrVI-induced lipid peroxidation was inhibited by catalase and mannitol as scavengers of active oxygen species, or N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine and alpha-tocopherol as antioxidants. However the cytotoxicity of CrVI could not be prevented by these chemicals. (3) CrVI depleted the contents of intracellular GSH and diminished the activities of glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) except glutathione peroxidase. (4) The scavengers of active oxygen species and the antioxidants could not prevent the depletion of intracellular GSH induced by CrVI. (6) Ascorbic acid, antichromium agent, prevented all of the lipid peroxidation, the cellular injury and intracellular GSH depletion induced by CrVI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The relationship between serum biotin and oxidant/antioxidant activities in bovine lameness

Serum biotin concentrations, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), reduced glutathione (GSH) and plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured in 36 dairy cows, 18 of them were healthy and served as control. In the 18 cows with lameness problems, there were 5 cows with interdigital necrobacillosis, 5 cows with subsolar abscessation, 2 cows with solar ulcers, 2 cows with white line disease, 2 cows with chronic laminitis and 2 cows with septic arthritis. The degree of lameness was estimated to be slight in 3 cows, moderate in 11 cows and severe in 4 cows. Plasma fibrinogen levels and TBARS concentrations were increased significantly (P≤0.05) in lame cows compared to control group. The antioxidant enzymes GSH-Px, and CAT concentrations were increased significantly (P≤0.05) in lame cows. The level of reduced glutathione and the activity of SOD were significantly decreased in affected cows compared to healthy ones. Serum biotin levels in healthy cows ranged from 2.25 to 3.5ng/ml while in lame cows, biotin levels ranged from 1.17 to 2.3ng/ml. Biotin levels correlated positively with blood GSH (r=0.870, P≤0.05), (r=0.735, P≤0.05) and with GSH-Px (r=0.539, P≤0.05), (r=0.637, P≤0.05) and with SOD (r=0.637, P≤0.05), (r=0.449, P≤0.05) and with catalase (r=0.533, P≤0.05), (r=0.585, P≤0.05) in both healthy and lameness affected subjects, respectively.     

蝗虫取食对毛花雀稗防御酶活性的影响

防御酶是植物对昆虫危害的潜在防御机制。毛花雀稗(Paspalum dilatatum)作为一种优良牧草，了解被昆虫取食胁迫后其防御酶的变化很有必要。为此，本研究分析了蝗虫(Oxya chinensis)取食毛花雀稗0 (CK)、24、48、72和96 h后毛花雀稗总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity, T-AOC)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、酪氨酸解氨酶(tyrosine ammonia-lyase, TAL)、多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase, PPO)、脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase, LOX)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferase, GST)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, PAL)活性及植物总酚(total phenols, TP)含量的变化规律。结果表明：与不取食对照相比，蝗虫取食后毛花雀稗植株中POD、CAT、LOX、PPO、TAL、GST活性以及TP含量均在部分取食时间或所有取食时间显著升高(P < 0.05)。其中T-AOC在24 h时显著升高(P < 0.05)；TAL、PPO和GST活性均随取食时间的延长呈先升高后降低的变化趋势，分别在48、72和24 h时达到最高，是对照的3.71、2.10和21.25倍。相反，除24 h时SOD活性外，SOD、PAL活性在蝗虫取食胁迫下均显著降低(P < 0.05)。可见，POD、CAT、PPO、TAL、GST和LOX等防御酶在毛花雀稗防御害虫胁迫中发挥了非常重要的保护作用。     

外源硒对镉胁迫下黑麦草生长和生理的影响

为明确外源硒对重金属镉胁迫下黑麦草（Lolium multiflorum）的影响,本研究以一年生黑麦草品种"杰威"（Lolium multiflorum ‘Jiewei’）为试验材料,分析了施加0.05、0.1和1.0 mg·L^-1硒对镉胁迫（60 mg·L^-1）下黑麦草株高、根长、电导率（Electrolyte leakage,EL）、丙二醛（Malondialdehyde,MDA）含量、抗氧化酶活性及其基因表达的影响。结果表明：60 mg·L^-1镉胁迫下黑麦草株高和根长显著（P<0.05）降低,EL和MDA含量显著升高,同时超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide dismutase,SOD）活性显著升高而过氧化物酶（Peroxidase,POD）活性显著降低,谷胱甘肽还原酶（Glutathione reductase,GR）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（Glutathione peroxidase,GPX）、锰超氧化物歧化酶（Manganese superoxide dismutase,MnSOD）基因表达量显著下调,而过氧化物体抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（Peroxisomal ascorbate peroxidase,pAPX）和过氧化氢酶（Catalase,CAT）基因表达量则显著上升;施加外源硒后,镉胁迫得到缓解,在硒浓度为0.1 mg·L^-1时,株高和根长缓解效果最明显,EL和MDA降低,SOD活性下降以及POD活性上升,抗氧化酶基因表达量也恢复至对照水平,表明施加适宜浓度外源硒可调节抗氧化能力,从而维持细胞膜稳定性和有效缓解镉胁迫对黑麦草的毒害现象,其中硒浓度为0.1 mg·L^-1时效果最好。     

奶牛性控精液与常规精液抗氧化物酶活性比较分析

通过比较常规精液和性控精液在活力、顶体完整率及精浆中四种抗氧化酶类活力的差异,对性控精液的品质进行综合评定。对用流式细胞仪分离后的性控精液和常规精液细管解冻(37.5℃,30s),分别分析精子活力和精子顶体完整率,并测定精浆中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性。结果表明性控精液精子在活力显著低于常规精液,且精浆中四种抗氧化酶类的活力也都显著低于常规精液。     

镉对大鼠原代肝细胞的毒性损伤

用两步灌流法获得大鼠肝细胞,肝细胞暴露于浓度为2.5、5、10μmol/L的醋酸镉24 h.测定了细胞活力、培养上清液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)和丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)活性及细胞内谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活性、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化.结果表明,细胞相对存活率显著下降(P<0.01),LDH、AST和ALT的释放量增加,5μmol/L和10 μmol/L剂量组与对照组相比差异均显著(P<0.01),细胞内GSH-PX活性降低,各剂量染毒组与对照组相比,差异均极显著(P<0.01);细胞内GSH含量升高,5 μmol/L和10μmol/L剂量组与对照组差异均显著(P<0.05),细胞内MDA含量升高,10μmol/L剂量组与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05).表明镉可致肝细胞损伤,并且氧化应激起了重要作用.     

Effects of dietary leucine on antioxidant activity and expression of antioxidant and mitochondrial‐related genes in longissimus dorsi muscle and liver of piglets

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary leucine on antioxidant activity and expression of antioxidant‐ and mitochondrial‐related genes in longissimus dorsi muscle and liver of piglets. Three diets were formulated with different levels of supplemented leucine (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%). Results showed that supplementation of 0.25% leucine significantly increased antisuperoxide anion (ASA) and antihydroxyl radical (AHR) levels and activities of total superoxide dismutade (T‐SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S‐transferase (GST), and total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) in serum, longissimus dorsi muscle and liver of piglets as compared with the control group. The SOD2, catalase (CAT), GPx, GST, glutathione reductase (GR), and nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) mRNA levels in longissimus dorsi muscle and liver were significantly increased by 0.25% leucine supplementation. However, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the mRNA level of Kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein 1 (Keap1) exhibited an opposite tendency. Additionally, supplementation of 0.25% leucine significantly increased the mRNA levels of mitochondrial‐related genes in longissimus dorsi muscle and liver of piglets. Results suggested that supplementation of 0.25% leucine improved antioxidant activity and mitochondrial biogenesis and function of piglets, which was related to the increase in antioxidant enzymes activities and upregulation of expression of antioxidant‐ and mitochondrial‐related genes.     

Tissue-specific changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes during the development of the chicken embryo.

1. Tissue-specific profiles of the expression of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) and the concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) during the development of the chick embryo were investigated. 2. The liver, brain, yolk sac membrane (YSM), kidney, lung, heart and skeletal muscles were collected at the following days of embryo development: 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 and 22 (day-old chicks). 3. The different tissues of the embryo displayed distinct development strategies with regard to the acquisition of antioxidant capacity. In the liver the specific activity of SOD increased between days 10 and 11 of development, then significantly decreased up to day 15 and remained at the same value during the rest of the developmental period. GSH-Px specific activity increased through the time of development. CAT had 2 peaks of specific activity at day 10 of the development and in day-old chicks. 4. The brain was characterised by comparatively high SOD-specific activity especially during the last days of incubation. The specific activities of GSH-Px and CAT were low throughout development. 5. In the YSM maximal GSH-Px and CAT-specific activities were found on day 15 of incubation. In the kidney and heart GSH-Px-specific activity increased at hatching time. CAT-specific activity in the kidney increased just after hatching. 6. It is concluded that each tissue studied expressed a profile of antioxidant defence mechanisms to deal with oxidative stress at hatching time.     

不同体质量建鲤血清和组织中抗氧化指标的变化

本试验旨在研究建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.Jian)幼鱼期(18～75 g)随体质量增加,机体和组织器官中抗氧化酶活性和非酶抗氧化物质含量以及抗超氧阴离子自由基能力(ASA)和抗羟自由基能力(AHA)的变化规律.试验选用均初体质量为(18.0±0.20)g的健康建鲤750尾,随机分成5组,每组3个重复,每个重复50尾.所有试验鱼饲喂相同的试验饲料,每隔14d称重取样1次,称重后,分别取血液、肝胰脏、肠道和肌肉组织测定抗氧化指标,共取5次.结果表明:血清、肝胰脏、肠道和肌肉中丙二醛和蛋白质羰基含量随体质量增加而显著降低(P＜0.05),分别在体质量达31.4和58.6g以后达到稳态(P＞0.05);ASA和AHA随体质量增加而显著增强(P＜0.05),均在体质量达40.1g以后达到稳态(P＞0.05);超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性随体质量增加而显著提高(P＜0.05),均在体质量达40.1g以后达到稳态(P＞0.05);谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性随体质量增加而显著提高(P＜0.05),均在体质量达31.4g以后达到稳态(P＞0.05);还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量随体质量增加而显著提高(P＜0.05),分别在体质量达31.4、31.4、31.4和58.6g以后达到稳态(P＞0.05).综上所述,建鲤幼鱼随体质量增加,血清和组织中SOD、CAT、GSH-Px和GST等抗氧化酶活性逐渐增强,低分子抗氧化物质GSH含量逐渐提高,从而使得ASA和AHA逐渐增强,脂质过氧化和蛋白质氧化产物含量逐渐降低,并最终达到稳态.     

Biochemical and antioxidant changes in plasma and erythrocytes of pentathlon horses before and after exercise

Abstract: Physical exercise in the horse induces a series of normal physiological and biochemical adaptations. Increasing metabolism and oxygen uptake may induce oxidative stress in various organs. The aim of this study was to examine exercise-induced changes in some plasma and RBC biochemical and antioxidant variables in pentathlon horses. Blood samples were taken from 14 horses before, immediately after, and 24 hours after competing in two 1-minute runs of intense exercise over jumps. The peak intensity periods were preceded by a 20-minute warm-up and separated by a 20-minute break. The following plasma biochemical analytes were determined: total protein, uric acid, and lactate concentrations, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activities. Total antioxidant status (TAS) and the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) also were measured. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH), and total protein concentrations, and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were determined in RBC hemolysates. Significantly increased concentrations of total protein, lactate, and FRAP, and increased activities of CK and LDH were observed immediately postexercise compared with pre-exercise samples (P < .05). All results returned to approximately initial values after 24 hours of rest. RBC GSH and TBARS concentrations did not change immediately after exercise, but decreased after 24 hours of rest (P < .05). Plasma uric acid and FRAP values were positively correlated in a linear model ( r = .78). In summary, the type of exercise applied in this study, which can be considered quite usual for pentathlon horses, caused detectable biochemical and lipid peroxidative changes in plasma and RBCs. FRAP and TAS values changed in opposite directions, indicating that when antioxidant capacity is assessed using different methods, highly different results may be obtained.     

Molecular forms of selected antioxidant enzymes in dog semen--electrophoretical identification

The aim of the study was the electrophoretical identification of molecular forms of selected antioxidant enzymes in dog semen. Ejaculates to be studied were chosen from five dogs, aged from two to eight years. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was carried out under non-denaturing conditions and then gels were stained for the activity of the following enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Sperm homogenates and all fractions (pre-spermatic, spermatic and post-spermatic) of dog ejaculate demonstrated one protein band with SOD activity characterized by low electrophoretic mobility. Based on the confirmed sensitivity to H2O2, it can be assumed that the detected SOD is an enzyme containing ions of Zn2+ and Cu2+ (Cu,Zn SOD). In sperm homogenates one protein band with GPx activity was characterized by high electrophoretic mobility, whereas in the spermatic and post-spermatic fractions of dog ejaculate three protein bands with different (low, medium and high) electrophoretic mobility were identified. CAT molecular forms were not found in either sperm homogenates or in the analyzed fractions of ejaculate.     

滞育发动前家蚕滞育性与非滞育性卵的谷胱甘肽氧化还原循环状态分析

为了调查滞育和非滞育性家蚕卵的谷胱甘肽氧化还原循环在滞育发动前是否存在差异,利用分光光度法检测滞育发动前(25℃中蚕卵产下后0～24 h)滞育与非滞育蚕卵的谷胱甘肽含量和相关代谢酶活性。滞育发动前,滞育性家蚕卵中的还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量、总谷胱甘肽(GSH+2GSSG)含量和GSH/GSSG比值变化不显著,谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)活性变化不显著,但硫氧还蛋白过氧化物酶(TPX)活性下降23%,谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性升高57%;非滞育性家蚕卵中的GSH含量及TPX和GST活性变化不显著,但GSSG含量升高61%,GSH+2GSSG含量升高41%,GSH/GSSG比值下降33%,GR活性下降16%。与非滞育性家蚕卵相比,滞育发动前滞育性家蚕卵中的GSH含量、GSSG含量和GSH+2GSSG含量较低,GSH/GSSG比值较高,TPX活性较低,GST活性无显著差异,GR活性较高。两种蚕卵中都未能检测到谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)和硫氧还蛋白还原酶(TrxR)活性。结果表明,滞育发动前滞育性家蚕卵中较低的TPX活性和较高的GR活性共同导致较高的GSH/GSSG比值,使其谷胱甘肽氧化还原循环处于相对还原态。     

Effect of dietary antioxidant supplementation on the oxidative status of plasma in broilers

In this study, the effect of dietary antioxidants on the plasma oxidative status of growing birds fed a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids was investigated. One‐day‐old broilers were fed for 42 days a diet containing 4% linseed oil and supplemented with single plant extracts rich in antioxidants (natural tocopherols, rosemary, grape seed, green tea, tomato) or a combination of some of these plant extracts, in two different total doses (100 and 200 mg product/kg feed). A diet with synthetic antioxidants with and without α‐tocopheryl acetate (200 mg/kg feed) were also included. The plasma oxidative status was evaluated measuring the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity. Lipid peroxidation was measured by thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS). No significant effect of the dietary treatments was observed for FRAP as well as for TBARS. However, diet affected GSH‐Px activity (p = 0.002) and a trend for an effect on SOD activity was observed (p = 0.084). A higher GSH‐Px activity was found for 200 mg/kg tomato extract and natural α‐tocopherol in relation to the corresponding 100 mg/kg treatment, and the lowest GSH‐Px activity was measured for the synthetic antioxidants treatment. The lowest and highest SOD activity were found for the 200. and 100 mg/kg treatment with tomato extract respectively. In conclusion, the oxidative status and lipid oxidation of plasma in broilers was not affected by feeding natural antioxidant extracts at the doses in the present study, but some changes in antioxidant enzyme activities were observed, of which the implication remains to be elucidated.     

牛磺酸鹅去氧胆酸对小鼠体内氧自由基代谢的影响

研究了牛磺酸鹅去氧胆酸（TCDCA）对小鼠体内氧自由基代谢的影响.分别采用黄嘌呤氧化酶化学发光法、化学比色法、紫外分光光度法、硫代巴比妥酸法及酶标法测定了小鼠血浆、肝脏、脑组织中的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性和丙二醛（MDA）的含量及血浆中一氧化氮合成酶（NOS）的活性.结果显示,高、低剂量的TCDCA均能显著提高小鼠血浆和肝组织中的SOD活性,显著提高小鼠肝组织中CAT的活性,显著提高小鼠血浆中NOS活性,显著降低小鼠肝组织中GSH-Px活性;高剂量TCDCA能极显著提高小鼠脑组织中GSH-Px活性;低剂量TCDCA能显著提高小鼠血浆中CAT活性;高、低剂量的TCD-CA能分别显著降低小鼠血浆和脑组织、肝脏中的MDA含量.试验表明TCDCA具有显著的抗氧化作用.     

外源水杨酸对干旱胁迫下小冠花叶片活性氧水平及抗氧化系统的影响

本研究以小冠花幼苗叶片为材料,用0.25,0.5,1和2 mmol/L外源水杨酸(SA)对植株进行叶面喷施,通过盆栽模拟干旱胁迫处理,测定幼苗叶片在连续干旱下膜脂过氧化指标、抗氧化酶活性和非酶抗氧化物含量,研究外源水杨酸对干旱胁迫下小冠花幼苗活性氧水平及抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,0.5~2.0 mmol/L的水杨酸显著降低了干旱胁迫下小冠花叶片中超氧阴离子(O₂^-·)的产生速率、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量及细胞膜透性,显著提高了过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,提升了抗氧化指数,但对抗坏血酸(ASA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量的影响不显著。在干旱胁迫第11天,1 mmol/L SA处理的小冠花叶片O₂^-·产生速率、MDA含量、细胞膜透性显著低于干旱处理79.78%,34.42%,36.96%(P<0.05);CAT酶活性显著高于干旱处理2.45倍(P<0.05);到干旱胁迫第 16天,SOD、POD酶活性比干旱处理提高了3.85和3.63倍。表明外源水杨酸能够降低干旱胁迫下小冠花叶片的活性氧水平,提高小冠花叶片抗氧化能力,缓解干旱胁迫造成的细胞膜脂过氧化损伤,提高了小冠花的抗旱性,尤其以1 mmol/L水杨酸效果最佳。     

The effect of dietary Chlorella vulgaris inclusion on goat's milk chemical composition,fatty acids profile and enzymes activities related to oxidation

The impact of dietary supplementation with microalgae on goat's milk chemical composition, fatty acids (FA) profile and enzymes activities related to antioxidant mechanism has not been well documented. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary inclusion of Chlorella vulgaris on the following: (i) milk yield, chemical composition and FA profile, (ii) the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) in blood plasma and (iii) the activities of SOD, GR and lactoperoxidase (LPO) in milk of goats. Furthermore, the oxidative stress indicators for measuring total antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity [ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and 2, 2′‐azino‐bis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays] and oxidative stress biomarkers [malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyls (PC)] were also determined in blood plasma and milk of the animals. For this purpose, 16 cross‐bred goats were divided into two homogenous groups. Each goat of both groups was fed individually with alfalfa hay and concentrates separately. The concentrates of the control group (Control) had no microalgae, while those of the Chlorella group were supplemented with 10 g lyophilized Chlorella vulgaris/kg concentrates (Chlorella). Thus, the average intake was 5.15 g Chlorella vulgaris/kg DM. The results showed that the dietary inclusion of Chlorella vulgaris had not noticeable impact on goat's milk yield, chemical composition and FA profile. Significantly higher SOD (by 10.31%) and CAT (by 18.66%) activities in the blood plasma of goats fed with Chlorella vulgaris compared with the control were found. Moreover, the dietary supplementation with Chlorella vulgaris caused a significant increase in SOD (by 68.84%) activity and a reduction in PC (by 24.07%) content in goat's milk. In conclusion, the Chlorella vulgaris inclusion in goat's diets improved the antioxidant status of both animals and milk.