八哥鸟的饲养与驯化

八哥鸟的饲养与驯化孙继和（江苏省南通市罐头厂南通２２６００５八哥鸟全身漆黑如墨，翅膀上有一白色横斑，展翅飞翔时，两翅白斑似一“八”字，故称八哥。八哥鸟的饲养比较简单。鸟笼一般用高大的八哥笼，饲料以蛋、米为主，每日最好喂些蝗虫、蚯蚓、皮虫或猪肉。八哥鸟...     

蜜的史畧

据考古学家查证,在古代,人类以鸟、虫、鱼和蜜蜂为食物。当时古人在寻找蜜蜂,破坏蜂巢时,发现了甜美可口的蜂蜜。约在五千年前,埃及曾在金字塔内发现久存不坏的蜂蜜。古埃及的石墙上有蜜蜂的形象文字,象征埃及王权。因为,当时已经知道蜂群中只有一个蜂王,认为是一群之主,率领全群,是最权威的,其它所有蜜蜂都是奴仆。塔中还有许多古时蜜蜂采蜜状况的图画和雕刻。而我国早在三、四千年前的殷商甲骨文中,也有了“蜜”字。     

四川鸟蛇线虫的生活史和形态学研究

鸟蛇线虫（鸭丝虫）病是严重损害幼鸭的疾病，我省广泛流行于岷江流域，其病原为四川鸟蛇线虫，本文报道了幼虫1～3期形态特征，又在我国首次发现雄虫，与本属其它5个种的雄虫不同，详细描述了雌虫形态，以8个种的剑水蚤作为中间宿主，整个发育过程共需36～40天，通过生活史和形态学研究，确定此虫为一新种。     

致富小思路

收购销售鲜活害虫赚百万 1992年，李高生到上海打工，听一位养了20多年鸟的老人讲：喂鸟最理想的食物是活昆虫，用它喂出的鸟发育好，毛色亮，精神爽，但一到冬季，活虫就特别见少，即使肯出高价也难以买到。李高生马上联想到家乡一种害虫——大袋蛾，每到深秋成蛹后挂茧树梢，对树木危害极大．被北方人俗称为“吊死鬼”。这种虫蜷缩茧中，耐藏好运，收购起来运到上海一定能赚钱。     

关于“蜂疗师”纳入医疗管理的建议

“蜂疗”在我国源远流长，有文字记载已有三千多年，是中医生物疗法的一个重要组成部分。她以独特的虫药结合，成为了各民族抵御疾病、维护健康的有效方法和手段，是人类宝贵的医疗财富。     

四川鸭丝虫病调查研究报告(第二报) 乐山市丘陵区鸭丝虫病流行情况及四咪唑治疗试验

鸭丝虫病学名鸟蛇线虫病。农民称为“包包病”或“鸭长猴儿包”,危害幼鸭健康极为严重。其病原为四川鸟蛇线虫Avioserpens Szechuanensis sp.nov.(Li Lai et Sha 1964)。雌虫寄生在幼鸭     

《中国牛业科学》投稿须知之一

1来稿内容要求观点明确、重点突出、数据准确、文字精炼。试验研究、文献综述、专论文字控制在7000字以内，“信息”不超过1000字，其它文稿不超过3000字。编辑部有权对录用文稿进行技术性、文字性加工修改，不同意修改者，请在来稿时说明。来稿注明第一作者的联系电话号码。     

《中国牛业科学》2013年投稿须知

1 来稿内容要求观点明确、重点突出、数据准确、文字精炼。试验研究、文献综述、专论文字控制在7000字以内，“信息”不超过1000字，其它文稿不超过3000字。编辑部有权对录用文稿进行技术性、文字性加工修改，不同意修改者，请在来稿时说明。来稿注明第一作者的联系电话号码。     

2014年《中国牛业科学》投稿须知

1来稿内容要求观点明确、重点突出、数据准确、文字精炼。试验研究、文献综述、专论文字控制在7000字以内，“信息”不超过1000字，其它文稿不超过3000字。编辑部有权对录用文稿进行技术性、文字性加工修改，不同意修改者，请在来稿时说明。来稿注明第一作者的联系电话号码。     

2015年《中国牛业科学》投稿须知（一）

1来稿内容要求观点明确、重点突出、数据准确、文字精炼。试验研究、文献综述、专论文字控制在7000字以内，“信息”不超过1000字，其它文稿不超过3000字。编辑部有权对录用文稿进行技术性、文字性加工修改，不同意修改者，请在来稿时说明。来稿注明第一作者的联系电话号码。     

Immobilisation of southern elephant seals and leopard seals with cyclohexamine anaesthetics and xylazine.

Ketamine and xylazine were given to 55 southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) for stomach lavaging, and to three leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx). The elephant seals showed prolonged apnoea and two of them died owing to aspiration of stomach contents. Two of the leopard seals died from unknown causes. Tiletamine and zolazepam were given to five elephant seals and one leopard seal. Two of the elephant seals and the leopard seal died from unknown causes. Xylazine alone was administered to 34 leopard seals. Sedation was poor at low dose rates (less than 1.7 mg/kg) but four of the seals given higher dose rates died owing to the aspiration of stomach contents.     

Variations in the severity of phocid herpesvirus type 1 infections with age in grey seals and harbour seals

The data recorded during an outbreak of phocid herpesvirus type 1 infection among 19 harbour seals and 29 grey seals being nursed in a seal rehabilitation centre in The Netherlands in 1998 were used, together with data from similar outbreaks in previous years, to compare the clinical signs observed in the two species at different ages. The severity of the disease was inversely correlated with age in the harbour seals, and the infected harbour seals generally developed more severe clinical signs than the infected grey seals.     

Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in seals around Hokkaido, Japan

Serological analysis was performed to detect Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infection in seals in Hokkaido. Serum samples were collected from 322 Kuril harbor seals (Phoca vitulina stejnegeri) at Nosappu, Akkeshi and Erimo, from 46 spotted seals (P. largha) at Nosappu, Erimo, Yagishiri Island, Hamamasu and Syakotan, and from 4 ribbon seals (P. fasciata) and a bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) at Nosappu between 1998 and 2006. Recombinant surface antigen of T. gondii (SAG2t) and N. caninum (NcSAG1t) were used as antigens for ELISA to detect antibodies. Antibodies against SAG2t were detected from 4% of 77 Kuril harbor seals at Nosappu in 2005. Antibodies against NcSAG1t were detected from 2% (1/66) in 2003, 5% (4/79) in 2004 and 10% (8/77) in 2005 of Kuril harbor seals and 11% of 9 spotted seals in 2004 sampled at Nosappu. Eight percent of 12 Kuril harbor seals from Akkeshi and 25% of 4 spotted seals from Erimo in 2005 also contained antibodies against NcSAG1t. These suggest sporadic infection of T. gondii and N. caninum in Kuril harbor seals and spotted seals in Hokkaido. Of the ELISA-positive seals, 2 seals having anti-SAG2t antibodies and 3 seals having anti-NcSAG1t antibodies in 2005 were judged to be juveniles that have no maternal antibodies. These suggest that the protozoan infections have occurred in recent years. Infection of terrestrial protozoa such as T. gondii and N. caninum in seals indicates that the sea environment has been contaminated with protozoa.     

Pathological findings indicative of distemper in European seals

The first recorded cases of the recent epizootic were harbour seals observed at the Danish island of Anholt, 12 April 1988. The disease then spread throughout the sea waters of north-western Europe. The total mortality in Europe up to November 1988, was estimated to be at least 17,000 seals. The mortality rate in Danish-Swedish waters was about 60%. Autopsies including sampling for histology of most organs were performed on 37 harbour seals and 12 grey seals, collected mainly at the Swedish west coast and in the southern Baltic. In most of the harbour seals and in three of the grey seals we found histological changes in the upper and lower respiratory tracts, in the lower urinary tract and in the lymphatic system consistent with those diagnostic of distemper viral infection in the canine. These diagnostic criteria were: presence of intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies of epithelial cells of the trachea and the urinary bladder, interstitial pneumonia, and atrophy of lymphatic organs due to depletion of lymphocytes. Our findings in pathology of a canine distemper-like disease in the seals were presented in late August 1988, together with the Dutch findings in virology by Dr. Osterhaus and collaborators.     

Hematology and chemistry reference values for free-ranging harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and the effects of hemolysis on chemistry values of captive harbor seals.

Most reported laboratory reference values for harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) are derived from captive seals, or stranded seals that have recovered from disease in marine mammal centers. This study established hematology and serum chemistry reference values for free-ranging harbor seals, using methods and that are current and readily available, and determined the effects of hemolysis on serum chemistry values of captive harbor seals. Blood samples were collected for hematologic and serum chemistry measurements from 14 clinically normal, adult male and female harbor seals and two juvenile harbor seals (approximate age 6 mo) captured in saltwater sloughs and estuaries near Moss Landing, California, USA. Values for amylase, globulin, and differential leukocyte count, not previously reported, were determined. In general, hematology and chemistry values in adults were similar to those reported for free-ranging and captive harbor seals, except for glucose, urea nitrogen, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) values, which were higher than those reported previously. Red blood cell counts in the two juveniles were higher than in adults and in young harbor seals studied previously. To determine the effects of hemolysis on serum chemistry values, two intensities of hemolysis were generated experimentally in blood collected from 11 harbor seals recovering from injuries or stranding at the Marine Mammal Center (Sausalito, California 94965, USA). Moderate hemolysis (++, 1 g/L hemoglobin, red-tinged) significantly increased LDH activity, whereas severe hemolysis ( , 2 g/L hemoglobin, cherry red) significantly increased total protein, albumin, calculated globulin, LDH, and total bilirubin and significantly decreased creatinine. The effects of hemolysis must be considered when chemistry results of harbor seals are interpreted.     

Investigations on course and outcome of phocine distemper virus infection in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls. Virological and serological investigations.

The influence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on phocine distemper virus (PDV) infections in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) was studied. Six out of ten seals had been conditioned with a defined mixture of PCB-congeners for several weeks. Following exposure to the cell culture-propagated PDV isolate 2558/Han 88 the complete clinical picture of "1988 seal plague" was provoked in all ten seals inoculated. Four out of six PCB-conditioned seals and two out of four seals not loaded with PCBs succumbed to the infection within three weeks post inoculation. With regard to the clinical course, duration of cell-associated viremia, PDV-antigen distribution in tissues of fatally infected seals and the humoral immune response to PDV no differences between PCB-loaded and unloaded seals were recognized. Evidence was obtained that the pathogenesis of experimental PDV-infection in harbour seals shares some features with those of canine distemper in terrestrial carnivores. In contrast, however, to experimental distemper infection of gnotobiotic dogs prompt development of high titres of PDV-specific IgG did not correlate with recovery from infection.     

Amoxicillin pharmacokinetics in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) following single dose intravenous administration: implications for interspecific dose scaling

The pharmacokinetics of sodium amoxicillin after a single intravenous dose of 20 mg/kg were determined in ten harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and ten northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). The seals ranged in age from 1 to 6 months and the mean weights were 11.7 kg (range, 9.5-18.5 kg) for harbor seals and 47.1 kg (range, 39.5-61.4 kg) for elephant seals. The median half-life of amoxicillin (quartiles) in harbor seals, 1.5 (1.0-3.1) h. was not statistically different from that of elephant seals, 2.0 (1.4-3.8) h, nor were the differences between the terminal elimination rate constants between the two species. The only statistically significant differences between species were for area-under-the-curve (AUC), and total systemic clearance. The lack of statistical significance for differences in the volume of distribution at steady-state (Vss) may have been due to minor differences in the time frame of data collection and dose administered between the two groups. A true physiologic difference in drug handling, possibly related to renal perfusion or tubal secretory efficiency could affect amoxicillin kinetics in these species, and longer administration intervals may be appropriate for elephant seals as compared to harbor seals when administering multiple dose amoxicillin therapy at 20 mg/kg.     

The helminth fauna from the common seal (Phoca vitulina vitulina, Linné, 1758) of the Wadden Sea in Lower Saxony. Part 2: Nematodes.

During the seal epidemic in 1988 and the beginning of 1989, 115 common seals found dead on the shores of the Wadden Sea of Lower Saxony were investigated for the presence of nematodes. The lungworm Otostrongylus circumlitus Railliet 1899 was found in 26.1% of the seals, the lungworm Parafilaroides gymnurus Railliet 1899 in 26.9% and the heartworm Dipetalonema spirocauda Leidy 1858 in 32.2% of the seals. In the digestive tract, two anisakid species were found, Pseudoterranova decipiens Mozgovoi 1951 in 87.8% and Contracaecum osculatum Rudolphi 1802 in 10.4% of the seals. Statistical analysis revealed a negative correlation between age of the seals and prevalence and intensity of infestation with the two lungworm species and the heartworms. Adult seals were found not to be infected with Dipetalonema spirocauda and Parafilaroides gymnurus, whereas the prevalence of the two anisakid species increased with increasing age of the seals. Pseudoterranova decipiens was found more often in autumn and winter than in summer. This parasite was more prevalent and had higher worm counts in the eastern part of the Wadden Sea than in the western part. Parafilaroides gymnurus and Dipetalonema spirocauda were found more often in seals with smaller blubber thickness than in well fed seals.     

Serological evidence of influenza A virus infection in Kuril harbor seals (Phoca vitulina stejnegeri) of Hokkaido, Japan

For proper management and conservation of the Kuril harbor seal (Phoca vitulina stejnegeri) through disease control, serological analysis was performed for influenza A virus infection in free-ranging seals in Hokkaido, Japan. Serum samples were collected from seals at Nosappu (231 seals), Akkeshi (16) and Erimo (75), between 1998 and 2005, and were analyzed by ELISA. Antibodies to the influenza A virus were detected only in seals from Nosappu. The incidences were 11% (1/9), 3% (2/66), 12% (7/59) and 6% (5/77) in 1998, 2003, 2004 and 2005, respectively. These suggest sporadic infection. Because antibody-positive seals included juvenile seals in each year, the infections were considered to have been circulated since no later than the late 1990s until recent years. ELISA-positive sera were analyzed by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests to determine the subtypes. Antibodies to the H3 and H6 subtypes were detected in 10 and 2 sera, respectively. Two of the sera that had antibodies to the H6 subtype also had antibodies to the H3 subtype. These two seals were considered to have been infected with both the H3 and H6 subtypes. This is the first investigation to find antibodies to the H6 subtype in seals. Although the H6 subtype had been isolated only from avians, genetic analysis had suggested that the H6 subtype could become a novel mammalian pathogen. For definitive diagnosis, detection of the virus from the tissue or mucus of seals is required.     

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in North-eastern Atlantic harbor seal (Phoca vitulina vitulina) and grey seal (Halichoerus grypus)

Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii were determined in serum samples from 47 grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) and 56 harbor seals (Phoca vitulina vitulina) from the Atlantic coasts of United Kingdom and France. Antibodies to T. gondii assayed by the modified agglutination test (MAT) were found in 14 (13.6%; IC(95%): 7.0-20.2) of 103 seals tested, with titres of 1:25 in 13 seals and 1:50 in 1 seal. Seroprevalence against T. gondii (MAT 1:25 or higher) was significantly higher in grey seals (23.4%) compared to harbor seals (5.4%). No significant differences were found between seroprevalence against T. gondii and sex, age or geographical locations. These results show natural exposure of European harbor and grey seals to T. gondii oocysts in the Atlantic Ocean. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first serological survey of T. gondii in European grey and harbor seals.