我国生猪和猪胴体分级沿革

20世纪,加拿大（60年代）、美国（70年代）、日本（80年代）、欧盟（1989年）等根据各自国情先后建立了自己的猪胴体分级和标准。我国于解放后制定了生猪收购办法,80年代制定了外销生猪活体分级办法,1988年制定了猪胴体分级标准。     

猪胴体分级技术初探

本试验对580头猪(皖北猪)进行现场测定,测量性状为背膘厚度(P1)和背膘厚度(P2)。随机挑选120头,实测胴体瘦肉率。分别用这120头商品肉猪的实测胴体瘦肉率为依变量Y(%),P1,P2两个性状的不同组合为自变量,进行一元和二元线性回归分析。结果表明:实测瘦肉率与估测瘦肉率的相关系数R=0.9336,平均胴体瘦肉率为46.60%,平均胴体重为53.24 kg;胴体瘦肉率与P1,P2和胴体重呈负相关,相关值分别为-0.9282,-0.9187,-0.4063。     

我国生猪和猪胴体分级沿革

20世纪,加拿大(60年代)、美国(70年代)、日本(80年代)、欧盟(1989年)等根据各自国情先后建立了自己的猪胴体分级和标准.我国于解放后制定了生猪收购小猪,80年代制定了外销生猪活体分级办法,1988年制定了猪胴体分级标准.     

日本肉牛胴体品质分级标准及其制定与修订背景

本文简单介绍了日本和牛的改良进程,详细介绍了日本“胴体分级标准”及其制定和修订背景,借以对我国的肉牛胴体品质分级研究有所启发。     

猪生长肥育期胴体品质与肉质特性变化规律的研究

宁夏黑猪肉质肥瘦适中、皮薄鲜嫩、香美可口。为此,多年来它一直是宁夏规模化猪场商品肉猪生产的主要母本品种。研究以宁夏黑猪为对象,分析其胴体、肌肉品质随活重(20,40,50,60,80,90,100 kg)的变化规律及其活重对胴体性能和肉品质的影响,为宁夏黑猪在肉质改良方面的进一步利用提供最基本的参数。1材料与方法1.1试猪选择及分组试验猪引自宁夏灵武种猪场,饲养于宁夏永宁良种猪繁育场的有窗水泥地面猪舍内(有运动场)。试验猪共7组,每组8头,阉公猪和母猪各4头,同舍7栏饲养。试验选择生长发育正常的同日龄断奶的猪,饲养至测定活重时,每组随机抽…     

日本肉牛胴体品质分级标准及其制定与修订背(景续)

本文简单介绍了日本和牛的改良进程,详细介绍了日本“胴体分级标准”及其制定和修订背景,借以对我国的肉牛胴体品质分级研究有所启发。     

云南热带雨林地区野杂猪的胴体品质与肉质特性

本研究旨在分析云南热带雨林地区野杂猪的胴体品质与肉质特性,探讨野杂猪的开发利用价值.选用240头猪,分为农户饲养的滇南小耳猪(简称:X)、西双版纳野猪×滇南小耳猪F1(YX)、西双版纳野猪×野猪滇南小耳猪F1(YYX)和西双版纳野猪×野猪杜洛克F1(YYD)4个组,每组3个重复,每个重复20头.在达60 kg屠宰体重时,每个重复选择3头(共12头)屠宰并进行胴体品质和肉质特性的分析.结果表明,各组之间肌肉主要营养成分没有显著差异(P>0.05).YX组、YYX组和YYD组的肉色评分显著高于X组(P<0.05);眼肌面积、后腿比例、瘦肉率和骨骼比率极显著高于X组(P<0.01).YYX组、YX组和YYD组的不饱和脂肪酸含量分别为51.16%、55.05%、56.80%,低于X组的57.58%;YYX组、YYD组和YX组的17种氨基酸含量依次是17.82%、17.70%、14.32%,低于X组的23.98%.由结果可知,西双版纳野杂猪的肌肉主要营养指标优良,且瘦肉率高、肉色好、加工出品率高,尤其是YYX组肉质特性表现最好,具有开发生产优质保健肉的市场前景.     

合作猪胴体品质、肉质特性及随体重变化规律的研究

本研究测定了24头合作猪的胴体品质和肉质特性，以分析合作猪胴体、肌肉品质随体重(30kg，35kg，40kg，45kg)的变化规律，确定其最佳屠宰体重。研究结果认为，合作猪瘦肉率在48．8％～55．O％之间，肌肉pH1值在6．35～6．50之间，肉色指标优良，大理石纹评分均在3．75～4．05之间，肌内脂肪含量在3．60％～3．85％之间；当40kg体重时屠宰的失水率和滴水损失均最低，分别为10．68％和1．84％，且剪切力值最低，为3．08kg。相同性状间的有较高的正相关，肌肉pH1值几乎与各项肉质指标呈负相关。通过灰色关联度综合评定结果认为，合作猪是在活重达到40kg时屠宰，其肉质最优。     

饲喂克喘素提高雅南及长雅猪胴体品质的效用研究

试验选用雅南猪３０头，长雅猪３３头，总群体共６３头，品种内试验猪均分为５个组，２０千克上试，体重达５０千克时分别喂给添加了克喘素剂量为１，３，５，１０ｐｐｍ的饲粮，体重９０千克结束肥育试验，饥饿２４小时后进行屠宰测定。结果得出：总体群中１，３，５，１０ｐｐｍ和对照组的胴体瘦肉率分别是４９．５９％，４９．１９％，５１．０６％，４９．７２％和４５．４９％，胴体脂肪率分别是２７．１０％，２８．２０％，２     

中草药添加剂对猪胴体特性和猪肉品质的影响

选用10kg左右的长荣二杂猪40头,随机分成中草药散剂组、水提制剂组、醇-水制剂组、抗生素组和对照共5个组,进行不同制剂中草药添加剂对猪肉品质影响的研究。结果表明:中草药添加剂能明显改善育肥猪胴体特性和肉品质。醇-水制剂组较对照组显著降低背膘厚度20.35(P<0 05);眼肌面积:中草药各制剂组较对照组和抗生素组都有所增加,抗生素组最低;与散剂组和对照组比较,中草药水提制剂显著提高瘦肉率6.40％和6.45％(p<0.05);醇-水制剂显著提高6.68%和6.73％(P<0.05);抗生素较之无显著差异;与对照组和抗生素组比较,醇-水制剂组降低失水率分别为12.02％、16.44％;提高肌内脂肪含量分别为7.93％和19.51％。     

CO2-stunning of swine for slaughter from the anesthesiological viewpoint

For investigations of CO2-stunning of feeder- and slaughter-pigs parameters of behaviour, blood-gas-analyses and electroencephalograms were chosen. The following results were obtained: 1. Blood-gas-analyses proved that the CO2-stunning does not produce unconsciousness due to a lack of oxygen. 2. The criterias of general anaesthesia: unconsciousness, muscle-relaxation and analgesia with total reversibility could be confirmed. 3. The violent convulsive symptoms were evaluated as reactions identical with the stage II of GUEDEL's scheme of anaesthesia. 4. Muscular agitation, which sometimes appeared a few seconds before the stage of excitation, was judged to belong either to the start of the excitation phase or to the end of Guedel's stage of analgesia, during which the sensitivity is decreased. Neither study of behavior nor objective measurements showed, during the first 10 to 20 seconds of exposure to the CO2, any sign of pain or suffering related to the Act for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and accordingly such suffering should not be ascribed to the CO2 stunning method.     

Host determinants of pneumonia in slaughter weight swine

A prospective cohort study was undertaken in a farrow-to-farrow swine herd to describe patterns of pneumonia, and to identify host risk factors associated with the extent of pneumonic lesions in 2 weight groups of slaughter swine. The risk of coughing and pneumonic lesions increased with increasing age of pigs within the herd (P less than 0.0001). The age-specific prevalence of pneumonic lesions was low (2.7%) in pigs less than 16 weeks old at slaughter, but increased rapidly when pigs were between 16 and 22 weeks old (8.6 to 67.9%). After 22 weeks, the prevalence remained relatively constant at about 80%. Associations between possible risk factors and pneumonia were investigated by use of multiple-regression models. Age at weaning (less than 24 days) and birth weight (less than 1 kg) exerted small, but significant (P less than 0.002), effects on the extent of pneumonic lesions in pigs slaughtered at 30 to 50 kg live weight. For pigs slaughtered at 90 to 110 kg, pneumonic lesions were more extensive (P = 0.007) in pigs sired by Yorkshire boars than pigs sired by non-Yorkshire sires (Duroc, Hampshire, Chester White, or American Spotted). Other host factor variables including weaning weight and clinical diseases (atrophic rhinitis, diarrhea, and arthritis) were not associated with pneumonia extent in either weight group. Higher pneumonia percentages were also associated with reduced growth rates in the grower/finisher phase. Pigs sired by Yorkshire boars grew significantly (P less than 0.0001) more slowly from entry into shed 2 (mean, 38 kg) until about the time of exit (mean, 92 kg) than pigs sired by other breeds (747 g/d and 795 g/d, respectively).     

Microorganisms associated with pneumonia in slaughter weight swine.

The lungs of 334 pigs were obtained from two slaughter plants in Minnesota and examined in detail. Macroscopic and microscopic evaluation, direct fluorescence for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and bacterial culture were done on all of them and a subsample of 50 were selected for virus culture. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida and Haemophilus spp. were detected in 24.0%, 34.1% and 27.0% of the lungs, commonly in conjunction with each other. One isolate of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 was detected and this represents the first report of its presence in the United States. No virus was detected in any of the lungs. Lungs with both M. hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida had the greatest amount of macroscopic pneumonia (9.8% of the lung). Lungs with M. hyopneumoniae or P. multocida alone had 4.9% and 5.2% of the lung involved with pneumonia respectively. Lungs with Haemophilus sp. Taxon "minor group" had 3.8% of the lung involved which was not significantly different from lungs with none of these organisms being detected (1.6%). There was a positive correlation between the extent of M. hyopneumoniae infection, as scored by FAT and the amount of macroscopic pneumonia present (r = 0.46; P less than 0.001). Likewise, there was a positive correlation between the estimated concentration of P. multocida present, as scored by the relative number of colonies on blood agar and the amount of macroscopic pneumonia present (r = 0.60; P less than 0.001). Microscopically, the amount of lymphoreticular proliferation, polymorphonuclear cells and alveolar macrophages were evaluated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Time series analysis of mycobacteriosis in California slaughter swine

Records of a California abattoir were reviewed for the 46-month period August 1977 through May 1981, and data were collected for 23 ranches which only marketed hogs born and raised in California. Passed for cooking (PFC) rates (per 100 000 animals slaughtered) due to lymph node lesions listed as TB (mycobacteriosis) by inspectors were roasters (32–50 kg) 0, market hogs (82–105 kg) 243, and sows (> 145 kg) 125. Effective exposure to disease-causing factors seemed to have taken place at 2–3 months of age or earlier. Time series analysis of hog PFC rates for the 23 California ranches combined demonstrated statistically significant, regular cycles of 6 and 24 months duration with seasonal peaks of PFC rates in June and December. Based on an estimated incubation period of 4–6 months, animals were at greatest risk of effective exposure to factors associated with lymph node lesions during the periods December–February and June–August.     

Bacteria isolated from lymph nodes of California slaughter swine

Lymph nodes from 280 slaughter swine from 9 California ranches were examined for the presence of aerobic microflora. Genera of interest which were isolated (and percentage of animals from which they were isolated) included Salmonella (4.3%), beta-hemolytic streptococci (8.2%), Mycobacterium avium-complex (6.4%), Corynebacterium pyogenes (0.4%), and Aeromonas hydrophila (5.7%). Patterns of bacterial isolations from swine herds may be of assistance in predicting herd health problems.     

African swine fever among slaughter pigs in Mubende district, Uganda

Owing to frequent reports of suspected outbreaks and the presence of reservoir hosts and vectors (warthogs, bushpigs and O. moubata ticks), African swine fever (ASF) is believed to be an endemic disease in Uganda. There have, however, been very few studies carried out to confirm its existence in Uganda. This study was carried out to describe the prevalence of ASF based on pathologic lesions and analysis of serum samples from slaughtered pigs during a suspected outbreak in the Mubende district of Uganda. The study was based on visits to 22 slaughterhouses where individual pigs were randomly selected for a detailed ante-mortem and post-mortem inspections. Sera were also collected for laboratory analysis. A total of 997 pigs (53.7% male and 46.3% female) were examined for lesions suggestive of ASF and sero-positivity of sera for ASF antibodies. The sera were tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and positive samples were further confirmed with an immunoblot assay. The results showed that 3.8% (38/997) of the pigs examined had clinical signs and post-mortem lesions suggestive of ASF. Two of 997 (0.2%) sera analysed were positive for ASF antibodies. Of the sub-counties investigated, Bagezza (12%) and Kiyuni (11%) had the highest prevalence of lesions suggestive of ASF based on ante- and post-mortem examination results, while Mubende town council (1.7%) had the lowest. This study found a low number of pigs (3.8%) with lesions suggestive of ASF at slaughter and an even lower number of pigs (0.2%) that were seropositive at slaughter, however a significantly higher number of pigs were slaughtered during the outbreak as a strategy for farmers to avoid losses associated with mortality.     

Pathological lesions in swine at slaughter. II. Culled sows

The same computerized recording system as described in Part I of this publication (Flesjå & Ulvesœter 1979) was applied to sows slaughtered at Sentralslakteriet, Forus, Stavanger.In the three-year period 1975–1977 a total of 10,051 apparently healthy sows were brought to the abattoir. About 17 % of the carcasses had one or more pathological lesions. Of the total number of lesions 89 % were confined to 18 of the available 57 disease codes. Pyaemia and abscess/-es occurred at a rate of 1.5 and 3.2 %, respectively. This comprised 21 % of all registered lesions. Scabies and numerous white liver spots came to another 21 %, occurring in 3.3 and 1.5 % of the animals, respectively. About 15 % were chest lesions, of which pleurisy was diagnosed in 1.4 % and pericarditis in 1.3 % of the slaughtered sows. Other lesions recorded in 1 % or more included perihepatitis and other non-parasitic liver lesions, arthritis and decubitus.Only code 31 — numerous white spots in the liver showed a convincing seasonal variation.Significantly higher frequencies of pyaemia and abscess/-es occurred in culled sows than in baconers, but no such difference could be found for peritonitis, polyarthritis and arthritis. For all other commonly observed lesions significantly lower frequencies were seen in sows compared to baconers.Various theories are suggested to explain the observed difference in the distribution of lesions between baconers and sows.