甲酸乙酯对面粉中赤拟谷盗的熏蒸效果

本文研究了甲酸乙酯对面粉中赤拟谷盗不同虫态的熏蒸作用。通过对熏蒸期间熏蒸剂浓度检测,计算浓度时间乘积(CT)计算不同时间下甲酸乙酯对赤拟谷盗各虫态达到99%控制的处理指标(Lct_(99))。结果表明甲酸乙酯熏蒸能有效防治面粉中的赤拟谷盗各虫态,赤拟谷盗不同虫态对甲酸乙酯的敏感性由强到弱依次为:卵>低龄幼虫>成虫>高龄幼虫>蛹。在23℃条件下处理6h和12h对面粉中赤拟谷盗的Lct_(99)分别为448.42和599.34mg·h/L     

几种拟除虫菊酯类农药对赤拟谷盗的毒力测定及适应性评价

赤拟盗是一种重要的贮粮害虫。本文在室内条件下评价了６种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对赤拟合盗的毒性及其适用性。     

拟谷盗属赤拟谷盗组重要种的鉴定

本文对拟步行虫科拟谷盗属有检疫及经济重要性的种进行了评述。查明在我国西北地区广泛分布的拟谷盗属的一种,国内文献中均误鉴为欧洲黑拟谷盗,实际上是同属的另一种——弗氏拟谷盗。对拟谷盗属赤拟谷盗组的4个重要种(弗氏拟谷盗、赤拟谷盗、美洲黑拟谷盗和欧洲黑拟谷盗)的区分特征进行了研究,通过比较雄性外生殖器揭示,弗氏拟谷盗与赤拟谷盗在亲缘关系上更接近,而欧洲黑拟谷盗与美洲黑拟谷盗在亲缘关系上更接近。     

赤拟谷盗的天然忌避剂

合成杀虫剂由于危害人类健康,故通常不能用来解决贮粮或粮食产品中害虫的严重问题。寻找廉价的、无公害的防治方法已引起人们的重视,监且不断需要比现存化学药剂更有效的、更持久的和更经济的忌避剂。 Jilani和Su(1983)曾研究过几种用于防治禾谷类作物害虫的植物类忌避剂;而Malik和Mujtaba(1984)曾报导Sausswened lappa根中的提取物对赤拟谷盗     

丁香对赤拟谷盗卵和幼虫的致死作用

在室内条件下,研究了丁香干燥花蕾粉末对赤拟谷盗卵和幼虫的影响。结果表明:丁香对赤拟谷盗卵孵化有明显的抑制作用,对赤拟谷盗幼虫有致死作用并且全部致死时间随着赤拟谷盗幼虫龄期的增大而延长,龄期越小的幼虫其全部致死时间越短。     

基于28SrRNA基因的PCR-RFLP分析对赤拟谷盗与杂拟谷盗进行分子鉴定

本研究拟利用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)分析方法对赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum(Herbst)和杂拟谷盗Tribolium confusum(Jac du Val)进行分子鉴定,以期为仓储害虫管理和口岸检疫提供技术帮助和支持。采用通用引物对赤拟谷盗和杂拟谷盗的28S rRNA基因进行了PCR扩增、序列测定和分析,结果发现:扩增片段长约1070 bp,该序列种内均无变异位点、种间有76个变异位点,即种内没有核苷酸替换发生、种间核苷酸替换发生76次,其中转换56次,颠换20次,转换/颠换的比值为2.80。用限制性内切酶PvuI对赤拟谷盗和杂拟谷盗的28S rRNA基因扩增产物进行酶切,电泳检测显示,赤拟谷盗和杂拟谷盗的28S rRNA基因扩增产物的PvuI酶切图谱(分别产生2个和3个酶切条带)明显不同,因此本研究建立的28S rRNA基因PCR-RFLP方法可用于赤拟谷盗与杂拟谷盗的分子鉴定。     

赤拟谷盗气调辐照复合处理技术初探

赤拟谷盗（Tribolium castaneum Herbst）是一种常见的仓储害虫,繁殖迅速、危害严重,如导致面粉结块、异味以至不能食用。气调处理作为一种环境友好型溴甲烷替代处理技术,目前已用于检疫和装运前处理。为确定赤拟谷盗检疫处理技术指标,以卵、低、中、老熟幼虫、蛹和成虫为对象,在室温（26～28℃）条件下测试其在1%、2%和4%低氧环境（N2平衡）下的死亡率,数据经方差分析、机率值分析及其LT99致死剂量比率比较,耐受性顺序为：蛹>老熟幼虫>中幼虫≥成虫>低幼虫≥卵;蛹为最耐受虫态,其LT99值分别为5.3 (5.0～5.7) d、5.5 (5.3～5.7) d,和15.5 (14.8～16.3) d。蛹经150 Gy X-射线辐照后再进行4%O2气调处理,LT99值为13.0 (11.8,14.8) d,计算致死剂量的协同比率为1.12～1.19,表明气调与辐照处理间存在协同增效作用。在26～28℃气调环境下,预测蛹的致死时间LT99.9 968分别为7.2 d(1%),7.3 d (2%),22.5 d (4%)和19.9 d (4%+150 Gy),建议...     

艳山姜叶挥发油对赤拟谷盗的杀虫活性

为开发新型仓储防护剂,研究艳山姜Alpinia zerumbet叶子挥发油的化学成分及其对仓储害虫赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum的杀虫活性。通过GC-MS分析了艳山姜叶挥发油的化学成分,并通过熏蒸、触杀试验测试挥发油及单体成分的活性。艳山姜叶挥发油中鉴定出31种化合物,主要成分为邻伞花烃(14.86%)、桉油精(8.44%)、芳樟醇(8.28%)、氧化石竹烯(7.62%)、柠檬烯(7.29%)、莰烯(7.23%)、α-蒎烯(6.40%)和左旋樟脑(6.20%)。通过生物活性筛选,艳山姜叶挥发油对赤拟谷盗成虫具有触杀毒性(LD_(50)值为6.59μg/头)和熏蒸毒性(LC_(50)为5.19mg/L)。挥发油中的主要化合物莰烯、柠檬烯和桉油精对赤拟谷盗均有一定的触杀毒性,LD_(50)分别为5.13、14.97和18.83μg/头。莰烯对赤拟谷盗还显示出较强的熏蒸活性,LC_(50)为4.10mg/L。因此,艳山姜叶挥发油及其活性化合物在应用于赤拟谷盗的防治方面有潜力。     

雷公藤总生物碱对玉米象和赤拟谷盗的种群抑制作用

采用室内生测法研究了雷公藤总生物碱对玉米象和赤拟谷盗的种群抑制作用。结果表明,雷公藤总生物碱能显著抑制两种贮粮害虫种群的增长。雷公藤总生物碱浓度大于500mg/kg,33d时玉米象成虫死亡率高于90.83%,67d时混药饲喂的下一代（F1代）,其种群抑制率在96.70%以上;其中500mg/kg处理组存活成虫在未混药饲喂条件下,其F1代种群抑制率达80.10%。雷公藤总生物碱浓度在100-1000mg/kg范围内,对赤拟谷盗成虫无明显的致死效应,但可显著抑制其种群的增殖。当处理浓度为250mg/kg时,对赤拟谷盗的种群抑制率为54.94%;处理浓度升至500mg/kg时,种群抑制率高达98.02%。     

几种拟除虫菊酯类农药对赤拟谷盗的毒力测定及适用性评价

赤拟谷盗（ＴｒｉｂｏｌｉｕｍｃａｓｔａｎｅｕｍＨｅｒｂｓｔ）是一种重要的贮粮害虫。本文在室内条件下评价了６种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对赤拟谷盗的毒性及其适用性。实验结果表明，６种杀虫剂对赤拟谷盗的毒性从大到小的顺序为溴氰菊酯＞氯氰菊酯＞氯菊酯＞氰戊菊酯＞生物丙烯菊酯＞胺菊酯；对赤拟谷盗的致死中时间因供试药剂的浓度而稍有变动，当浓度为１ｕｇ／ｍｌ时，其从快到慢的顺序为氯氰菊酯＞溴氰菊酯＞氰戊菊酯＞氯菊酯＞生物丙烯菊酯＞胺菊酯。当浓度为４ｕｇ／ｍｌ时，致死中时间的变化顺序则为溴氰菊酯＞氯氰菊酯＞氯菊酯＞氰戊菊酯＞胺菊酯＞生物丙烯菊酯。适用性指数从大到小的顺序为氯菊酯＞氰戊菊酯＞氯氰菊酯＞溴氰菊酯＞生物丙烯菊酯＞胺菊酯     

Gamma radiation susceptibility of strains of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) resistant and susceptible to fenvalerate

Gamma radiation susceptibility of adults of the fenvalerateresistant strain of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) was studied under laboratory conditions. Selection for resistance to fenvalerate in adult beetles was carried out up to the sixth generation. In each generation of selection, adults of the fenvalerateresistant strain were evaluated for susceptibility to gamma radiation and compared with their fenvalerate-susceptible counterparts. Susceptibility to 60Co gamma radiation was evaluated on the basis of dosage-mortality (LD) and time-mortality (LT) responses. We found the LD values 50 50 50 for the fenvalerate-resistant and-susceptible strains to be 89.16 and 97.46 Gy respectively, showing no significant difference in susceptibility to gamma radiation. LT values were 7.58 and 17.20 days for the 50 fenvalerate-resistant and-susceptible strains respectively, showing that mortality in the resistant strain occurred markedly earlier than in the susceptible strain.     

甲酸乙酯的施药高度对仓内空间杀虫效果的影响

在储粮容量7000t的高大平房仓空仓内,设置一个高7.50 m、直径300mm的熏蒸室,分别在7.50m、5.61m、3.74m、1.87m和0.1m的高度放置试虫,先后从0.10m、3.74m和7.50m的高度施药,测定了甲酸乙酯对处于不同高度的赤拟谷盗(Tribolium castaneum(Herbst))和谷蠹(Rhyzopertha dominica(Fabricius))成虫的杀虫效果。结果为:在0.10m高度施药,甲酸乙酯对于靠近施药点的试虫可完全致死,而在1.87m及其以上高度处的害虫死亡率均显著低于施药点的死亡率。在高度3.74m处施药,施药点及其以下两种害虫的死亡率均显著大于施药点以上的害虫死亡率,3.74m及其以下的谷蠹均完全死亡,赤拟谷盗的死亡率则出现了0.1m处100%,1.87m和3.74m处则分别只有96.7%和81%。经7.50m高度施药,0.10m高度处的害虫死亡率达100%,且害虫死亡率出现自下而上递减的结果。本实验表明,作为熏蒸剂的甲酸乙酯在空间被施用后,静态条件下向上扩散且有效杀虫的高度小于2m;在高空施药后主要扩散趋势为向下运动(下沉),对施药点以下的害虫效果较好,建...     

Toxicity nanoinsecticide based on clove essential oil against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

This study aimed to characterize nanoparticles loaded with clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil-based polyethylene glycol (PEG) and to know their insecticidal activity against red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum). The nanoparticles have irregular shapes in good dispersion. The nanoformulation could not enhance clove oil contact toxicity to T. castaneum, but could protect the oil from degradation and evaporation while simultaneously allowing sustained release, as indicated by the continued high toxicity for 16 weeks of storage.     

Synthetic pyrethroids: Toxicity and synergism on dietary exposure of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) larvae

The potency of six dietary pyrethroids, as toxicants and inhibitors of weight gain in first- and fourth-instar Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) larvae, decreased in the order of cis-cypermethrin and deltamethrin > trans-cypermethrin and cis-permethrin > fenvalerate and trans-permethrin. Dosages that reduced larval weight also delayed pupation and emergence, probably due to their antifeeding activity. Three oxidase inhibitors (piperonyl butoxide, O, O-diethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate, and O-isobutyl O-prop-2-ynyl phenylphosphonate), at a dietary concentration of 100 mg kg^?1, had little or no effect on the toxicity of trans-permethrin, but strongly synergised the toxicity of cis-cypermethrin by about 3-, 3- and 10-fold, respectively. Piperonyl butoxide also synergised the toxicity of cis-permethrin, trans-cypermethrin and deltamethrin, but not that of fenvalerate. On the other hand, an esterase inhibitor, profenofos, did not enhance the potency of any of the α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl pyrethroids. Oxidases appear to be more important than esterases in pyrethroid detoxification by T. castaneum larvae.     

Synergism of insecticidal action and effects on detoxifying enzymes in vivo of lambda-cyhalothrin and malathion by some nitrogen heterocycles in resistant and susceptible strains of Tribolium castaneum

The interactions of the synthetic pyrethroid, lambda-cyhalothrin and malathion were studied with purines, pyrimidines, caffeine and some other related nitrogenous compounds in resistant and susceptible strains of Triboliurn castaneum (Herbst.) The results were compared with those obtained with a known synergist, piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and precocene I. Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine and uracil synergised lambda-cyhalothrin, especially in the susceptible strain, with maximum effect at a 1:1 mass ratio, with the effect decreasing with increasing proportion of the heterocycle. The order of synergism of lambda-cyhalothrin was; precocene I > PBO > the nitrogenous compounds, in both resistant and susceptible strains. On the other hand, caffeine (lethal effect increased about twice), barbital (about twice), isobarbituric acid (less than twice) and bromacil (up to eight times) synergised malathion in malathion-resistant strains and antagonised in the susceptible strains. Total in-vivo esterases, carbox-ylesterases and cytochrome P₄₅₀ of susceptible and resistant strains showed significantly increased activity or content when treated with either insecticide plus a heterocyclic compound. Exceptions were with bromacil and malathion and for the malathion-specific strain, Kano-C with malathion and the N-heterocycles.     

Toxic and repellent effects of Baccharis salicifolia essential oil on Tribolium castaneum

Allelochemical effects were observed when Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) adults were treated with Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pavon) Pers essential oil. The main biological activities were toxicity and repellence. Terpenes present in the essential oil were identified by GC-MS, and some authentic samples were tested to assess their activity individually. The most acutely toxic compounds after 3 days were beta-pinene and pulegone. Most of the monoterpenes elicited symptoms indicative of neurotoxicity. The most repellent compound was alpha-terpineol. Toxic and repellent effects of chemical derivatives of the major sesquiterpene present in B salicifolia essential oil, as well as a series of monoterpenes, were evaluated in order to investigate structure-activity relationships. The reduced derivatives of the monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were more repellent that their carbonyl analogues. In addition, unsaturation in the germacrane skeleton enhanced repellent activity.     

Toxicity of spinosad to susceptible and resistant strains of house flies,Musca domestica

The toxicity of spinosad, a new insecticide derived from the bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa, was evaluated against susceptible and resistant strains of house fly (Musca domestica L.). Spinosad was highly toxic to house flies based on 72-h LD₅₀ values and the symptoms of poisoning were consistent with a neurotoxic mechanism of action. Spinosad was relatively slow acting, with the maximum toxicity noted at 72 h. Piperonyl butoxide and S,S,S,-tribu-tylphosphorotrithioate synergized the toxicity of spinosad by 3·0- and 1·8-fold, respectively, while diethyl maleate had no significant effect. These results suggest that there is a small degree of monooxygenase-mediated spinosad detoxification in house flies, while hydrolases may be only minimally important and glutathione transferases may have no role. There were no substantial levels of cross-resistance detected, except in the LPR strain where a low 4·3-fold cross-resistance was observed. The cyclodiene-resistant OCR strain was 2·7-fold more sensitive to spinosad than the susceptible strain (CS). These results suggest that cross-resistance may not be a limiting factor for the use of spinosad against house flies. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry