保护地土壤N2O排放通量特征研究

为研究保护地土壤N2O排放通量特征,于2009年8～12月,在河北辛集不施氮（N0）、当地习惯施氮（N900）及减量施氮（N675）处理下的秋冬季番茄保护地土壤上使用静态箱采集、气相色谱仪检测的方法测定了土壤N2O排放通量。得到以下研究结果:灌溉施肥后,各处理N2O平均排放通量与表层土壤硝态氮含量呈极显著正相关关系。灌溉施肥后7 d内是施氮处理土壤N2O主要排放期,其排放量占当季总排放量的55.9%~59.8%;高峰值一般出现在第3～5 d,此时的土壤含水量对硝化、反硝化作用都较适宜。8～10月份由于温度较高,N2O排放通量明显高于较冷的11～12月。8～10月份施氮是影响保护地土壤N2O排放的主导因素,减少施氮量显著降低了N2O排放量;之后温度是主导因素,此时N2O排放量受追施氮量的影响较小。经估算,保护地秋冬季番茄不同施氮处理N2O总排放量的大小顺序为:N900（N 5.304 kg/hm2）N675（N 3.616 kg/hm2） N0（N 0.563 kg/hm2）,差异显著,减量施氮比习惯施氮处理降低了31.8%的N2O排放量;N675和N900处理的N2O排放系数分别为0.45和0.53。     

尼日利亚两个农业生态区施用氮肥和杂草干扰对热带玉米基因型的影响

Low soil nitrogen (N) and weed infestations are some of the major constraints to maize production in Nigeria.A split-split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replicates was established at two sites with different agroecological zones,Ikenne (Typic Paleudalf) and Shika (Typic Tropaquept),in Nigeria in 2002 and 2003 rainy seasons to investigate the responses of four maize genotypes (Oba super II,Low N pool C2,TZB-SR,and ACR 8328 BN C7) to N fertilizer applied at four rates,0,30,60,and 90 kg N ha^-1,and three weed pressure treatments,no weed pressure (weekly weeding),low weed pressure (inter-row weekly weeding),and high weed pressure (no weeding throughout the growing season).Growth and yield parameters of maize and weeds were taken at flwering and harvest.The results indicated that there was a significant reduction in maize leaf area,leaf area index,and photosynthetically active radiation due to weed interference at both sites.The application of nitrogen at 90 kg N ha^-1 significantly increased maize leaf area.Reductions in maize growth and yield at flowering and harvest were significant due to weed interference at both Ikenne and Shika,thus showing that the reductions in maize growth and yield due to weed interference were not ecological zone specific even though weed species and their seed banks may differ.Ameliorative management options could thus be the same in the two agroecological zones.Application of 90 kg N ha^-1 led to a significant increase in maize grain yield at Shika while there was no fertilizer effect at Ikenne on grain yield.There was no significant difference between 60 and 90 kg N ha^-1,suggesting that 60 kg N ha^-1 could be a possible replacement for the higher fertilizer rate at least for the identified maize genotypes.Low weed pressure treatment led to 26% and 35% reductions in maize grain yield at Ikenne and Shika,respectively,while 22% and 51 % reductions,respectively,were observed due to high weed pressure.Generally,maize grain yield was higher at Ikenne than Shika.The maize genotypes Low N pool C2 and ACR 8328 BN C7 performed better than the other genotypes at Ikenne while the maize genotype Oba super II had the best performance at harvest at Shika.Application of nitrogen increased weed biomass at flowering at Ikenne.The maize grain yield was highest in the N-efficient genotypes,Oba super II and Low N pool C2;the susceptible genotype TZB-SR had the least yield at Shika.There existed a negative and significant correlation between maize grain yield and weed biomass at both sites.     

Harrowing for weed control: Impacts on mineral nitrogen dynamics, soil aggregation and wheat production

Tillage with a spring tine harrow has become a recommended mechanical weeding technique for cereal crops. In this study, the impact of its use on soil mineral N content, soil aggregation and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production was investigated. The experiment was performed during 2 successive years (2005–2006) on a clay loam and on a silty loam. The two-main plot treatments consisted of a wheat crop subjected or not to intensive harrow use in a weed-free production system. Two N fertilizer treatments (mineral fertilizer and dry granular poultry manure) were also included as subplots within these main treatments and compared to a non-fertilized control. Harrowing had significant and variable effects on soil NO₃⁻ contents in the 0–5 cm soil layer. Slightly higher NO₃⁻ contents (average difference of 3.2 kg NO₃⁻ ha⁻¹) were measured in the harrowed treatments than in the undisturbed plots in the clay loam soil in 2006. However, significantly lower mineral N contents were observed in the harrowed treatments than in the undisturbed plots in the clay loam soil in 2005 and in the silty loam soil in 2006. This apparent N immobilization amounted to 19 kg NO₃⁻ ha⁻¹ in the clay loam soil in 2005 (for both fertilizers) and 30 kg NO₃⁻ ha⁻¹ in the silty loam soil in 2006 (only in mineral fertilizer plots) after the successive harrowing treatments. In all cases, data of the last sampling dates in the fall indicated that residual NO₃⁻ content was not affected by the treatments. Overall harrowing had a minor decreasing and transient effect on the mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregates while the dry poultry manure tended to increase MWD. The harrowing treatment had no significant effect on wheat, grain N uptake and yield. In conclusion, harrow use had variable impacts on soil NO₃⁻ content and a minor decreasing effect on the MWD of soil aggregates. Of note, significant apparent mineral N immobilization was observed on a few sampling dates following the harrow treatments.     

不同栽培模式对小麦—玉米轮作体系土壤硝态氮残留的影响

在陕西关中地区研究了有限灌溉与旱地蓄水保墒栽培相结合的不同栽培模式和施氮量对冬小麦夏玉米轮作体系中硝态氮残留的影响。结果表明,种植五季作物后不同栽培模式0200.cm土壤剖面残留硝态氮平均在2183～29.kg/hm2之间,且残留的硝态氮主要集中在100200.cm土层。不同栽培模式相比,垄沟模式0200.cm土层的硝态氮残留量最高。随着种植年限和施氮量的增加,0200.cm土层硝态氮残留量随之显著增加。施用240kg/hm2氮肥,第五季作物收获后0200.cm土层硝态氮的残留量达477.kg/hm2;从第三季作物收获到第五季作物收获,残留硝态氮的增加量占这一时期氮肥施用量的比例高达51.6%。种植作物五季后,常规、节水和覆草模式在080.cm土层硝态氮残留量相对较低,而80.cm以下土层硝态氮残留量随着施氮量的增加明显增加。垄沟栽培模式在0200.cm土壤剖面残留硝态氮的量随施氮量增加显著增加,且在0120.cm土层硝态氮残留量明显高于其它模式。     

基于GIS和测土配方数据的晋北县域春玉米专用肥配方筛选

为改善当前施肥过高或过低等问题,促进区域合理施肥,该研究依据测土配方施肥项目田间试验数据和土样分析数据,以应县为研究区域,遵循"氮肥总量控制,分期调控及磷、钾恒量监控"的技术原理,利用地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)技术开展县域春玉米专用肥配方筛选研究。采用肥料效应函数法对测土配方施肥项目田间试验数据进行模拟分析,确定研究区域平均适宜施氮用量为200 kg/hm2,其中80 kg/hm2氮素作为播种前基肥,120 kg/hm2作为大喇叭口期追肥。综合利用养分丰缺指标法、肥料效应函数法建立磷、钾养分丰缺指标及磷、钾肥的推荐施肥指标体系。基于GIS技术形成区域土壤养分分布图、氮磷钾养分推荐用量图,制定区域氮磷钾养分配方图,并筛选出适合县域推广的春玉米专用肥大配方。结果表明,应县氮磷钾养分空间变异特征明显,形成的11个专用肥配方经筛选后最优春玉米专用肥配方为20-17-8(为专用肥氮磷钾养分含量比例,即N-P2O5-K2O,专用肥总养分45%)、17-19-9和21-12-12。该研究将GIS技术和测土配方施肥技术有机结合,促进了测土配方施肥项目结果推广应用,为县域春玉米养分资源高效利用提供了参考。     

不同氮磷肥施用对春玉米农田N_2O排放的影响

农田过量施肥会增加N2O排放,使农田土壤成为重要的温室气体排放源。为减少农田N2O排放,利用自动观测系统研究了春玉米农田中不同肥料对N2O排放的影响,并结合作物产量及N2O的排放量探索减少温室气体排放的施肥措施。采用田间试验方法设定了不施肥（CK）、尿素（U）、尿素加磷肥（NP）和硝酸磷肥（NOP）4个处理进行研究。结果表明,各处理下N2O排放总量分别为：CK0.21kgN·hm-2、U1.19kgN·hm-2、NP0.93kgN·hm-2、NOP0.69kgN·hm-2;N2O排放主要受施肥、灌溉,降雨和土壤温度的影响;在作物生长后期土壤含氮量小于7mgN·kg-1的情况下,观测到土壤吸收N2O的情况;各处理下排放因子均小于政府间气候变化委员会（IPCC）的缺省值1%,表明IPCC推荐的排放因子不适用于估算中国北方的春玉米农田N2O排放。施加磷肥有助于减少农田N2O排放并提高产量,硝态磷肥较尿素可以显著减少N2O排放。综合考虑产量和N2O排放,相对于施用尿素和尿素加磷肥处理,硝酸磷肥处理不仅可节约15%和30%的肥料投入,而且分别减少42%和26%的N2O排放,具有减排不减产的良好效果。     

小麦/玉米套作田棵间土壤蒸发的数学模拟

为了探明小麦/玉米套作条件下棵间土壤蒸发规律及内在机制,该文将 Ritchie 模型和间套作群体光能传输模型结合起来模拟了小麦/玉米套作田的棵间土壤蒸发,并用2012年和2013年微型蒸渗仪的实测值对该方法进行了验证。结果表明,2 a模拟值和实测值的变化趋势都非常一致。与实测蒸发相比,该文所建模型2012年模拟结果的均方根误差为0.447 mm/d,平均绝对误差为0.331 mm/d,分别比原Ritchie模型降低16.8%和20.8%。在实测数据的88 d,累计实测蒸发量为107.2 mm,而模型的模拟值为100.5 mm,仅低估实测值6.7%。在2013年实测数据的68 d,累计实测蒸发量为83.1 mm,而模型的模拟值为73.7 mm,低估11.3%。模拟值与实测值的均方根误差和平均绝对误差分别为0.465和0.333 mm/d,略大于2012年。套作群体根系层水量平衡分析结果表明,小麦/玉米套作系统整个生育期土壤蒸发占总蒸发蒸腾的比例高达41.1%,故有必要在该套作农田实施秸秆覆盖等农艺措施,以减少棵间土壤蒸发,提高土壤水分的利用效率。该研究成果可为小麦套作种植模式下田间水分管理提供依据。     

东北黑土玉米单作体系氨挥发特征研究

采用通气法测定了东北黑土玉米单作体系田间土壤的原位氨挥发。试验设5个氮肥用量处理,即:施氮量（N）分别为0、150、225和300 kg/hm2（用N0、N1、N2 和N3表示）,基施氮肥和拔节期追肥各1/2,其中N3为习惯施肥;同时设置优化施肥处理N4,用量为N 225 kg/hm2,基施氮肥、拔节期和孕穗期追肥各1/3。结果表明,来自肥料的氨挥发持续时间较短,一般发生在施肥后的7 d内。由于追肥期高温低湿,追肥期氨挥发量显著高于基施氮肥。随施氮量增加,氨挥发损失增加;优化施肥（N4）的氨挥发损失量明显低于习惯施肥,N1、N2、N3和N4处理来自氮肥的氨挥发依次为N 5.09、9.18、13.47和7.14 kg/hm2,相当于施氮量的3.39%、4.08%、4.49%和3.17%。可见,优化施肥对于我国东北集约化农区节省氮肥和提高氮肥利用率有重要意义。     

包膜复合肥对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率与土壤速效氮的影响

以郑单958为材料,比较研究了复合肥(CF)与包膜复合肥(CCF)对华北平原夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率及土壤速效氮与土壤氮素表观盈亏的影响。结果表明,1)玉米产量随施氮量增大而增大,施N.180.kg/hm2时,CCF处理高于CF处理,施N.90.kg/hm2时表现相反;2)与CF处理比较,CCF处理施N.180.kg/hm2时,氮肥利用率高5.3个百分点,施N.90.kg/hm2时低2.4个百分点;3)土壤速效氮含量一般随施氮量增大而提高,各时期表土层CCF处理较CF处理高,中、下土层表现相反。大喇叭口期之前,CF处理中、下土层土壤速效氮含量高于上土层(020.cm或040cm),而CCF180处理060.cm土层高于60120.cm土层;4)不施氮,各生育阶段均出现土壤氮素表观亏缺,且吐丝后亏缺量占总亏缺量近80%;土壤氮素表观亏缺量随施氮量增大而降低,两种肥料表现一致;同等施氮量下CCF处理亏缺量较CF处理低。包膜复合肥氮素释放较平稳,对土壤速效氮向下运移的控制较好,有利于减少氮素潜在的淋洗损失。综合考虑产量、氮肥利用与氮素损失等因素,包膜复合肥用量N.180.kg/hm2是吴桥试区夏玉米季较为理想的选择。     

Transport of cadmium from soil to grain in cereal crops: A review

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, many soils for crop production are contaminated by cadmium(Cd), a heavy metal highly toxic to many organisms. Cereal crops such as rice, wheat, maize, and barley are the primary dietary source of Cd for humans, and reducing Cd transfer from soil to their grains is therefore an important issue for food safety. During the last decade, great progress has been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of Cd transport, particularly in rice. Inter-and intraspecific variations in Cd accumulation have been observed in cereal crops. Transporters for Cd have been identified in rice and other cereal crops using genotypic differences in Cd accumulation and mutant approaches. These transporters belong to different transporter families and are involved in the uptake, vacuolar sequestration, root-to-shoot translocation, and distribution of Cd. Attempts have been made to reduce Cd accumulation in grains by manipulating these transporters through overexpression or knockout of the transporter genes, as well as through marker-assisted selection breeding based on genotypic differences in Cd accumulation in the grains. In this review, we describe recent progress on molecular mechanisms of Cd accumulation in cereal crops and compare different molecular strategies for minimizing Cd accumulation in grains.     

不同来源氮素配合施用提高东北春玉米氮素利用与改善土壤肥力的可持续性研究

【目的】研究不同氮素形态对东北春玉米氮素利用和土壤肥效的影响,为氮素养分持续高效利用和培肥土壤提供理论依据。 【方法】2013～2015 年连续三年在东北典型春玉米种植区开展田间定位试验,在相同磷钾肥施用前提下,试验设 4 个处理:1) 50% 玉米秸秆氮 (N0);2) 100% 速效氮 165 kg/hm2 (N1);3) 60% 速效氮 + 20% 有机肥氮 + 20% 缓释氮,施氮量 165 kg/hm2 (N2);4) N2 + 生物炭,生物炭量相当于 50% 玉米秸秆 (N3)。收获期测定耕层土壤基本理化指标、作物产量及氮素利用率、基肥和追肥后土壤 N₂O 排放量。 【结果】1) 三年玉米平均产量 N1、N2 和 N3 处理分别比 N0 处理显著增加了 62.7%、67.7% 和 80.1% (P < 0.05);N2 和 N3 处理分别比 N1 处理增产 3.0% 和 10.7%;N3 处理玉米产量可持续性指数 (SYI) 最高,产量可持续性最好。2) 与 N1 处理相比,2013 年和 2014 年累计化肥氮利用率 N2 和 N3 处理分别增加了 8.4% 和 12.7%、10.2% 和 15.5%,2015 年分别显著增加了 8.4% 和 12.7% (P < 0.05)。N2 和 N3 处理累计化肥氮利用率呈现逐年增加的趋势,且 N3 处理增加幅度大于 N2 处理,说明 N3 处理氮肥的后效更加明显。3) 施氮处理显著提高了土壤 N₂O 累积排放量 (P < 0.05),N3 处理较 N1 处理显著降低了 53.2%;4) N3 处理的综合土壤肥力指数 (IFI) 最高,N3 处理在农学、土壤肥力和环境效应评价中最优。 【结论】在总氮施用量不变的前提下,以添加适宜比例生物炭、有机肥和缓释氮肥替代部分速效化肥氮,可协同实现东北春玉米持续稳产、氮素养分持续高效利用和土壤肥力的可持续改善。     

菜地土壤CO2与N2O排放特征及其规律

为了解不同集约化类型菜地土壤CO2和N2O排放特征及影响因子,选取京郊20年露地老菜地(OV20)、3年菜地种植历史的露地新菜地(OV3)、3年大棚菜地(GV3),以及相邻的当地典型粮田玉米地(Maize)4个类型地块,研究了春黄瓜生育期间土壤CO2和N2O排放特征及影响因子。结果表明:1)春黄瓜生育期间的土壤CO2排放通量主要受土壤5 cm处温度(指数关系)和土壤水分(对数关系或二次抛物线关系)影响;期间玉米地土壤CO2平均排放通量为(346.8±56.5)mg.m-2.h-1,20年露地菜地、3年露地菜地有机肥处理、3年露地菜地配施处理、3年大棚菜地的土壤CO2平均排放通量分别是玉米地的1.38、1.21、1.39和1.56倍。2)土壤N2O排放通量与施肥活动密切相关,排放高峰都出现在氮肥施用后,并受土壤温度和水分的影响。基肥后土壤温度低(15～20℃),排放峰出现在第5 d,排放峰持续时间(长达20 d)与施肥量相关;追肥后土壤温度高(>20℃),排放高峰发生早(追肥后第3 d),但因追肥用量低,因此持续时间短(仅一周)。3)黄瓜生长期内玉米地N2O累积排放量为N(1.95±0.10)kg.hm-2,20年老菜地、3年大棚菜地和3年新菜地N2O累积排放量分别是同期大田玉米地的1.67、1.95和1.99倍。4)本实验中春黄瓜生长季菜地土壤化肥氮N2O排放系数在1.86%～4.71%之间,显著高于IPCC旱地排放缺省值1%。其中,新菜地排放系数高于老菜地,设施菜地排放系数高于露地菜地;但有机肥氮的N2O排放系数则远远低于化肥氮的排放系数,仅为0.11%。     

Bulk soil C to N ratio as a simple measure of net N mineralization from stabilized soil organic matter in sandy arable soils

Investigations of 23 northwestern German sandy Ap horizons (mean clay content 35 g kg⁻¹), that had higher organic matter (OM) levels than expected for sands, showed that the bulk soil C to N ratio reliably indicated the release of N from stabilized OM. Soils were incubated at 35 °C for 200 days under aerobic conditions. Cumulative N release curves were split into N released from fresh materials (N_fast) and N released from the larger pool of stabilized, older OM (N_slow rates, 0.06-0.77 μg N g⁻¹ soil d⁻¹, or 0.7-49 μg N g⁻¹ OM). Correlating the N_slow rates with total N contents of soils yielded no satisfactory relationships while their relationship with C to N ratios was very close (negative exponential, R²=0.88). Low rates of N release (N_slow) per unit of OM occurred if C to N exceeded 15. This was associated with historical factors like podzolization, calluna heathland, plaggen fertilization or a combination of these.     

水肥气耦合滴灌番茄地土壤N2O排放特征及影响因素分析

为了解水肥气耦合滴灌下不同水肥气调控措施对土壤N_2O排放的影响,该研究设置施氮量(低氮和常氮)、掺气量(不掺气和循环曝气处理)和灌水量(低湿度和高湿度处理)3因素2水平完全随机试验,通过静态箱-气相色谱法、q PCR技术和结构方程模型,系统研究了不同水肥气组合方案下温室番茄地土壤N_2O排放特征及其与相关影响因素之间的关系。结果表明,水肥气耦合滴灌下N_2O排放峰值出现在施氮后2 d内,其余时期N_2O排放通量较低且变幅较小。施氮量、掺气量和灌水量的增加可增加土壤N_2O排放通量和排放总量。其中,高湿度条件下N_2O排放总量较低湿度平均增加了30.14%,曝气条件下N_2O排放总量较对照平均增加了35.16%,常氮条件下N_2O排放总量较低氮平均增加了33.83%。施氮量、掺气量和灌水量的增加可提高温室番茄的产量和氮肥偏生产力。土壤NH4+-N和NO3--N含量对N_2O排放的总效应为0.60和0.79,是影响水肥气耦合滴灌下土壤N_2O排放的主导因子。综合考虑作物产量、N_2O排放总量和氮肥偏生产力,常氮曝气低湿度处理是适宜的水肥气耦合滴灌方案。     

不同水肥处理对设施菜地N2O排放的影响

设施菜地是N2O排放的重要来源。本文通过田间试验对北京地区不同水肥处理的设施有机大白菜进行了全生长季N2O排放监测,以期为设施菜地N2O减排提供数据支撑。试验为灌溉和施氮量的双因素设计,分别为高灌溉量下的常规施氮（高氮 HN1）、 优化施氮（低氮 HN2）和不施氮（HCK）以及低灌溉量下的常规施氮（LN1）、 优化施氮（LN2）和不施氮（LCK）处理。结果显示,不同灌溉量对大白菜产量影响不显著,但常规施氮处理均显著高于优化和不施氮处理。试验初期,土壤N2O排放通量较高,随后逐渐降低; 到第30 d,各施氮处理已累积释放了生育期N2O排放总量的80%以上; 灌水对N2O排放的影响显著,试验期间灌溉三次后均出现排放高峰,且高灌溉量下各处理N2O的排放通量均高于低灌溉处理。常规施氮N2O排放通量高于优化施氮处理,并均显著高于不施氮处理。各施氮处理的N2O排放系数介于0.29%~0.39%之间。     

Mitigating nitrous oxide emissions from a maize-cropping black soil in northeast China by a combination of reducing chemical N fertilizer application and applying manure in autumn

Abstract

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agricultural soils, mainly caused by chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer inputs, are major sources of N₂O in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems. Thus, attempts to reduce N₂O emissions from agricultural soils by optimizing N applications are receiving increasing attention. Further, organic fertilizers are being increasingly used in China to improve crop production/quality and prevent or reduce soil degradation. However, organic and chemical fertilizers are often both applied in spring in northeast China, which promotes N₂O emissions and may be sub-optimal. Therefore, we hypothesized that reducing applications of chemical fertilizer N and applying manure in autumn could be an effective strategy for mitigating N₂O emissions from cropped soils in the region. To test this hypothesis, we established a field trial to investigate the effects of different combinations of chemical N fertilizer applications and animal manure in autumn on both N₂O emissions and maize (Zea mays L.) grain yields in northeast China. The treatments, expressed as NxMy (where Nx and My denote the total amounts of chemical fertilizer nitrogen (N) and manure (M) applied in kg N ha^?1 and m³ M ha^?1, respectively), were N₀M₀, N₂₃₀M₀, N₂₇₀M₁₂, N₂₃₀M₁₅, N₃₂₀M₁₈ in 2010 and N₀M₀, N₂₃₀M₀, N₂₀₀M₁₂, N₂₀₀M₁₅, N₂₈₀M₁₈ in 2011. Measurements of the resulting N₂O emissions showed that pulse fluxes occurred after each chemical N fertilizer application, but not after manure inputs in autumn or during soil-thawing periods in the following spring. Emission factors for the chemical fertilizer N were on average 1.07% (1.00?1.10%) and 1.14% (0.49?1.83%) in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Furthermore, by comparing the nine pairs of fertilization treatments, the relative increase in cumulative nitrous oxide-nitrogen (N₂O-N) emissions was found to be proportional to the relative increase in urea application, but independent of the amount of autumn-applied manure. These findings imply that N₂O emissions from fertilized agricultural soils in northeast China could be mitigated by supplying manure in the autumn and reducing the total amount of chemical N fertilizer applied in the following year. Although no significant difference in maize grain yield was found among the fertilization treatments, the grain yield-scaled N₂O emissions for the treatments with a lower chemical N application (e.g., N₂₃₀M₁₅ and N₂₀₀M₁₅ treatments) were significantly lower than those with a higher chemical N application (e.g., N₃₂₀M₁₈ and N₂₈₀M₁₈ treatments). Meanwhile, under the condition of the same application amount of chemical fertilizer N, the grain yield-scaled N₂O emission decreased with the increase of manure application rate. Thus, the results support the hypothesis that combining reductions in chemical N fertilizer and applying manure in autumn could be an effective strategy for mitigating N₂O emissions from N-fertilized soils in northeast China.     

Influence of the N and P status of plant material and of added N and P on the mineralization of C from 14C-labelled ryegrass in soil

Ryegrass was grown under conditions of low N, low P, or high N and P nutrient supply in an atmosphere containing ¹⁴CO₂ and then incubated in soil supplemented with or without N or P fertilizer. Determined in fresh plant tissue, the persistency of residual labelled C after 6 months was in the order low-N plants>low-P plants>high-N and-P plants. The addition of N conserved C, particularly when there was additional P present. Hydrolysable labelled C (12M/0.5M H₂SO₄) showed similar trends. In analyses of freeze-dried plant tissue, the main effect was also the increased persistency of C from low-N plants compared to high-N plants. The addition of N fertilizer increased the persistence of plant residue C, but only with grass containing low P. The addition of P fertilizer had no effect. In freeze-dried low-P plant tissue, sampled after 1.5, 6, and 12 months, the conserving effect of adding fertilizer N was confirmed. The addition of P, in contrast, enhanced the rate of decomposition. After 6 months, about a third of the C remained, and after 12 months, about one-quarter. It is concluded that P, whether intrinsic or added, can increase the rate of decomposition of organic residues in soil, but there is a strong interaction with N, which has a predominant influence. The effects of N depend on the form it is in. Increased intrinsic tissue N can increase the rate of C loss, whereas added inorganic N can decrease the rate of C loss during decomposition.     

不同施肥量对设施菜地N2O排放通量的影响

为明确北京地区设施菜地的N2O排放特征,寻求既能减少N2O排放又使蔬菜增产或保持原有产量的切实有效措施,该研究采用静态箱/气相色谱法对北京地区设施菜地的黄瓜进行了全生长季N2O排放通量的观测,并分析了不同施肥量对N2O排放量、蔬菜产量和经济效益的影响。结果如下：土壤N2O排放通量的季节变化有明显的时间变异性,试验初期受基肥的影响,N2O排放量较大,随着时间的推移,土壤N2O排放量有所减少并保持稳定;试验后期由于追肥,出现一次排放高峰,且持续时间较长。各处理土壤N2O排放总量的次序是：T4（常规施肥量+鸡粪）＞T3（3/4常规施肥量+鸡粪）＞T1（1/4常规施肥量+鸡粪）＞T2（1/2常规施肥量+鸡粪）＞Tn（鸡粪）＞T0（无肥处理）,各处理之间N2O排放量差异达到极显著水平。综合考虑施肥量、N2O排放量和黄瓜产量,研究认为T3（3/4常规施肥量+鸡粪）的施肥量比较合理,可以为合理施肥、降低农民生产成本以及估算中国农田温室气体排放量和编制温室气体排放清单提供 依据。     

Effect of soil characteristics on N mineralization capacity in 112 native and agricultural soils from the northwest of Spain

N mineralization capacity and its main controlling factors were studied in a large variety (n=112) of native (forest, bush) and agricultural (pasture, cultivated) soils from several climatic zones in Spain. The available inorganic N content, net N mineralization, and net N mineralization rate were determined after 6 weeks of aerobic incubation. NH _inf4 ^sup+ –N largely predominated over NO _inf3 ^sup- -N (ratio near 10:1) except in some agricultural soils. Net N mineralization predominated (83% of soils) over net N immobilization, which was more frequent in agricultural soils (25%) than in native soils (9%). In forest soils, both net N mineralization and the net N mineralization rate were significantly higher than in the other soil groups. The net N mineralization rate of pasture and cultivated soils was similar to that of bush soils, but available inorganic N was lower. The net N mineralization rate decreased in the order: soils over acid rocks>soils over sediments>soils over basic rocks or limestone; moreover, the highest net N mineralization and available inorganic N were found in soils over acid rocks. The highest N mineralization was found in soils with low C and N contents, particularly in the native soils, in which N mineralization increased as the C:N ratio increased. N mineralization was higher in soils with a low pH and base saturation than in soils with high pH and base saturation values, which sometimes favoured N immobilization. Soils with an Al gel content of >1% showed lower net N mineralization rates than soils with Al gel contents of <1%, although net N mineralization and available inorganic N did not differ between these groups. The net N mineralization rate in silty soils was significantly lower than in sandy and clayey soils, although soil texture only explained a low proportion of the differences in N mineralization between soils.     

污泥及其混合堆肥对番茄土壤性质和N_2O排放的影响

目前关于污泥及其生物质堆肥的土地利用过程中土壤性质变化和温室气体排放数据十分缺乏,难以满足农田土壤氮素保存和温室气体减排的需求。该研究通过在番茄种植过程中添加800 kg/hm2新鲜污泥(S-H)、400 kg/hm2新鲜污泥(S-L)、800 kg/hm2秸秆堆肥(VM-S)和800 kg/hm2猪粪堆肥(VM-M),开展土壤性质、无机氮形态、作物生长以及N2O排放特征的研究。结果表明:堆肥处理显著增加了土壤电导率(electric conductivity,EC)(P0.05),其中猪粪堆肥时土壤EC值最大。添加污泥和堆肥都使土壤p H值显著上升(P0.05),最终趋于中性,且VM-M对土壤酸化的抑制效果略优于VM-S。污泥和堆肥处理时土壤NO3--N浓度显著高于对照,且各处理组NO3--N浓度均随时间逐渐下降,NO3--N主要被番茄吸收,部分NO3--N从土壤上层淋溶至下层;NH4+大多数被氧化为NO3-,部分NH4+被植物吸收。在施入的无机氮量相等情况下,VM-M、VM-S、S-H处理组中番茄地上部分生物量分别为1 515、1 383、1 103 g/株,株高分别为56.8、54.5、51.3 cm,对番茄生长的促进效果为VM-MVM-SS-H,而S-H比S-L多施入的氮肥对番茄生长并未起到明显促进作用(P0.05)。与对照相比,污泥或生物质堆肥都显著提高了土壤N2O的排放(P0.05),各处理组N2O的排放均集中于施肥后的前20天,且土壤N2O的排放通量大小顺序为S-L(0.76 kg/(hm2·a))VM-M(0.95 kg/(hm2·a))VM-S(1.19 kg/(hm2·a))S-H(1.71 kg/(hm2·a))。因此,在进行污泥及其生物质堆肥的土地利用时,应考虑有机肥的种类及其施用量,以在提高作物产量的同时改善土壤并减少温室气体排放,在进行污泥的农田利用时可先将污泥与畜禽粪堆肥。