Ryegrass Response to Mineral Fertilization and Organic Amendment with Municipal Solid Waste Compost in Two Tropical Agricultural Soils of Mali

Abstract

A pot experiment was conducted to assess the effect of mineral fertilization and compost on the growth and chemical composition of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) grown on two Malian agricultural soils coming from Baguinéda, abbreviated as Bgda, (12°23′ S, 7°45′ W) and Gao (16°18′ N, 0°). Treatments included non‐fertilized control, NPK alone, NPK + C₂₅, NPK + C₅₀, NPK + C₁₀₀, PK + C₅₀, NK + C₅₀, NP + C₅₀, K + C₅₀, P + C₅₀, N + C₅₀, and C₅₀ alone, where NPK represents the non modified Hoagland's solution and C₂₅, C₅₀, and C₁₀₀ represent the different rates (25, 50, and 100 T/ha) of compost. Compost and mineral fertilization significantly increased dry matter production. The application of 50 T/ha of compost alone increased the dry matter yield by 10 and 17.5% while mineral nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) increased yield by 69.7 and 65% for Gao and Bgda, respectively. The combination of compost and mineral NPK (NPK + C₂₅ for Gao and NPK + C₅₀ for Bgda) affected the highest dry matter yield. For both soils, N concentrations in plants increased significantly with compost rate. Phosphorus and K concentrations in plants varied according to the soil. The application of compost increased the uptake of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and potassium (K from both soils). Increases in soil organic carbon, available P, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, K, and pH were observed in treatments receiving compost. Therefore, compost appeared to be a good supplier of nutrients for tropical soils.     

两种微生物菌剂对烟草废弃物高温堆肥腐熟进程的影响

以烟草废弃物为主要原料,添加合适比例猪粪进行高温堆肥试验,研究了烟草废弃物堆肥体系中加入两种微生物菌剂（NNY、FB）后的温度、总氮（T-N）、NH4＋-N、C/N、种子发芽指数（GI）的动态变化及其对烟草废弃物堆肥产品品质的影响。结果表明,添加微生物菌剂缩短了烟草废弃物堆肥达到高温的时间,延长了高温分解持续时间,增加全氮含量,加快物料NH4＋-N和C/N比的降低速率,提高种子发芽指数（GI）,加快了烟草废弃物堆肥腐熟化进程。纯烟草废弃物单独堆肥,最高温度为43℃,GI最高为78.4%。添加微生物菌剂NNY、FB的堆肥处理都在堆肥2d后进入高温分解阶段（〉50℃）,高温持续时间分别为15、12d,较仅添加合适猪粪比例处理进入高温分解阶段时间提前2d,高温持续时间分别延长5、2d。至堆肥11d,添加微生物菌剂NNY和FB的堆肥处理种子发芽指数较纯烟草废弃物处理分别增加了185.5%和117.7%,较仅添加合适比例猪粪处理分别增加了41.4%和7.6%。添加NNY、FB微生物菌剂的处理可以显著增加烟草废弃物堆肥产品的N、P、K养分含量,降低堆肥容重,提高堆肥总孔隙度和持水孔隙度,改善了堆肥产品的品质。两种微生物菌剂对烟草废弃物高温腐熟效果较优。     

Effects of Food Waste Compost on Soil Microbial Populations,Tomato Yield,and Tomato Quality

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of food waste compost (FW) on soil microbial population and growth, fruit yield, and quality of tomato grown in a greenhouse compared to no fertilizer (CK), chemical fertilizer (CF), decomposed chicken manure (CM), pig manure (PM), horse manure (HM), and bull manure (BM). Results show that FW treatment had the greatest numbers of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes in soils and shoot biomass, fruit diameter, and fruit yield of tomato, and it increased fruit yield by 12.6, 28.5, 31.0, and 40.0% when compared to HM, CF, CM, and CK, respectively. The FW treatment also improved fruit quality, with the contents of vitamin C, soluble sugar, and organic acid and the sugar/acid ratio of 22.8 mg 100 g^?1, 3.84%, 0.50%, and 7.73, respectively. Thus food waste compost can be as an alternative to chemical fertilizer and other animal manures in vegetable cultivation.     

有机无机改良剂对滨海盐渍化土壤酶活性和土壤微生物量的影响

[目的]为解决滨海地区土壤盐分高和生态环境恶劣的问题,研究发酵园林废弃物与膨润土不同比例配合施用对滨海盐渍土的改良效果。[方法]通过滨海地区田间试验,采用单独施用68 kg/m~3发酵园林废弃物(T_1)、单独施用15 kg/m~3膨润土(T_2)和二者混合施用(T_3)的方法,分析不同处理组土壤酶活性、微生物量碳、氮的变化及其与土壤理化性质的相关关系。[结果]有机无机改良剂混施(T_3)在提高土壤酶活性和微生物量碳、氮方面具有更显著的效果。脲酶、蔗糖酶和脱氢酶分别为对照的10.1,9.0和4.5倍;土壤微生物量碳、氮分别比对照提高了24.8%和78.1%。此外,混施也可以显著改善土壤理化性质,使土壤盐分降低了62.7%,养分各项指标增幅为57.2%～101.4%。同有机改良剂处理相比,无机改良剂对土壤酶活和土壤微生物量的影响较小。速效钾与速效氮是影响土壤酶活性与微生物量的主要因子,而含盐量、容重则与土壤酶和微生物量呈负相关,具有抑制作用。[结论]发酵园林废弃物的加入对土壤酶活性和微生物量的增加起到了决定性的作用。最佳施用处理组为原土混合掺拌68 kg/m~3发酵园林废弃物和15 kg/m~3膨润土。     

土壤改良剂对燕麦土壤理化性状及微生物量碳的影响

采用聚丙烯酸钾、聚丙烯酰胺、腐殖酸钾、聚丙烯酸钾+腐殖酸钾和聚丙烯酰胺+腐殖酸钾复配5种土壤改良剂,研究其对燕麦土壤理化性状及微生物量碳的影响。结果表明,不同土壤改良剂均能提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,各指标分别比对照增加了8.24%～30.22%,7.60%～19.29%,5.15%～29.45%和27.86%～68.86%;各土壤改良剂处理0-60cm各土层土壤容重均有不同程度的降低,其中,聚丙烯酸钾+腐殖酸钾均降低幅度最大,各处理间差异不显著;各土壤改良剂均能显著提高0-10cm,10-20cm和20-40cm各土层>0.25mm团聚体含量,其中>2mm和2～1mm土壤团粒结构增幅较大,聚丙烯酸钾+腐殖酸钾和聚丙烯酰胺+腐殖酸钾复配处理显著高于单施处理;土壤改良剂能促使燕麦全生育期内0-10cm,10-20cm和20-40cm各土层的土壤微生物量碳含量显著提高,复配较单施效果显著,随着土壤深度增加土壤微生物量碳逐层递减;各土壤改良剂处理籽粒产量和生物产量均显著高于对照,其中聚丙烯酸钾+腐殖酸钾和聚丙烯酰胺+腐殖酸钾籽粒产量较其他处理高,分别为4 694.2kg/hm2和4 566.9kg/hm2,较对照增产21.66%和18.36%,两处理生物产量也表现较佳。     

利用PCR-DGGE方法研究添加复合菌剂对堆肥微生物群落的影响

为研究接种复合菌剂对堆肥微生物群落变化的影响,以奶牛粪便和稻草为原料进行堆肥试验,设添加复合菌剂BLD（由3株木质纤维素降解细菌组成,经测序鉴定分别为枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、假单胞菌属中未鉴定种）和不加菌剂两个处理,利用传统平板培养与聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）方法相结合研究两种堆肥处理对微生物群落演替的影响。结果表明,基于传统培养方式,微生物数量呈升高-降低-升高-降低的趋势,且细菌数量明显大于真菌数量;DGGE图谱显示,两种堆肥处理的条带数呈现与传统培养相似的变化趋势。接种菌株在堆肥初期成功定殖,高温期成为优势菌株,降温期优势逐渐减弱。接种菌剂增加了堆肥中细菌数量,提高了堆肥微生物群落多样性,从而促进堆肥微生物群落演替,缩短堆肥腐熟时间。     

不同有机废弃物堆肥对土壤有机碳库及酶活性的影响

采用盆栽试验的方式,探讨了施用50 g/kg的啤酒污泥堆肥(BSC)、牛粪堆肥(DMC)和菇渣堆肥(SMC)对苹果土壤有机碳(SOC)、活性有机碳(AC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、可矿化碳(PMC)和碳库管理指数(CPMI)以及5种土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明:与CK相比,施用啤酒污泥、牛粪和菇渣3种堆肥化处理有机物后,土壤SOC、AC、WSOC、PMC含量明显增加,SOC含量分别是CK的2.51,2.46,2.65倍,AC含量分别是CK的5.70,5.45,5.00倍;WSOC含量分别比CK高361.21％,382.90％,312.73％;PMC含量分别比CK高349.57％,341.59％,318.11％,并且其有效率在短期呈增加趋势,土壤CPMI显著提高,分别是CK的6.86,6.49,5.66倍;BSC、DMC、SMC处理的土壤脲酶、中性磷酸酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性均显著提高.啤酒污泥堆肥(BSC)因含有活性颗粒,所以对土壤有机碳库及酶活性的影响最为明显,其次是牛粪堆肥(DMC),菇渣堆肥(SMC)因有机碳趋于稳定,表现最差.     

Municipal Solid Waste Compost Improves Crop Productivity in Saline-Sodic Soil: A Multivariate Analysis of Soil Chemical Properties and Yield Response

A pot experiment was conducted in sandy clay loam saline-sodic soil to assess the effects of farm yard manure (FYM), municipal solid waste (MSW) composts and gypsum application on nitrate leaching, soil chemical properties and crop productivity under rice-wheat cropping system. It also aims at establishing the correlation between soil phsico-chemical properties and yield response using principle component analysis and Pearson correlation analysis. The MSW was decomposed aerobically, an-aerobically and co-composted. Maximum nitrate leaching was observed during rice (75.9 mg L^?1) and wheat (37.2 mg L^?1) with an-aerobically decomposed MSW as compared with control treatment. Results revealed a decrease in soil pH (?6.95% and ?8.77%), electrical conductivity (EC) (?48.13% and ?51.04%), calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) (?40.30% and ?48.96%), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) (?40.27% and ?45.98%) with an-aerobically decomposed MSW compost during rice and wheat, respectively. In this treatment, organic matter (OM) (93.55% and 121.51%) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) (19.31% and 31.79%) were the highest as compared with control treatment during rice and wheat, respectively. Rice and wheat growth were significantly (p≤ 0.05) increased by an-aerobically decomposed MSW followed by co-compost, aerobically decomposed MSW, FYM, gypsum and control. Furthermore, Pearson correlation coefficients predicted significant positive correlation of yield with soil OM, and CEC while inverse relationship was observed with EC, pH, CaCO₃, and nitrogen use efficiency. Soil amelioration with organic and gypsum amendments was further confirmed with principal component analysis. This study has proved an-aerobically decomposed MSW as an effective solution for MSW disposal, thereby improving soil chemical properties and crop productivity from sandy clay loam saline-sodic soil.     

Change in Soil Microbial and Enzyme Activities in Response to the Addition of Rock-Phosphate-Enriched Compost

Phosphorus (P) is considered a nonrenewable resource that plays a key role in agriculture and such studies are needed to evaluate alternative sources of this element. In the current study, objectives were to evaluate soil microbial respiration and enzymatic activity resulting from the addition of rock-phosphate-enriched organic compost to soil under incubation conditions. An organic-mineral compost (OMC) was produced by aerobically composting a mixture of coffee grain trash (62%), bovine manure (7%), phosphate rock (28%), and gypsum (3%) for 3 months. Different amounts of OMC were added in a portion (100 g) of soil, and then this mixture was incubated for 28 days. After this time, soil microbial respiration (SMR), biochemical parameters, and available P were evaluated. The addition of OMC led to significant increase in SMR, dehydrogenase, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, β-glucosidase, and phosphatase activity, which were dependent on the added amounts of the compost. The values of available P in soil increased significantly (13 times) with the OMC addition when compared to the control.The assay showed that P-enriched OMC application impacted soil function and improved soil biochemical properties. These results suggest that this practice may be of great importance for soil fertilization.     

Changes in Biological Properties in Soil Amended with Rock Phosphate and Waste Mica Enriched Compost using Biological Amendments and Chemical Fertilizers Under Wheat-Soybean Rotation

The main aim of this research work is to prepare an enriched compost using rice straw mixed with rock phosphate, waste mica and Aspergillus awamori and to study their effect on changes in microbial properties in soils with and without chemical fertilizers under wheat-soybean rotation. Data revealed that significant increase in microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dehydrogenase activity, phosphatase activities, and microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) in soil were maintained in enriched compost than ordinary compost after both the crops. Significant increase in MBC, dehydrogenase activity, phosphatase activities, and MBP were found in surface soil. The maximum microbial activities were observed in the treatment receiving 50% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + enriched compost at 5 t ha^?1 indicating that integrated use of chemical fertilizers and enriched compost significantly improved the biological properties of soil under wheat–soybean rotation thereby enhanced soil fertility and crop production.     

Effects of Compost on the Chemistry of an Urban Upper Piedmont South Carolina Soil

Composting is an effective method to improve the fertility of degraded soils. However, the potential beneficial effects of composting on the fertility of urban soils have not been reported. This study compared nutrients measured in compost and soil samples collected from a residential urban plot in Clemson, SC. The dominant soil type present was an eroded Cecil sandy loam (fine, kaolinitic, thermic, Typic Kanhapludults), and the collected samples represented the following treatments: compost, garden, front lawn, backyard lawn, and basement (nonvegetated control). Tissues of leaf detritus were also analyzed to establish the nutrient contribution from leaves to soil. Standard soil tests were conducted to characterize soil macronutrients, macrominerals, and micronutrients, as well as soil parameters such as pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the treatment means for each soil parameter and nutrient measured. In all cases, the different treatments had significantly different levels of nutrients based on Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) (P < 0.05). Our results show that composting can be a significant source for major soil nutrients and minerals in urban soils. Therefore, utilization of compost and leaf detritus should be beneficial for improving degraded soil in urban environments.     

退化生态系统植被恢复过程中土壤微生物群落活性响应

通过分析退化生态系统中主要植被恢复类型对土壤微生物群落活性的影响,探讨敏感和可靠的微生物群落活性响应指标,揭示适合当地生态条件的植被恢复类型。结果表明,沙米荒地、白沙蒿、柠条、沙冬青和人工乔木林地土壤微生物量C,N,P和微生物商、蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶均表现出显著差异(P<0.05)。在土壤各层内,除上层人工乔木林地土壤微生物量N相对较高外,柠条恢复草地土壤微生物量C,N,P都相对较高,沙米荒地均较低;土壤微生物商没有明显的趋势;人工乔木林地蔗糖酶和柠条恢复草地脲酶活性相对较高,过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性没有明显的变化趋势,沙米荒地的蔗糖酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性以及白沙蒿草地碱性磷酸酶活性较低。方差分析(ANOVA)显示,蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶与土壤有机质、全氮以及微生物量C,N,P之间呈显著相关关系;主成分分析(PCA)表明,土壤微生物量N,C,P和蔗糖酶、土壤微生物商基本反映了研究区植被恢复中土壤微生物群落活性的响应信息。不同植被恢复类型草地中土壤微生物群落活性的变化表明,柠条和人工乔木林是研究区域内适合当地生态条件的植被恢复类型。     

稻虾种养新模式对稻田土壤肥力和微生物群落结构的影响

为探究稻虾种养新模式对稻田土壤肥力和微生物群落组成的影响,基于稻田土壤理化指标测定和16S rDNA扩增子高通量测序技术,比较稻虾种养新模式（NRS）、稻虾种养传统模式（TRS）和水稻单作模式（CK）对稻田土壤理化指标和微生物多样性和群落结构的影响。结果显示：与CK和TRS相比,稻虾种养新模式能显著提高土壤pH、有机质、有效磷、速效钾含量和土壤微生物多样性和丰富度。与CK相比,NRS稻田土壤细菌优势菌门中的酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门和疣微菌门相对丰度分别增加30.89%、36.38%和2.16%,变形菌门和脱硫菌门相对丰度分别降低17.96%和58.59%。与TRS相比,NRS稻田土壤细菌优势菌门中的脱硫菌门相对丰度增加14.93%,绿弯菌门、疣微菌门、变形菌门和酸杆菌门相对丰度分别降低39.29%、37.42%、16.27%和6.81%。相关性分析表明,土壤有机质、速效氮、有效磷、速效钾和pH是影响稻田土壤微生物群落结构的主要理化因子。以上研究表明,稻虾种养新模式有利于提升稻田土壤肥力,显著提高了稻田土壤微生物多样性和改善微生物群落结构;研究结果对稻虾种养新模式的示范推广具有一定的指导意义和...     

未干扰黑土土壤微生物群落特征的季节变化

采用稀释平板法和Biolog-ECO微平板检测法,以山杨天然次生林土壤为对象,研究了典型黑土区未经开垦干扰黑土表层土壤(0~10 cm)微生物群落的季节变化特征。结果表明:①土壤微生物数量表现为夏季最多,春季次之,秋季最少,且总菌数、细菌、真菌和放线菌数量的变化范围分别为(4.76~16.44)×106、(4.68~16.19)×106、(4.29~10.07)×104和(3.97~14.96)×104 cfu/g干土。②在培养168 h时,土壤微生物碳源平均颜色变化率(AWCD)的变化范围为0.81~1.21,并表现为夏季最高,春季次之,秋季最低。③土壤微生物群落功能多样性指数则表现为夏季显著高于秋季和春季(P0.05),而春、秋两季间无显著性差异,且夏季丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和McIntosh指数分别为27、3.18、0.95和8.19。④初步确定氨基酸类、多聚物类和羧酸类碳源是未经开垦干扰黑土土壤微生物利用率较高的碳源类型。研究结果为科学评价典型黑土区土壤生境质量退化与恢复过程中微生物特征的变化提供了本底值参考。     

秸秆施用下接种蚯蚓对农田土壤微生物特性的影响

在连续6年稻麦轮作系统中，研究不同秸秆施用方式下接种蚯蚓对土壤微生物生物量、活性（基础呼吸）及群落功能多样性（BIOLOG单一碳源利用指纹方法）的影响，试验设5个处理：对照（CK）、秸秆表施（M）、秸秆混施（I）、秸秆表施且接种蚯蚓（ME）、秸秆混施且接种蚯蚓（IE）。不同秸秆施用下接种蚯蚓均对土壤微生物生物量、微生物生物活性和群落碳源利用能力产生显著影响：两种秸秆施用方式下接种蚯蚓均增加微生物生物量；秸秆表施并接种蚯蚓导致微生物活性、碳源利用丰富度和多样性指数均降低，而在秸秆混施下则均升高；BIOLOG碳源利用分析结果表明在秸秆施用下接种蚯蚓后土壤的微生物群落组成发生明显变化。     

紫色土区植物篱对坡面土壤微生物特性的影响

土壤微生物是土壤的重要组成部分,对土壤肥力的形成和植物营养的转化起着积极的作用,是土壤肥力和环境变化的重要指标。通过土壤微生物量测定,研究新银合欢植物篱对紫色土区坡地农耕地、经济林地2种土地利用方式及10°,15°坡度下0-20cm土层土壤微生物特性的影响。研究发现：新银合欢植物篱可以明显提高土壤中细菌、放线菌、真菌的数量及微生物量碳、氮含量;植物篱对经济林地小区土壤微生物数量,微生物量碳、氮的影响作用总体上大于对农耕地小区的,同时对10°农耕地的影响作用总体上大于对15°农耕地的;下坡的三大微生物数量,土壤微生物量碳,氮平均含量明显比上坡的多,下坡距离植物篱带最近采样点处三大微生物数量,土壤微生物量碳,氮含量明显比其他采样点的多。表明定植新银合欢植物篱有利于减少土壤肥力衰退,有利于土壤碳、氮素固持。     

Effect of Municipal Solid Waste Compost and Compost Tea as Fertility Amendments on Growth and Tissue Element Concentration in Container-Grown Tomato

Evaluation of fertility sources for certified organic greenhouse vegetable production is necessary for further industry growth. Two experiments tested the effects of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) and water extract tea made from it on potted greenhouse tomatoes. The first used MSWC alone (two levels) and soil tea drench alone (three application frequencies). The second used MSWC and tea in factorial combination at three levels (0, 1×, and 2×). The greatest yield and leaf tissue potassium (K) were obtained using the greatest level combinations of compost and foliar tea spray, and this was significantly greater than conventional nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) fertilizer yield. Tissue magnesium (Mg) was affected by compost because of the antagonism from compost K. Tea increased tissue sodium (Na). No significant differences in heavy-metal tissue concentrations were found between treatments. While MSWC is an effective soil fertility amendment, the benefits of using tea may be increased with more frequent application.     

Responses of Soil Microbial Community Structure and Activity to Incorporation of Straws and Straw Biochars and Their Effects on Soil Respiration and Soil Organic Carbon Turnover

Like straw, biochar incorporation can influence soil microorganisms and enzyme activities and soil carbon(C) responses; however,few studies have compared the various effects of straw and biochar and the underlying mechanisms. An experiment was performed to study the changes in soil respiration(SR) and soil organic C(SOC) fluxes in response to the incorporation of three kinds of straw(reed, smooth cordgrass, and rice) and their pyrolyzed products(biochars) at Chongming Island, China. In addition, the microbial activity and community structure of some amended soils were also analyzed to clarify the mechanisms of these responses. The results showed that all biochar incorporation(BC) induced lower SR than the corresponding unpyrolyzed straw incorporation(ST), and the average SR in the soils following BC and ST during the experimental periods was 21.69 and 65.32 μmol CO_2 m~(-2)s~(-1), respectively.Furthermore, the average SOC content was 16.97 g kg~(-1) following BC, which was higher than that(13.71 g kg~(-1)) following ST,indicating that compared to ST, BC was a low-C strategy, even after accounting for the C loss during biochar production. Among the BC treatments, reed-BC induced the lowest SR(17.04 μmol CO_2 m~(-2)s~(-1)), whereas smooth cordgrass-BC induced the highest SR(27.02 μmol CO_2 m~(-2)s~(-1)). Furthermore, in contrast with ST, BC significantly increased the abundance of some bacteria with poorer mineralization or better humification ability, which led to lower SR. The lower easily oxidizable C(EOC) and higher total C contents of biochars induced lower SR and higher SOC in the soil following BC compared to that following ST. Among the BC treatments,the higher total nitrogen content of rice biochar led to significantly higher soil microbial biomass, and the lower EOC content of reed biochar led to lower soil microbial activity and SR.     

退化板栗林(套)改种茶树和毛竹后土壤生物学性质变化

为评价板栗林(套)改种茶树和毛竹对土壤质量的影响,2009年在板栗林、茶树和毛竹林分别采集3个剖面土壤样品,分析土壤生物学性质。结果表明,板栗套(改)种茶树和毛竹10a后,表层0-20cm土壤总有机碳分别增加15.05%和10.47%,20-40cm的增幅分别为60.37%和24.94%,40-60cm的增幅分别为76.34%和6.09%。表层0-20cm土壤微生物量碳分别增加22.17%和16.46%,20-40cm的增幅分别为9.87%和-6.89%,40-60cm的增幅分别为54.82%和23.93%。板栗(套)改种茶树和毛竹后,表层土壤脂肪酸总量分别增加50.25%和36.69%,细菌比例增加,放线菌比例下降,真菌比例则茶树林最高,其次是板栗林,毛竹林最低。有机质含量高的土壤能检测到近50种脂肪酸,但38～40种微生物脂肪酸为所有土壤所共有。以38种脂肪酸进行的主成分分析和冗余分析表明:(1)原板栗林土壤3个样地的微生物区系相似度高,而茶树和毛竹林3个样地之间土壤微生物则差异较大,说明尚未形成特征区系;(2)影响微生物生物学性质的主要因素是有机质含量。结论:板栗(套)改种茶树和毛竹均能改善土壤质量,且茶树略优于毛竹,不同地区可根据实际情况选择其中之一作为改造模式。     

Application of Biochar and Compost for Enhancement of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Grain Yield in Calcareous Sandy Soil

The application of compost to calcareous soils by farmers is a well-established practice and has been shown to improve yields. However, incorporation of biochar and mixture of biochar and compost into calcareous soils is a relatively novel concept for improving soil quality and yield since calcareous soils comprise a large scale of soils worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the co-application of biochar and compost on the soil properties, nutrient status and grain yield of rice in calcareous sandy soil. The experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The compost application rates were 1% and 3% (w/w; compost/soil) and the applied rates of biochars (rice straw biochar, RSB; sugarcane bagasse biochar, SBB) were 0.3% and 0.9% (w/w; biochar/soil). The results showed that soil pH decreased with increasing application rates of either compost or biochars. However, soil EC was enhanced through increasing the application rates of compost and biochars. The co-application of biochar and compost improved soil total N and available P concentrations. The soil available K increased with increasing the rate of incorporated biochars and compost. An increase of soil available K was more predominate with the application of RSB than SBB. The RSB, also, added a considerable amount of silicon (Si) to the soil. The co-incorporation of biochars and compost enhanced soil available concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn as well. The RSB was more effective than the SBB in grain yield enhancement almost certainly due to a higher Si content in RSB. Furthermore, the concurrent application of biochars and compost increased grain yield more than applying them individually. A higher application rate of biochar and compost induced a higher grain yield. The co-application of highest rates of RSB (0.9%) and compost (3%) induced the highest grain yield (26.1 g/pot) among the treatments. The increase in yield compare to the control were 321% and 260% for 0.9% RSB + 3% compost and 0.9% SBB + 3% compost, respectively. The increase in the grain yield was due to an improvement in the soil chemical properties and nutrients enhancement. Finally, the co-application of the highest rate of RSB (0.9%) and compost (3%) is recommended to obtain the appropriate rate of rice grain yield in calcareous sandy soil.