Parameters of selective sorption of Co,Cu, Zn,and Cd by a soddy-podzolic soil and a chernozem

The adsorption and ion-exchange behavior of Co, Cu, Zn, and Cd were studied in two soils of different genesis. The sorption parameters and selectivity coefficients of the Me-Ca ion exchange were determined using the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms and two models of ion-exchange sorption based on the mass action law (a polyfunctional ion exchanger and a mixture of two ideal exchangers) for describing the relationships between the dissolved and sorbed metal forms. It was shown that simple models provided information for better understanding of the behavior of metals in sorption and ion-exchange processes, but the conclusions about the sorption of different metals in a specific soil or a specific metal in different soils based on these models can be different.     

KINETICS OF ION EXCHANGE IN SOIL ORGANIC MATTER

The rate of ion exchange of humic substances (humic acid and peat in the hydrogen form) with lead ions was investigated. As in processes occurring in nature, the lead solution was added in all our experiments slowly and continuously at a constant feed rate to the well-stirred water-suspended humic substances. Control experiments were also performed with a well-defined synthetic ion- exchange resin (carboxylic acid type). The uptake of divalent lead ions by the humic substance and by the ion-exchange resin, which is coupled with the release of an equivalent amount of hydrogen ions, proceeds as a function of time according to a characteristic sigmoidal curve. During the initial phase, the rate of ion exchange increases continuously with time, even though the humic substances become more saturated with lead ions. Theoretical calculations, based on a film diffusion process as the rate-determining step, show that this behaviour should indeed be observed if any solution, containing exchangeable counter ions, is added continuously to an ion exchanger suspended in a solvent. The theory predicts further, in agreement with the experimental results, that in the initial phase of the ion-exchange reaction, the uptake of the counter ions is proportional to the square of the time. If experiments are performed with different rates of addition of the counter ions, the time required to exchange a certain amount of counter ions should be proportional to α^-1/2, where α is the rate at which the ions are added. This prediction is also in accordance with the experimental results.     

Characterization of Al/Fe—humus complexes in dystrandepts through comparison with synthetic forms

The Al/Fe—humus complexes in A₁ horizons of Dystrandepts from several parts of Japan were compared with synthetic complexes prepared from hydroxy ions and from two kinds of humic substances and at several pH values. Samples represented 26 A₁ horizons of soils differing in age, including some that had been buried. The comparisons were based chiefly on extractions of the synthetic complexes and the soil samples with solutions of sodium hydroxide-tetraborate and sodium pyrophosphate.The Al—humus complexes in the Dystrandept samples appeared to be similar to those of synthetic complexes prepared at pH 4–5. Those have OH/Al molar ratios of 0.7–2.5 1. Distribution of the data for the soil samples suggested further that the proportions of polymeric hydroxy Al ions increased as soils became older and also if they were buried. The Fe—humus complexes in the soil samples seemed to be like the synthetic complexes prepared with Fe and humus at pH 4–5 for the most part.     

Adsorption strength of zinc for soil humus

Soil humus plays a significant role in the cation exchange of a soil. YOSHIDA (1) showed that, as a general rule, divalent ions such as calcium and magnesium were adsorbed more strongly onto humus than monovalent ions such as ammonium and potassium in an ion-exchange reaction. He did not, however, describe the behavior of heavy metal ions. BREMNER et al. (2) first suggested that soil organic matter forms complexes with polyvalent cations. HIMES and BARBER (3) found that soil organic matter reacts with divalent metal ions in a manner similar to the chelation reaction. Reviews of the soil organic matter-metal complex have been written by BREMNER et al. (2) and KAWAGUCHI, MATSUO and KYUMA (4).     

盐渍土熟化过程中腐殖质特性的研究

综合研究了河北省曲周试验区不同改良年代盐渍土的有机质含量、腐殖质组成、含氧官能团含量及腐殖质红外光谱特征等。研究结果表明：随着盐渍土治理年限的延长，施肥及管理水平的提高，从盐荒地经三代、二代到一代试验区，土壤有机质含量逐步提高；有机质的质量也得到改善，主要表现在：腐殖质总量提高、胡富比增大、E465／E665比值减少、官能团含量上升等。红外光谱分析结果表明：试验区土壤腐殖质是极相似的多官能团复杂体系，表现在胡敏酸的类型上，由盐荒地到一代试区土壤胡敏酸逐渐由Rp型向B型转变，表明土壤腐殖质向着结构复杂化、功能多样化方向发展。盐渍土有机质含量和质量逐渐接近当地非盐渍土——浅色草甸土的水平。     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

Effect of organic matter on the parameters of the selective sorption of cobalt and zinc by soils and their clay fractions

The sorption and ion-exchange behavior of Co(II) and Zn in the soil-equilibrium solution system was studied for different types and varieties of native soils and their clay fractions before and after mild oxidation with H₂O₂ to remove the organic carbon. The parameters of the ion-exchange adsorption and the selectivity coefficients of the (Co(II), Zn)/Ca ion exchange were determined using different models for describing the relationship between the dissolved and sorbed forms of the metals. These were the empirical Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms and the model of the ion-exchange adsorption based on the acting mass law. It was found that the soil organic matter played an important role in the selectivity of the ion-exchange adsorption of Co(II) and Zn by the soils and their clay fractions. This was confirmed by an abrupt decrease (to almost 1) of the selectivity coefficients of the Co²⁺/Ca²⁺ and Zn²⁺/Ca²⁺ exchange after the treatment of the clay fraction with hydrogen peroxide.     

Charge characteristics of soil organo-mineral complexes and their effect on phosphate fixation

Soil is a complex system of mineral and organic components. The main reactive constituent of the mineral portion of soil is clay and of organic portion is humus from the microbial transformation of organic materials in the soil. Most of the biological and physico-chemical properties and the reactions of soil are due to clay and humus, the colloidal fraction of which being the most important. Many soil phenomena of great practical and fundamental importance such as sorption and exchange of ions, interaction with organic materials etc. originate from the surface charge of clay. The presence of organic matter in the soil and its union with the mineral portion affects these charge characteristics thus affecting many important physicochemical reactions in the soil.     

不同土壤改良措施对低产黄泥田土壤性质及水稻产量的影响

在荆门市双季稻区研究了不同的土壤改良措施对土壤腐殖质组成及结合形态、土壤理化性质、双季稻产量的影响。结果表明：不同土壤改良措施均提高了土壤水溶性物质、胡敏酸、胡敏素含量、可提取腐殖物质总量,其中泥炭土、菇渣及生物有机肥处理增幅较大;不同土壤改良措施增加了土壤松结合态腐殖质、稳结合态腐殖质、紧结合态腐殖质含量及结合态腐殖质总含量,其中生物有机肥处理达到显著水平。各土壤改良措施均不同程度地增加了早、晚稻产量,平均比单施化肥处理的早稻增产6.6％、晚稻增产9.5％;同时提高了土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量与阳离子交换量,降低了土壤容重。各改良措施中,生物有机肥处理的增产幅度较大,早、晚稻分别增产10.13％和17.50％,且对土壤理化性质的改良效果优于其它处理。     

秸秆还田配施腐熟剂对低产黄泥田的改良作用

【目的】低产黄泥田是一种发育程度低的水稻土,土壤贫瘠,作物产量低。本文研究探讨了小麦、 水稻、 油菜秸秆还田及配施秸秆腐熟剂后秸秆还田对低产黄泥田的土壤改良效果。【方法】在荆门市双季稻区设置了单施化肥(对照),化肥配施小麦、 水稻、 油菜秸秆,化肥配施小麦、 水稻、 油菜秸秆同时添加秸秆腐熟剂等七个处理的田间试验。取样分析了这些处理对双季稻产量、 土壤理化性质、 土壤团聚体组成、 土壤腐殖质组成及结合形态的影响。【结果】1)在早、 晚稻上秸秆还田配施秸秆腐熟剂增加了稻谷的产量,比单施化肥最多增产1423.2 kg/hm2,增幅为23.5%; 添加秸秆腐熟剂也能够增加稻谷的产量,比单独秸秆还田最多增产653.8 kg/hm2,增幅为9.6%。与对照比较,油菜秸秆+腐熟剂处理晚稻显著增产。2)土壤有机质、 全氮、 碱解氮、 有效磷、 速效钾含量、 阳离子交换量秸杆+腐熟剂处理高于对应的秸秆还田处理,而土壤容重则下降。3)与对照比较,秸秆处理5 mm土壤风干团聚体含量增加3.78%~8.62%,0.25 mm土壤风干团聚体含量也都增加,0.25 mm水稳定性团聚体含量下降。秸秆还田有利于＞0.25 mm水稳定性大团聚体总量的增加,减少了土壤团聚体破坏率。4)与对照比较,秸秆处理的土壤水溶性物质、 土壤胡敏酸、 富里酸、 可提取腐殖物质总量、 胡敏素含量增加。添加腐熟剂后,胡敏酸与富里酸比值低于相对应的秸秆还田处理; 土壤松结合态腐殖质、 稳结合态腐殖质、 紧结合态腐殖质含量及结合态腐殖质总含量都有所增加。结合态腐殖质中松结合态腐殖质含量最高,所有的处理都在60%以上。【结论】秸秆还田配施秸秆腐熟剂不仅能够增加早稻和晚稻的稻谷产量,还提高了土壤有机质、 全氮、 碱解氮、 有效磷、 速效钾含量及阳离子交换量,降低了土壤容重。秸秆还田主要提高了＞0.25 mm风干团聚体、 水稳性大团聚体含量,减少了土壤团聚体破坏率。秸秆还田处理显著提高了土壤松结合态腐殖质含量和结合态腐殖质总含量。秸秆还田配施秸秆腐熟剂可以提高作物产量、 提高土壤肥力、 改善土壤结构、 增加土壤腐殖质含量与活性,能够改良低产黄泥田。化肥+油菜秸秆+秸杆腐熟剂处理是一种良好的低产黄泥田改良措施。     

Effect of three nitrogenous fertilizers on the solution composition of a saline sodic soil

Abstract

Effect of three nitrogenous fertilizers on the composition of soil solution was studied for a saline sodic soil high in carbonates. Ammonium fertilizers (sulphate and nitrate) reduced pH of soil solution considerably, carbonates disappeared and there occurred an increase in the sodium content resulting from exchange with ammonium ions. Composition of soil solution underwent little change when urea was incorporated due to prevention of its hydrolysis in the presence of excess quantity of carbonates and the prevailing high pH.     

高量秸秆不同深度还田对黑土有机质组成和酶活性的影响

在田间耕作条件下黑土3个土层(0~20、20~40、40~60cm)添加4%和8%高量玉米秸秆于尼龙袋中原位培养近4年后,研究不同层次土壤秸秆转化与有机碳积累特征,以及腐殖质各组分和土壤酶活性的变化。结果表明,添加4%的秸秆量0~20、20~40和40~60cm土层有机碳分别增加31.8%、96.4%和171.1%,8%秸秆添加量分别增加了86.2%、193.5%和265.9%,增加秸秆还田深度有利于土壤有机碳的积累。0~20 cm土层在无秸秆还田情况下有机碳下降了29.3%,而20~40 cm土层仅下降了1.8%。土壤有机碳含量和酶活性均随秸秆添加量的增加而提高,腐殖质胡敏酸/富里酸(HA/FA)比值发生较大变化,改善了腐殖质品质。各处理腐殖酸碳(HS-C)和胡敏酸碳(HA-C)的大小为20~40 cm土层0~20 cm土层40~60 cm土层,而40~60 cm土层则更有利于富里酸碳(FA-C)的积累。土壤过氧化氢酶活性、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性分别与HA-C、FA-C含量呈极显著正相关、显著正相关。研究结果为深层秸秆还田促进土壤有机质的积累提供了理论依据。     

不同有机无机肥配比对冷浸田土壤肥力及水稻生长的影响

为了消减冷浸型中低产田长期浸渍、泥温低、土壤有效养分低等障碍因子,通过田间小区试验和动态取样与室内测定,研究了不同有机无机肥配比对冷浸田土壤肥力及水稻生长的影响。结果表明:与复合肥处理比较,复合肥与40%(N)生鸡粪配施处理的土壤磷酸铁盐和磷酸钙盐含量分别提高11%和17%,复合肥与60%(N)生鸡粪配施处理的土壤磷酸铝盐含量提高44%,且磷酸铝盐、磷酸铁盐和磷酸钙盐占无机磷总量的比例提高,闭蓄态磷占无机磷总量的比例降低,促使土壤中难溶性磷向易溶性磷转化,提高土壤有效磷含量;复合肥配施60%(N)生鸡粪处理的土壤松结态腐殖质占重组腐殖质的比例提高1.9个百分点,紧结态腐殖质占重组腐殖质的比例降低4.6个百分点,土壤活性有机质含量提高14%,土壤阳离子交换量提高11%;复合肥与40%(N)生鸡粪配施处理的土壤真菌和放线菌数量分别提高33%和28%,复合肥配施60%(N)生鸡粪处理的土壤细菌数和微生物活性分别提高160%和19%,水稻磷、钾吸收量分别提高5%和111%;复合肥与40%(N)生鸡粪配施处理的早、晚稻产量分别增加8%和42%,复合肥与60%(N)生鸡粪配施处理的早、晚稻产量分别增加6%和31%。有机无机平衡施肥是适合于冷浸田水稻增产的施肥方式。     

稻田长期垄作免耕对水稻产量及土壤肥力的影响研究

不同耕作条件下的水稻生长发育、作物产量及土壤肥力状况的研究表明,稻田长期垄作免耕,水稻根系数量、白根率、根系活力比常规平作和水旱轮作高,分蘖时间早;垄作免耕水稻的株高、茎粗、穗长、穗粒数增加,11年水稻平均产量垄作免耕比常规平作和水旱轮作分别提高了10.3%和11.3%。垄作免耕改变了土壤的物理、化学性状,土壤容重、土壤养分含量明显提高,土壤微生物数量和酶活性增强,土壤表层松结态腐殖质含量比常规平作和水旱轮作高0.194和0.238个百分点,紧结态腐殖质降低0.098和0.037个百分点。垄作免耕有利于提高作物产量、培肥地力、改善土壤生态环境。     

酸雨对黄土磷的淋溶效应

采用室内土柱模拟淋溶试验,分析了陕西省杨凌区3种土壤在5个酸雨梯度的侵蚀作用下,土壤磷的释放和迁移规律.结果表明,酸雨会使土壤受到一定程度的酸化,而土壤的酸化程度与酸雨的pH值、土壤的类型、土壤的pH值、阳离子交换量、有机质含量有关.土壤对酸雨的缓冲能力由大到小的顺序为:腐殖质层＞母质层＞黏化层.随着酸雨累积淋溶量的增加,土壤磷的释放总量呈增加趋势,但淋失率会下降.酸雨的pH值为5时土壤磷的累积淋失量最大,土壤磷的累积淋失量和淋失率顺序为:腐殖质层＞黏化层＞母质层.酸雨对腐殖质层的磷具有最强侵蚀效应.母质层和黏化层的酸化主要发生在土壤表层,而腐殖质层酸化主要发生在土壤底层,酸雨侵蚀后腐殖质层酸化最严重.长期的酸雨侵蚀会导致土壤磷流失,造成土壤养分贫瘠化.     

不同中药渣组合好氧堆肥产物对土壤碳矿化特性的影响

为研究不同配方中药渣废弃物好氧堆肥产品品质差异及其对土壤碳素矿化的影响，设置了好氧堆肥和有机肥还田两个试验。通过工厂化条垛式好氧堆肥试验，研究了中药渣废弃物3种组合，在相同碳氮比、不同木质纤维素含量下对好氧堆肥产品品质的影响；采用土壤呼吸瓶进行室内恒温恒湿培养模拟土壤施肥效应，研究了3种有机肥施用对不同肥力土壤有机碳分解动态的影响。试验结果显示：中药渣物料的初始木质纤维素含量显著影响堆肥产品的碳氮养分转化和腐殖质组分。与初始低木质纤维素含量处理(T1)相比，高木质纤维素含量处理(T3)堆肥有机碳降解难，堆肥产品中全碳含量提高5.7%，全氮含量降低18.4%，但有利于腐殖质形成，尤其是显著增加胡敏酸组分20.9%。3种中药渣堆肥产品等碳量输入对不同肥力土壤的碳素矿化效果差异显著，高肥力土壤CO₂-C的释放速率和累积释放量均高于低肥力土壤，但有机碳的累积矿化率却低于低肥力土壤，并且高肥力土壤中添加T1堆肥产品累积矿化率显著高于添加T3堆肥产品。两个肥力土壤中有机肥中胡敏酸组分与土壤碳素矿化率之间呈显著负相关关系。因此，为提高有机肥的土壤固碳效应，可适当提高有机肥中胡敏...     

不同植被类型紫色土腐殖质的剖面分布特征

[目的]研究龙川江流域6种不同植被类型对紫色土腐殖质(胡敏酸、富里酸、胡敏素)和土壤养分(总磷、速效磷、总氮、碱解氮)剖面分布特征的影响,为该地区保持土壤肥力提供科学依据。[方法]采用锯齿形布点法,采集紫色土表层至30 cm深度的3个土层紫色土样品,用3次4分法分离多余样品,并测定相应指标。[结果]总磷、速效磷、总氮、碱解氮的含量和腐殖质、胡敏素、胡敏酸、富里酸碳量随土壤深度的增加而减小,枯枝落叶层显著高于其他层(地下0—10,10—20,20—30 cm),不同植被类型土壤无显著差异。果园土壤腐殖质及其组成显著高于桉树林覆盖土壤,表现为果园落叶阔叶林暖温性针叶林针阔混交林灌丛桉树林。土壤腐殖质各组分之间均存在极显著正相关关系,腐殖质组成与土壤有机质、总磷、速效磷、总氮、碱解氮均存在显著正相关关系。[结论]果园和落叶阔叶林下土壤腐殖质及其组分显著高于其他植被类型土壤,腐殖质组分含量与土壤理化性质之间呈极显著正相关。     

“三江并流区”暗棕壤腐殖质特性及其与土壤结构的关系

采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,研究了"三江并流区"5个典型暗棕壤剖面腐殖质特性及其与土壤结构的关系,以期为该区土地资源的保护提供有利依据.结果表明,腐殖质含量与有机碳的分布规律一致,即腐殖质层＞淋溶层＞淀积层＞母质层.腐殖质组成中,以胡敏素(HA)占绝大多数.HA分子复杂程度较高,化学稳定性较强.土壤腐殖化程度与富里酸FA分子复杂程度和化学稳定性一致,随年降雨量的增加而降低,依次为哈巴雪山＞千湖山＞梅里雪山＞云岭＞高黎贡山.1～0.5 mm粒径团聚体含量居多,且粒径含量与腐殖酸含量均随年均温的升高而降低,依次为高黎贡山＞梅里雪山＞千湖山＞哈巴雪山＞云岭.研究结果表明,表层有机碳与1～0.5 mm粒径含量相关,胡敏酸和富里酸与1～0.5,0.5～0.25 mm粒径含量呈显著相关.     

长期施肥对褐土有机无机复合性状演变及其与肥力关系的影响

通过8年长期定位试验,研究了不同施肥方式对褐土有机无机复合状况及腐殖质结合形态的影响。结果表明,长期不施肥使土壤有机碳、重组有机碳、原土复合量、松结态和紧结态有机碳含量明显下降,松/紧值降低,原土复合度上升;长期单施常量NPK化肥有同样的趋势;长期单施增量NPK化肥可大体保持土壤肥力水平不下降,但成本较高;采用有机肥(物)料配施常量NPK化肥,可明显提高土壤有机碳、重组有机碳含量和原土复合量以及土壤松、稳、紧各级结合态有机碳含量,增加松结态占重组有机碳比率,提高松/紧值,增强土壤调控能力。土壤有机无机复合状况及腐殖质结合形态是评价褐土培肥效果和标志土壤肥力演变的重要指标。