作物残体去向与利用及对土壤氮素转化的影响

近年来,作物残体还田受到了很大的关注,一方面它可以改进土壤氮素的动态变化,减少硝态氮淋失;另一方面可作为提高耕地土壤作为潜在氮储库的一种手段。作物残体是碳、氮的重要源和库,因此还田后会影响土壤中的氮素循环。本文综述了作物残体还田后对土壤氮素转化的影响及残体氮素的利用与去向问题。具体阐述了以下几个方面内容:作物残体的降解过程及影响因素,残体氮素的利用率及去向问题,以及作物残体对土壤无机氮库、有机氮库、微生物特征的影响。     

生物质炭及硝化/脲酶抑制剂对滨海盐渍土土壤盐分及作物氮素吸收利用的影响

为研究生物质炭及硝化/脲酶抑制剂对滨海盐渍土土壤盐碱、氮素有效性、作物氮素吸收利用以及土壤氮平衡的影响,通过盆栽试验,共设9个处理:不施氮肥、常规化肥、生物质炭+常规化肥、常规化肥+硝化抑制剂DCD、常规化肥+脲酶抑制剂NBPT、常规化肥+DCD+NBPT、生物质炭+常规化肥+DCD、生物质炭+常规化肥+NBPT、生物...     

施氮水平对红壤区夏玉米水分胁迫指数下基线的影响

在南方红壤区,分阴、晴两种天气条件,分别模拟不同施氮水平(0、120和240kg·hm-2)的夏玉米水分胁迫指数( CWSI)下基线方程.结果表明,阴天时由于空气饱和差集中于1～1.25kPa,不适合模拟玉米CWSI下基线,而在晴天时,尽管空气饱和差在1 ～3kPa范围内变化,但是模拟建立的CWSI下基线回归检验效果极显著(P＜0.01);晴天条件下,在相同空气饱和差变动范围内,有氮素供给的夏玉米冠气温差低于不施氮的,而且随着施氮量的增多,冠气温差逐渐降低,从而导致不同施氮水平处理夏玉米CWSI下基线各不相同.试验结果表明,在南方红壤区亚热带季风气候条件下,可以在晴天时建立作物CWSI下基线;并且在使用CWSI时,要根据作物施肥水平建立相应的CWSI下基线.     

作物氮素营养诊断方法研究进展

改进氮素管理对农业生产和生态环境保护具有重要的意义。本文综述了几种氮素营养诊断方法的优缺点,重点介绍了主动遥感光谱仪G reenSeeker的特点,及其进行氮素诊断的机理、研究进展和其在国内的应用前景。     

太湖地区主要土壤上水稻氮素吸收利用的研究

通过在太湖地区两种主要水稻土(黄泥土和乌栅土)上的田间小区试验,研究了水稻在不同N水平下对N吸收变化规律、N素表观利用率以及N肥的增产效果和经济效益。研究结果表明:水稻在两种土壤上的吸N速率均在分蘖结束后到开始孕穗即孕穗期最快,施N处理的吸N速率大约在N2.2~4.2kg/(hm2·d)。两种土壤不同施肥处理下化肥N利用率的变化范围在31.6%~46.2%之间,平均为37.6%。N肥最佳施用量黄泥土为N227kg/hm2,乌栅土为N255kg/hm2。     

肥力梯度红壤上不同形态氮库对玉米吸氮量的贡献

不同形态的土壤氮素是作物吸收氮素的主要来源,而土壤肥力不仅影响氮素的含量,也影响氮素的有效性,进而影响作物对氮素的吸收利用。明确不同肥力红壤中各形态氮素的变化及其对作物吸氮量的贡献,可为阐明氮素循环机制和沃土培肥提供理论依据。2019年5月在湖南祁阳红壤实验站选取低肥力、中肥力和高肥力红壤进行田间微区试验,设置不施氮（N0）和常规施氮（N1）两个处理。分析了2020年玉米（该试验的第三季作物）种植前和收获后土壤矿质氮（MN）、固定态铵（FN）、微生物生物量氮（MBN）和可溶性有机氮（SON）含量的变化及其与玉米地上部吸氮量的关系,并通过结构方程模型（SEM）建立了各形态氮库与吸氮量的关系模型。结果发现,N0条件下高肥力土壤的籽粒产量约为中肥力土壤的4.6倍,但在N1条件下,高肥力土壤的玉米产量和生物量与中肥力土壤无显著差异,但其吸氮量显著高于中肥力土壤。与种植前相比,N0条件下,收获后中肥力土壤FN含量显著提高了63%,低肥力和高肥力土壤分别增加了47%和11%。与其相反,土壤MN、MBN和SON含量均有所降低。土壤MN含量降低了0.4~4 mg?kg-1;MBN降低了18%~44%且土壤肥力间无显著差异;SON减少了55%~84%。N1条件下,土壤MN含量降低了约22~38 mg?kg-1; MBN降低了32%~72%;而SON的减少量在高肥力土壤中可达99 mg?kg-1,分别为中肥力土壤和低肥力土壤的2.0倍和9.3倍。相关分析结果表明,地上部吸氮量与MBN、SON和NH4+-N减少量存在显著正相关关系。结构方程模型结果进一步表明,SON和NH4+-N直接影响吸氮量,MBN通过影响SON和MN间接影响玉米地上部吸氮量。总体而言,SON和MBN可直接或间接影响玉米对氮素的吸收利用,是土壤中重要的氮素存在形态,应进一步加强对其形态转化的机制研究,可促进红壤培肥和氮素高效利用。     

施氮对水稻产量、氮素利用及土壤无机氮积累的影响

通过田间试验研究了不同施氮量(0、60、120、180和240 kg hm~(-2))对水稻氮肥利用、产量、土壤氮素供应及氮素平衡的影响,结果表明,水稻产量随施氮量的增加呈先增后降的趋势,当施氮量超过180 kg hm~(-2)后产量下降,根据水稻产量(y)和施氮量(x)拟合,得出最佳施氮量为204 kg hm~(-2)。施用氮肥可显著增加水稻氮吸收总量,并随施氮量的增加显著增加,当施氮量超过180 kg hm~(-2)后,氮吸收总量不再显著增加。氮肥当季回收率、农学利用率、偏生产力和生理利用率均随施氮量的增加而下降,分别由44.0%、25.5 kg kg~(-1)、145.6 kg kg~(-1)和58.1 kg kg~(-1)下降至31.1%、13.6 kg kg~(-1)、43.6 kg kg~(-1)和43.7 kg kg~(-1)。氮收获指数表现为随施氮量的增加先增后降,以施氮量180 kg hm~(-2)处理最高,为68.7%。土壤无机氮(Nmin)含量在水稻整个生育期呈现先快速下降后缓慢升高的趋势,施氮处理各层土壤Nmin积累量与不施氮处理差异均达显著水平(P0.05),且基本随着施氮量的增加而增加。水稻成熟期土壤残留Nmin量和表观损失均随施氮量的增加而增加。氮盈余主要以土壤Nmin残留量为主,表观损失在氮盈余比例较小,但随着施氮量的增加显著增加。水稻氮吸收量、土壤无机氮残留量和氮素表观损失量与施氮量呈显著的正向相关性。在本试验条件下,综合水稻产量、氮肥利用效率和土壤无机氮积累等方面的因素,在吉林省水稻主产区,适宜施氮量应控制在180~204 kg hm~(-2)范围内。     

生物质炭对贵州黄壤朝天椒减氮的生物效应及氮肥利用率的影响

为探究生物质炭对贵州黄壤朝天椒减氮的施用效果,采用大田试验,研究了生物质炭与氮肥减量配施(CF_(100)B_0(化肥氮100%)、CF_(90)B_(10)(化肥氮90%+生物质炭氮10%)、CF_(85)B_(15)(化肥氮85%+生物质炭氮15%)、CF_(80)B_(20)(化肥氮80%+生物质炭氮20%))对贵州黄壤朝天椒产量、品质、养分积累和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:与常规施肥(CF_(100)B_0)处理相比,CF_(90)B_(10)处理可提高朝天椒产量,其中鲜椒增产7.3%、干椒增产2.5%,但是增产效果并不显著,而CF_(85)B_(15)和CF_(80)B_(20)处理的产量略有降低;生物质炭与氮肥减量配施处理可显著影响朝天椒果实中的硝酸盐和Vc含量,其中,CF_(90)B_(10)、CF_(85)B_(15)和CF_(80)B_(20)处理的硝酸盐含量降低了4.8%～8.9%,而CF_(90)B_(10)处理的Vc含量则较CF_(100)B_0处理提高了9.6%,但还原糖和游离氨基酸含量在各处理间无差异;此外,与CF_(100)B_0处理相比,生物质炭与氮肥减量配施可使氮肥偏生产力(PFP_N)提高2.08～2.62 kg·kg~(-1),以CF_(90)B_(10)处理最高,而氮肥农学效率(AE_N)和氮肥表观利用率(RE_N)则随着生物质炭替代化学氮肥比例的增加呈降低趋势,以CF_(90)B_(10)处理的AE_N和RE_N最高,分别为7.70 kg·kg~(-1)和40.3%。综上,生物质炭与氮肥减量配施可有效保证贵州朝天椒稳产增效,因此,短期条件下推荐生物质炭替代化学氮肥10%作为贵州黄壤朝天椒氮肥减施替代的最适比例。     

不同氮水平对甘蔗氮素利用及土壤氮素残留的影响

以新台糖22号(ROC22)为试材,设施用15N标记的尿素2.5 g pot-1、5.0 g pot-1及7.5 g pot-13个处理,研究施氮水平对甘蔗氮素利用效率及土壤氮素的影响。结果表明,随氮肥施用水平的提高,甘蔗干物质积累、氮素积累、来源于肥料氮素的比率不同程度增加,同时土壤碱解氮含量、硝态氮含量、肥料氮素残留量及肥料氮素残留率显著增加,但甘蔗氮肥利用率显著下降;施氮水平还明显影响甘蔗各器官的干物质分配、氮素分配、氮肥利用率及氮素在不同土层的分布。本试验条件下,甘蔗氮肥施用土层深度为20 cm、尿素施用量为5.0 g pot-1较为适宜。     

Effects of Tea Plant Compost and Mineral Nitrogen Levels on Yield and Quality of Sugar Beet Crop

A field experiment was carried out during two successive seasons of 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 at Sakha Agriculture Reseach Station, Egypt, to study the effects of different applications of compost tea (C) under three mineral nitrogen (N) levels and their interaction effects on sugar yield and juice quality characteristics of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), and soil available nutrients. Results indicated that the sugar yield and juice quality characteristics of sugar beet were significantly increased with compost tea treatments, especially in the plots treated with compost tea foliar application in three batches. A quality percentage of sugar beet was increased about 8.0% in the plots treated with compost tea or interaction between N mineral N and compost tea treatments above the control treatment. The interaction between mineral N and compost tea treatments had a significant effect on sugar yield, sugar percentage, purity, and quality of sugar beet and soil fertility.     

Shredded Hard Stems of Pruning Litters Supported the Growth of Young Tea Plants by Supplementing Nitrogen in Soil: Evaluating Suitable Combination of Urea and Prunings

Tea is an evergreen shrub, and tea bushes (plants) are periodically pruned at 3-year intervals. This practice generates tons of pruning litters (leaves and stems) in tea gardens. In spite of availability, the hard nature and slow decomposition rate limit the use of pruning litters as soil amendments. In this study, an attempt was made to cycle pruning litters in shredded form to evaluate their effect on young tea plants under greenhouse condition. It was observed that shredded prunings were decomposed in soil within study duration and enhanced nitrate-N content in the soil. The study revealed that different parameters like plant height, biomass weight, and N uptake were enhanced due to the application of suitable combinations of pruning litter and urea in the soil. Based on this study, it could be concluded that application of shredded prunings had potential to replace up to 15% of recommended urea during tea cultivation.     

Comparing Nitrate-N Losses through Leaching by Field Measurements and Nitrogen Balance Estimations

Nitrogen (N) balance method is a valuable tool for estimating N losses. However, this technique could lead to incorrect estimates of the amount of nitrate (NO₃^?N) leaching if processes relevant to N losses are not considered properly. The aim of this study was to compare NO₃^?-N leaching losses estimated using an N balance (nonrecovered N, Nne) with data of NO₃^?-N leaching losses (Nl). The experiment was made on a Typic Argiudoll soil planted with corn (five growing seasons) under 0, 100, and 200 kg N ha^?1. The ceramic soil-water suction samplers were installed (1 m deep). Drainage was estimated by the LEACH-W model. The greatest overestimation with the N balance method occurred for years with annual rainfall below the historical average and at times of high NO₃^?-N availability. Future research should focus on investigating mechanisms of N losses relevant under limited water availability.     

Effects of Nitrogen and Zeolite on Rice Grain Yield,Water and Nitrogen Use,and Soil Total Nitrogen in Coastal Region of Northeast China

Pot experiment were conducted from 2013 to 2014 to provide solutions for poor water–nitrogen (N) use efficiency with zeolite (Z) in near-surface soil. This article aims to study the influences of different levels of Z (Z1, Z2, Z3, 0, 7500, and 15,000 kg hm^?2) and N (N1, N2, N3, 0, 78.75, and 157.5 kg hm^?2) on rice grain yield, soil total N (STN), water productivity (WP), and N recovery efficiency (NRE). Results showed that higher dry matter weight, grain yield, water consumption, N accumulation, and WP were obtained with increasing N rates. There were no significant influences on dry matter weight of stem and leaf, water consumption, and WP with the application of Z. However, Z input could obtain a higher spike and root weight, grain yield, 1000-grain weight, N accumulation, STN, and NRE. Z might alleviate the water used in jointing-booting stage, heading-flowering stage, and milky ripen stage. Overuse of Z and N led to a decrease in NRE. N3Z2 increased rice grain yield by 10.4%, WP by 7.3%, and NRE by 63% compared with conventional fertilization (N3Z1). The way of N3Z2 is recommended to improve rice yield, WP, NRE, and STN comprehensively in coastal region of Northeast China.     

Distribution of Inorganic and Organic Phosphorus Fractions in Two Phosphorus-Deficient Soils as Affected by Crop Species and Nitrogen Applications

It is desirable to know the distribution of phosphorus (P) fractions in soil so that plants may use P efficiently. Here we report the dynamics of inorganic and organic P in P-deficient black and rice soil cropped by soybean, white lupin, and maize supplied with nitrogen (N) inputs by N fixation and urea fertilizer. Inorganic P fractions of the three cropped soils could be ranked as O-P (organic phosphorus) > Al-P (aluminum phosphorus) > Fe-P (iron phosphorus) > Ca₁₀-P (calcium-10 phosphorus) > Ca₈-P (calcium-8 phosphorus) > Ca₂-P (calcium-2 phosphorus), irrespective of soil type. The potential of various inorganic P fractions to plant nutrition differed between soybean and white lupin. The percentage of total P present as inorganic P was affected by crop, soil type, and N source. In black soil, the change of organic P fraction induced by N fixation was larger than by urea application. The moderately labile organic P (MLOP) concentration was not affected significantly by soil type and crop species, and it was probably the main P source to the inorganic P fraction because the correlation between the two pools was high (r = 0.945; P < 0.05). Crop species differed in their uptake of inorganic and organic P from soil. Though P fraction concentrations varied between black soil and rice soil, their response to crop species and N source was similar. The amounts of P removed from soil were affected by N source. The right choice of crop species and the application a suitable N source may increase crop yield and P uptake by plant in P-deficient soils.     

不同茬口和施氮水平对南瓜根际细菌碳分解潜力的影响

为探明根际细菌群落多样性及有机碳分解功能基因对耕作措施的响应特征,以收获小麦和西瓜后种植的南瓜根际土壤为研究对象,以两种施氮水平(纯氮施入量分别为1.0、2.0 g/kg)为处理,结合高通量测序和PICRUSt功能预测解析不同茬口和施氮水平下南瓜根际细菌群落结构和参与有机碳分解代谢细菌的关键功能基因丰度的差异.结果表明...     

污泥农用对土壤理化性质及作物产量的影响

为了研究污泥农用的有效性,通过田间试验,开展了污泥农用前后土壤理化性质及作物产量变化研究.结果表明,随着污泥施用量的增加,土壤容重最大降低了14.8%;水稳性团粒总量达31.5%;速效氮、磷的含量和土壤中的有机质含量明显增多;小麦和玉米都增产,其中污泥施用量为56.25 t/hm~2时,小麦增产达极显著水平;玉米的产量都比对照要高,而且产量随施肥量的增加而增大.     

氮肥基追比对小麦产量、土壤水氮分布及利用的影响

为解决区域土壤质地类型针对性氮肥施用问题,在轻壤土和黏壤土上分别设置不施氮肥,氮肥基追比3∶7,4∶6,5∶5,6∶4和7∶3处理,研究小麦产量、水氮利用效率以及土壤含水量、贮水量、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N动态变化规律。结果表明:轻壤质土壤氮肥基追比4∶6的处理小麦产量、水分利用效率、氮肥生产效率最高分别为8 265.3 kg/hm~2,27.6 kg/(hm~2·mm),34.4 kg/kg。黏壤质土壤氮肥基追比5∶5的处理小麦产量、水分利用效率、氮肥生产效率最高分别为8 363.2 kg/hm~2,28.3 kg/(hm~2·mm),34.8 kg/kg。小麦不同生育期各土层含水量垂直分布变化较大,轻壤质土壤含水量在9.3%～26.2%,而黏壤质为9.7%～27.6%;小麦全生育期内土壤贮水量呈先升高后降低趋势,黏壤质土壤贮水量高于轻壤质。氮素追施量越多土壤表层NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N含量越高,且随土层加深土壤NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N含量降低,受降水影响轻壤质土壤NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N更易于向土层深处淋溶,成熟期黏壤质各土层的NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量均多于轻壤质。说明黏壤质土壤保水保氮肥能力强于轻壤质,氮肥基追比可以适当增加。     

Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Application from Swine Manure on Winter Wheat Growth and Nutrient Utilization

Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of swine manure application on wheat growth and nutrient uptake. Manure was added to soil on a nitrogen (N) basis at 325 kg plant-available nitrogen (PAN) ha^?1 (experiment 1) and on a phosphorus (P) basis at 50 kg P ha^?1, while maintaining a rate of 325 kg PAN ha^?1 through ammonium sulfate addition (experiment 2). Manure treatments increased overall wheat growth by 29% (P < 0.005) compared to the negative control (NC) and increased plant tissue N mass 48% (P < 0.001) and P mass 61% (P < 0.002) (experiment 1). Fertilizer control tended to increase (P < 0.10) wheat growth and increased total vegetative tissue N mass by 23% (P < 0.006) and potassium mass by 20% (P < 0.002) compared to manure treatments. Manure treatments increased wheat growth by 23% (P < 0.03) compared to the NC at the first harvest (experiment 2).     

土壤类型和施氮量对连作春玉米产量及氮素平衡的影响

以吉林省春玉米连作体系为研究对象,采用多因素方差分析的方法,对多年田间定位试验结果进行分析比较,以探讨土壤类型变异对土壤―作物系统氮素平衡的影响。通过在相同气候条件下,2种土壤类型(黑土(黏化湿润均腐土)和风砂土(湿润冲积新成土))上开展的连续4年的氮肥施用量(0、168、312 kg hm~(-2))田间定位试验,研究了不同土壤类型间玉米产量、氮素矿化、残留及氮素表观损失的差异。结果表明,土壤类型显著影响玉米产量,黑土的玉米籽粒产量较高(6 469~10 106 kg hm~(-2)),平均为8 623 kg hm~(-2),风砂土的玉米籽粒产量较低(1 386~8 196kg hm~(-2)),平均为5911 kg hm~(-2);黑土和风砂土玉米籽粒产量的年际间(2009―2012年)变异系数分别为13.4%和59.1%,黑土的玉米籽粒产量稳定性显著大于风砂土;黑土连续4季氮素总表观矿化量为328 kg hm~(-2),为风砂土的2.2倍;受土壤质地影响,黑土收获后0~100 cm土层土壤矿质氮残留量为99~321 kg hm~(-2),显著高于风砂土(38~77 kg hm~(-2));在中等施氮(168 kg hm~(-2))条件下,黑土与风砂土的氮肥表观损失量无显著差异,分别为320 kg hm~(-2)和315 kg hm~(-2);当施氮量增加至312 kg hm~(-2)时,黑土和风砂土的氮肥表观损失量均显著增加,且风砂土的氮肥表观损失量达到827 kg hm~(-2),显著高于黑土。由于受土壤质地和土壤供肥能力的影响,土壤类型会对玉米产量、氮素矿化和表观损失有一定的影响,因此,在氮肥优化管理中应考虑土壤类型的变异。     

前茬冬季覆盖作物对稻田土壤的生物特征影响

通过对我国南方稻区不同冬季覆盖作物前茬对稻田主要微生物类群数量和主要土壤化学性状的变化进行研究,结果表明：冬季紫云英和黑麦草覆盖在翌年水稻田翻耕前土壤好气细菌、真菌、放线菌数量均比冬闲田高,其中好气性细菌数量差异最显著,分别是冬闲田的94.29%和25.71%;在水稻整个生长过程土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌均呈现移栽后前期迅速增加,然后随着水稻的生长发育逐渐下降,到早稻成熟期有渐渐回升,晚稻收获时又迅速下降的趋势,并且不同时期微生物数量冬季紫云英和黑麦草区均比冬闲田要高。土壤微生物活度在水稻生长过程呈增加的趋势,前茬冬季覆盖作物区明显高于冬闲田。另外土壤微生物活度与土壤有机碳含量存在显著的相关性（r^2=0.887,P〈0.05）。冬季种植覆盖作物对稻田土壤微生物有很强的改善作用,促进了土壤养分利用。