Rice Growth and Nutrient Accumulation as Affected by Different Composts

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of four different kinds of compost: pea–rice hull compost (PRC), cattle dung–tea compost (CTC), hog dung–rice hull compost (HDR), and hog dung–sawdust compost (HDS). These types of compost differ in nitrogen composition and in the dry matter yield and nutrient accumulation [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K)], of rice plants. The rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants were planted in an Oxisol soil. Plants were cultivated in pots, which contained 3 kg of soil, mixed with the four different composts (PRC, 404 g; CTC, 395 g; HDR, and HDS, 450 g) and chemical fertilizer (CHEM) (N:P₂O₅:K₂O=120:96:72) The residual effect was studied after the crop was harvested. All treatments were replicated four times, with a randomized complete block design. The nutrient concentrations in the root, leaf sheath, leaf blade, stalk, and grain were analyzed at different growth stages. After the first crop, the dry matter yield and the amount of N, P, and K absorbed from the CTC or HDS treatments were higher than those of the other treatments, at the most active tillering stage. The growth and nutrient accumulation of rice plants given the PRC treatment were higher than those given the CHEM treatment at the heading stage or the HDR treatment at the maturity stage. In the second crop, the dry matter yield from the PRC, CTC, and HDR treatments was higher than from the other treatments. The nutrient accumulation of the rice plants was positively correlated with the dry matter yield. The residual effect of the HDS compost was the least among all four composts.     

作物调亏灌溉的适宜时间与调亏程度的研究

作物调亏灌溉是建立在作物与水分关系基础上的一种节水高产灌溉技术。根据陕西长武、甘肃民勤等地的田间试验资料分析了适度缺水对作物产量的有益效应,表明调亏灌溉的适宜时段应该在作物的早期生长阶段。陕西长武和甘肃民勤小麦和棉花的试验结果表明,其水分亏缺程度可达到田间持水量的45%～50%,而对作物的产量没有不利影响,但可明显提高作物水分利用效率。并且讨论了调亏灌溉目前存在的一些问题。     

不同年份施肥对作物增产效应及肥料利用率的影响

在冬小麦－夏玉米→春玉米轮作条件下,对１３年长期肥料定位试验中作物产量及氮肥利用率在不同年份的变异情况进行了分析。结果表明：玉米吸收土壤氮素的比例高于对肥料氮的吸收,而且其对肥料氮的利用率低于小麦,并极易受夏涝的影响,氮,磷化肥合理配施或再配以有机肥可以促进作物高产稳产,避免不利气候因子对作物的影响。     

Distribution of Inorganic and Organic Phosphorus Fractions in Two Phosphorus-Deficient Soils as Affected by Crop Species and Nitrogen Applications

It is desirable to know the distribution of phosphorus (P) fractions in soil so that plants may use P efficiently. Here we report the dynamics of inorganic and organic P in P-deficient black and rice soil cropped by soybean, white lupin, and maize supplied with nitrogen (N) inputs by N fixation and urea fertilizer. Inorganic P fractions of the three cropped soils could be ranked as O-P (organic phosphorus) > Al-P (aluminum phosphorus) > Fe-P (iron phosphorus) > Ca₁₀-P (calcium-10 phosphorus) > Ca₈-P (calcium-8 phosphorus) > Ca₂-P (calcium-2 phosphorus), irrespective of soil type. The potential of various inorganic P fractions to plant nutrition differed between soybean and white lupin. The percentage of total P present as inorganic P was affected by crop, soil type, and N source. In black soil, the change of organic P fraction induced by N fixation was larger than by urea application. The moderately labile organic P (MLOP) concentration was not affected significantly by soil type and crop species, and it was probably the main P source to the inorganic P fraction because the correlation between the two pools was high (r = 0.945; P < 0.05). Crop species differed in their uptake of inorganic and organic P from soil. Though P fraction concentrations varied between black soil and rice soil, their response to crop species and N source was similar. The amounts of P removed from soil were affected by N source. The right choice of crop species and the application a suitable N source may increase crop yield and P uptake by plant in P-deficient soils.     

Microbial Activity in Paddy Soil and Water-Use Efficiency of Rice as Affected by Irrigation Method and Nitrogen Level

The thin-shallow-wet-dry irrigation (TIR) method is one of water-saving irrigation methods of rice cultivation. The effects of TIR method on water-use efficiency (WUE) of rice and soil microbial activities were investigated under three rates of nitrogen (N) compared to conventional flood irrigation. The TIR method decreased total water consumption (21.7–23.5%) and increased rice WUE (17.8–27.2%). At high N level, the TIR method significantly increased the number of nitrifying bacteria; the activities of catalase, invertase, and urease in soil at the jointing, booting, and milky stages; and the number of denitrifying bacteria at the milky stage. Increased N rate increased grain yield and water consumption simultaneously, and middle N level increased microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and N, the number of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria, and the activities of catalase, urease, and invertase. Thus the TIR method at the middle N level can effectively improve rice WUE and soil MBC and enzyme activity.     

Relative Nitrogen Fertilizer Requirements of Forage Versus Grain for Barley and Oat

Field experiments were conducted at 15 site-years with barley and 10 site-years with oat over five years to determine the relative nitrogen (N) fertilizer requirements of forage versus grain for barley and oat on Black Chernozem (Typic Agricryoll – 6 site-years on barley and 3 site-years on oat) and Gray Luvisol (Typic Haplocryalf – 9 site-years on barley and 7 site-years on oat) soils in central and north-central Alberta, Canada. Barley harvested for forage responded to higher level of applied N than when it was harvested for grain at most site-years. On average for barley, the amount of N fertilizer required to achieve maximum yield of forage was 58 kg N ha^?1 greater than that of grain, and also was somewhat greater on Black Chernozem soils than on Gray Luvisol soils. The results for oat were inconclusive, with almost equal numbers of site-years showed higher N requirements for grain as for forage.     

Crop Productivity and Nutrient Bioavailability in a Potato-Based Three-Year Rotation as Affected by Composted Pulp Fiber Residue Application and Supplemental Irrigation

The possibility of using composted pulp fiber residues (CPFR) in a potato rotation in eastern Canada was tested. Three rates of CPFR (0, 45, and 90 Mg C ha^?1) with or without supplementary irrigation were applied. Pea (Pisum sativum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) were cultivated in 2002, 2003, and 2004, respectively. Soil total carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), bulk density, and water-holding capacity were improved by CPFR. Pea and corn yields and total dry matter were increased using CPFR. Supplemental irrigation increased pea yield compared with the rain-fed system. Total tuber yield was increased by CPFR in the irrigated but not in the rain-fed system. The CPFR application increased plant-available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in all rotation crops. Nitrogen accumulation in all rotation crops except potato was increased by CPFR. The CPFR application successfully enhanced soil fertility and crop productivity without any adverse effects.     

长期不同施肥制度下土壤有机质质量动态变化规律

通过8年定位试验,研究了长期不同施肥制度下土壤有机质质量动态变化规律。结果表明,采用有机肥(物)料配施常量NPK化肥,土壤有机碳、易氧化有机碳、腐殖酸碳及其占总有机碳比率、HAC、FAC和HAC/FAC不断提高,Kos持续下降,其变化速率表现为递减;长期不施肥和单施常量NPK化肥则造成Kos持续上升,其余指标以递减速率下降。不同施肥制度下土壤有机质质量指标的动态变化可利用渐近函数模拟。在试验的不同阶段,土壤腐殖酸碳总量的亏损或盈余向HAC分配比例的变化态势各异,长期不施肥处理随时间的延长渐减,单施常量NPK化肥处理基本上分配至HAC;有机肥(物)料配施化肥则呈现出后期>前期>中期的趋势。     

Early Development and Nutrition of Cover Crop Species as Affected by Soil Compaction

Abstract

A good cover crop should have a vigorous early development and a high potential for nutrient uptake that can be made available to the next crop. In tropical areas with relatively dry winters drought tolerance is also very important. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the early development and nutrition of six species used as cover crops as affected by sub‐superficial compaction of the soil. The plants (oats, pigeon pea, pearl millet, black mucuna, grain sorghum, and blue lupin) were grown in pots filled with soil subjected to different subsurface compaction levels (bulk densities of 1.12, 1.16, and 1.60 mg m^?3) for 39 days. The pots had an internal diameter of 10 cm and were 33.5 cm deep. Grasses were more sensitive to soil compaction than leguminous plants during the initial development. Irrespective of compaction rates, pearl millet and grain sorghum were more efficient in recycling nutrients. These two species proved to be more appropriate as cover crops in tropical regions with dry winters, especially if planted shortly before spring.     

不同生育期调亏滴灌对菘蓝光合特性及品质的影响

精准调亏灌溉是菘蓝高产高效的关键技术。为探究不同生育期膜下调亏滴灌对菘蓝光合特性、产量及品质的影响,于2015年在河西走廊中部张掖市凉州区民乐县益民灌溉试验站开展了菘蓝不同生育期、不同灌水量的试验研究。在保持其他生育期正常灌溉的情况下,在菘蓝的苗期、营养生长期、肉质根生长期和肉质根成熟期分别进行轻度和中度的水分胁迫处理,以全生育期的正常灌溉作为对照,测定菘蓝光合生理指标、产量和品质。结果表明,营养生长期和肉质根生长期水分亏缺显著降低了菘蓝叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度,且随水分亏缺程度加大,降幅增大。苗期轻度干旱处理的菘蓝产量和水分利用效率最高,分别达到8 317.58 kg·hm~(-2)和2.68 kg·m~(-3);肉质根成熟期轻度干旱处理次之,而肉质根生长期中度干旱处理最低。肉质根成熟期中度干旱处理的菘蓝综合品质最优,其菘蓝靛蓝、靛玉红、(R,S)-告依春含量比生育期正常灌溉处理分别提高0.26、0.42、0.0165 mg·g-1。综合考虑产量、水分利用效率及菘蓝品质等指标,最佳菘蓝水分调控处理为肉质根成熟期轻度调亏,即肉质根成熟期土壤相对含水率为55%~80%、其余生育期土壤相对含水率为65%~100%。本研究结果为高效水管理提供了一定的理论指导。     

Changes in Tomato Fruit Quality and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities under Deficit Irrigation and Fertilizer Application in a Solar Greenhouse in Northwest China

The interaction between water availability in the soil and fertilizer application rates often strongly affects crop growth. In the current study, the quality of fresh fruit and antioxidant enzymes of tomato crops (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) were investigated under different irrigation (low water content [W_l]: 50 ~ 60% field moisture capacity (FMC); moderate [W_m]: 70 ~ 80% FMC; and high [W_h]: 90 ~ 100% FMC) and fertilizer conditions (deficit fertilizer [F_l]: 195 kg ha^?1 nitrogen (N) + 47 kg ha^?1 phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅) and moderate [F_m]: 278 kg ha^?1 N + 67 kg ha^?1 P₂O₅) in a solar greenhouse. The results showed that the quality of fresh fruits and the antioxidant enzyme activities in the leaves and fruits were related to the water content in the soil. Deficit irrigation improved the fruit quality and 50 ~ 60% FMC combined with fertilizer application rates of 195 kg ha^?1 N + 47 kg ha^?1 P₂O₅ is recommended for tomato crop cultivation under greenhouse conditions.     

不同环境因子对海州香薷堆肥品质与物质转化研究

以海州香薷为堆肥原料,采用纤维素分解菌和effective microorganisms(EM菌)为接种菌剂,对不同的微生物组合、不同环境因子(温度、湿度)的联合堆肥进行了实验室阶段的研究。结果表明,在堆肥制作过程中,各处理含水率明显下降;全C呈明显的下降趋势,全N则呈明显的增加趋势,以纤维素分解菌和EM菌的混合菌剂对堆肥品质影响最为显著,使其C/N下降到17.9。而在室温、含水率为75%条件下,堆肥的品质最佳,其C/N值为13.7,ηC/N为60.8%,达到有机肥料一级腐熟标准。同时,整个堆肥过程中纤维素分解菌始终保持旺盛的活性,其菌群密度保持在2.79×10~5CFU/g干重左右。通过纤维素分解菌和EM菌的协同作用,能够快速高效地降解海州香薷残体。     

Recovery and Purity of Isolated Barley Starch and Protein as Affected by Fractionation Water Temperature

Wet fractionation of barley flours was conducted to identify appropriate fractionation water temperature considering the recovery and purity of starch and protein. In abraded hulless regular barley, yield of starch fraction, starch recovery, and purity of the protein fraction increased from 43.3 to 45.7%, from 61.7 to 64.8%, and from 37.6 to 65.2% when water temperature in fractionation was increased from 23 to 60°C. In abraded hulless waxy barley, recovery of starch with 40°C water was much greater (67.7%) than that at other temperatures (<61.7%). Starch recovery and protein purity of regular barley cultivars were higher than those of waxy barley cultivars with fractionation water of 60°C. In whole hulless barley flours fractionated with 60°C water, waxy barley flours showed similar to or higher protein purity (44.8–48.9%) than regular barley flours (42.8– 44.6%), while regular barley flours exhibited higher starch recovery (>60.6%) than waxy barley flours (<57.3%). The purity of isolated starch was >97.7%, regardless of water temperature and barley type. Considering yield and recovery of the isolated starch, and purity of the isolated protein, 60°C water for hulless regular barley and 40°C for hulless waxy barley seem to be appropriate for fractionation of barley flour for isolation of starch and protein.     

农业地质背景与特色农作物品质相关性研究进展

农作物的生长主要依赖于水土条件,而水土条件除受气候影响外,又直接受地层岩性、地球化学、水文特征等农业地质背景的影响而衍生变化。所以农作物品质的优劣,又与其所处区域的农业地质背景条件有着密切的关系。本文对成土母岩、地形地貌、地球化学背景值、水文地质等农业地质背景因子和农作物品质的关系进行综述,在此基础上提出目前研究中存在的问题,以及今后农业地质背景研究趋势的展望。     

Crop yield and rooting as affected by fragipan depth in loess soils in the southeast USA

The combination of soil erosion and restrictive subsurface features can adversely influence root growth and crop productivity. The effects of depth to a restrictive layer on yield and root development were determined for soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and corn (Zea mays L.) grown on Grenada silt loam (Oxyaquic Fraglossudalfs) in West Tennessee. Seven sites were selected in a cropped field where depth to the fragipan ranged from 0 to 107 cm below the soil surface. Across-the-site comparisons involving bulk density, soil color, exchangeable acidity and organic carbon indicated that at the sites that were shallow to the fragipan, profile modification had occurred as a result of soil erosion. Soils were sampled to 120 cm depths in 15 cm increments within the row and 25 and 51 cm from the row. Roots were extracted and total root lengths were determined by the line-intercept method. Greater total root lengths were observed with increasing depth to the fragipan. Crop yields decreased significantly as depth to the fragipan decreased. Soybean yields ranged from 0.5 Mg ha⁻¹ on the 0 cm depth site to 2.8 Mg ha⁻¹ on the 107 cm depth site, whereas corn yields ranged from 5.5 Mg ha⁻¹ on the 0 cm depth site to 10.0 Mg ha⁻¹ on the 107 cm depth site. Erosion was not measured directly; however, the reduced soil depth due to erosion caused an easily demonstrated reduction in root growth and yield in both corn and soybean.     

耕作及轮作对土壤氮素径流流失的影响

5年轮作和1年水平沟耕作试验表明:在不同的坡度上,与传统耕作法相比,水平沟减少产流7%,径流液铵态氮浓度提高19%,流失量达到13.01kg/(km²·a),比传统耕作多流失1.11kg/(km²·a);径流硝态氮浓度减少27%,比传统耕作减少7.68kg/(km²·a);径流硝态氮流失减少量和铵态氮增加量相差6倍,水平沟可减少6.57kg/(km²·a)矿质氮流失;水平沟拦截泥沙25%左右,泥沙中全氮富集率提高13%,土壤全氮流失457kg/(km²·a),平均减少18%;一季黑豆和一季黄豆及两季黑豆和一季黄豆参与的5年轮作周期,土壤侵蚀量仅为896t/(km²·a)和984t/(km²·a),不及糜子和土豆参与轮作周期的1/2.     

不同施氮水平下土壤微生物种群异步性与稻麦产量的关系

研究稻麦轮作体系中施氮水平对土壤微生物多样性和异步性的影响,可为调控土壤微生物区系以维持作物稳产高产提供理论依据和科学指导。采集长期稻麦轮作体系中不同施氮水平下作物关键生育时期的土壤样品,使用高通量测序技术分析施氮水平对土壤微生物多样性和异步性的影响,研究施氮水平通过改变土壤微生物异步性对稻麦产量产生的影响。小麦季和水稻季的施氮水平梯度分别为：0、50、100、200、300 kg?hm-2和0、90、180、270、360 kg?hm-2;土壤样品采集时期分别为：小麦种植前、拔节期、孕穗期、扬花期、成熟期和水稻种植前、最大分蘖期、拔节孕穗期、扬花期、成熟期。结果表明,施氮水平对各生育时期的土壤微生物多样性和组成均产生显著影响。施氮水平可解释约12%的水稻季微生物丰富度变异（P<0.05）。当小麦季和水稻季施氮水平分别为100和180 kg?hm-2时,土壤微生物群落在作物多个生长阶段均能维持相对较高水平的丰富度。施氮水平可解释9%~11%的小麦季/水稻季微生物群落组成变异（P<0.05）。随着施氮水平的提高,小麦季土壤中Phenylobacterium、Sphingomonas、Cyanobacteria GpI、Desulfovirga、Lacibacter、Terrimonas属和水稻季土壤中Desulfovirga、Spartobacteria genera incertae sedis、Ohtaekwangia、Acidobacteria Gp7、Arenimonas、Niastella属的种群异步性显著上升。其中,Phenylobacterium、Desulfovirga属的种群异步性和Desulfovirga、Spartobacteria genera incertae sedis、Ohtaekwangia、Arenimonas属的种群异步性分别与小麦、水稻的产量存在显著正相关关系。稻麦轮作体系中,土壤微生物多样性受到施氮水平的持续性影响,并随生育期推移而发生变化。施氮水平能够直接影响微生物种群异步性,从而影响微生物功能的互补性,进而对稻麦系统的产量产生积极作用。     

地面覆盖对盐渍土水热盐运动及作物生长的影响

利用田间小区试验研究了山东省莱州半干旱海水入侵地区不同覆盖措施对土壤水盐热运动及作物生长的影响,试验结果表明,①塑膜覆盖对盐渍土有很好的保温增温效果和一定的保水抑盐作用;②秸秆覆盖能拦蓄雨水、减少地面径流和地表蒸发,对盐渍土有非常明显的保持土壤水分、抑制地表返盐、促进降雨淋盐的作用,且其作用随覆盖厚度的增加而增强,③秸秆覆盖的隔热性及其对土壤热容量的提高,缓和了土壤温度的日变化;④5cm厚秸秆覆盖的土壤含盐量变化幅度较小,说明秸秆覆盖提高了土壤对盐分的缓冲性;⑤随着油葵的生长,增加了地面的植被覆盖度,削弱了覆盖措施对土壤水盐热运动的影响;⑥5cm秸秆覆盖下的油葵生长状况及其产量均优于其他处理。由此可见,秸秆覆盖是改良利用盐渍土非常有效的一项措施。     

Effects of Deficit Irrigation and Fertilizer Use on Vegetative Growth of Drip Irrigated Cherry Trees

ABSTRACT

The effects of deficit irrigation and fertilizer use under drip irrigation (DI), on vegetative growth of mature cherry trees were studied in two field experiments. Treatments for the assessment of deficit irrigation consisted of two drip line arrays: double drip lines (T1) and loop (T2) as main treatments. Three irrigation levels: irrigation at 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc or I1), 75% ETc or I2, and 50% ETc or I3, constituted the sub-treatments. To assess soil fertility practices, the main treatments consisted of T1 and single drip line (T3) arrays; sub-treatments were two fertilizer regimes: basic fertilizer recommendation plus 0.5 m³ sheep manure per tree (F1) and basic fertilizer recommendation plus 1300 g potassium sulfate, 350 g of zinc (Zn), 140 g of iron (Fe), and 600 g ammonium phosphate (F2). Total irrigation amount, which was applied routinely in control treatment (7466.7 m³ha^{? 1}), was less than the crop water requirement (8764.5 m³ ha^{? 1}). A significant correlation between both the length of young branches and canopy volume with annual applied irrigation water was observed. Mean canopy volume under T1 was 26.0 m³ tree^{? 1}, which was significantly less than 28.6 m³ tree^{? 1} under T2. Water use efficiency (kg m^{? 3}) was increased by water stress, but there was no significant yield reduction from I1 to I2. Concentration of Fe, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) in leaf samples increased with the use of double drip lines array compared to use of single drip line array and it was higher under F2 fertilizer level. The concentration of calcium (Ca) in leaf samples was higher than critical level in all treatments. We conclude that I2 irrigation level and F2 fertilizer management was the most efficient practice for cherry trees in the study area.