灌溉和施磷对紫花苜蓿土壤水分动态及根重的影响

采用完全随机裂区设计,常规灌溉量(330mm),节水20%灌溉量(264mm)和节水40%灌溉量(198mm)作为主处理,施磷量(0,60,120和180kg/hm²)作为副处理,研究了不同灌溉量和施磷量对紫花苜蓿土壤贮水量、耗水强度、水分利用效率和根重的影响。结果表明,土壤贮水量、紫花苜蓿耗水强度和根重随灌溉量增加而增加,水分利用效率随灌溉量增加而降低。施磷对紫花苜蓿土壤贮水量和耗水强度影响不明显。紫花苜蓿水分利用效率和深度0-40cm根重随施磷量的增加表现为先增加后降低,当施磷量达到120kg/hm²时,紫花苜蓿水分利用效率﹝26.50kg/(mm·hm²)﹞和全生育期平均根重(1 320.78g/m²)达到最大值。     

Effects of Different Irrigation Regimes and Mulches on Yield and Macronutrition Levels of Drip-Irrigated Cucumber Under Open Field Conditions

ABSTRACT

The effectiveness of different mulch types on fruit yield, leaf-nutrient composition, and normal plant growth parameters was investigated in order to maximize water use efficiency (WUE) in cucumber grown under water stress. Treatments were (1) bare soil + water stress (WS), (2) bare soil + unstressed (control, C), (3) black polyethylene mulch + water stress (BPM + WS), (4) wheat straw mulch + water stress (WSM + WS), and (5) wheat straw mulch plus black polyethylene mulch + water stress (WSM + BPM + WS). Seasonal crop evapotranspiration was between 492 and 960 mm. Seasonal irrigation water amounts were 965 and 485 mm for the C and WS treatments, respectively. The WUE ranged from 3.40 to 5.78 kg m^?3, while irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) was between 3.39 and 6.08 kg m^?3. IWUE and WUE were increased under WS treatments with mulching compared with the control treatment, as mulching significantly reduced the amount of irrigation water required. Both BPM and WSM improved the fruit yield, fruit size, plant dry matter, total leaf area, and chlorophyll and nutrient concentrations in leaves under the stressed treatments, while these two mulches in combination (BPM + WSM) caused further increases in these parameters. This study confirms that limiting soil evaporation with mulches is a key action to take to save irrigation water and to improve WUE and IWUE. Because use of drip irrigation with mulching can increase WUE, this strategy might be used for vegetable production in semi-arid regions where irrigation water is limited.     

保水剂和负压供水对玉米生理生长及水分利用效率的影响

采用一种负水头供水控水系统,通过调节供水负压值来控制不同的土壤含水率,研究3种供水负压（3、6、9 kPa）下,保水剂对玉米生理、生长性状以及节水效果的影响。结果表明：在供水负压为3 kPa时,保水剂使玉米株高降低了7.4%,叶面积降低了14.9%,地上部干物质量降低了12.4%,地下部干物质量降低了7.3%,水分利用效率降低了12.6%。在供水负压为6 kPa和9 kPa时,保水剂使玉米株高分别增加了10.0%、37.9%,叶面积分别增加了14.2%、90.8%,地上部干物质量分别显著增加40.4%、104.6%,地下部干物质量分别增加了35.3%、83.8%,水分利用效率分别显著提高了26.9%、65.7%。同时,与无保水剂的相比,玉米叶片水势分别增加7.1%、19.2%,叶片相对含水率、净光合速率、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率也较高。表明在水分受限制条件下,保水剂能够改善植株的生理生长特性,提高水分利用效率。     

不同水分状况下施锌对玉米生长和锌吸收的影响

选择潮土(砂壤)和土(粘壤)两种质地不同的土壤,进行盆栽试验,研究不同土壤水分条件下施锌对玉米生长和锌吸收的影响。结果表明,施锌显著增加了玉米植株根、茎、叶以及整株干物质重;缺锌条件下玉米植株根冠比、根叶比和根茎比趋向增大。施锌显著提高了玉米植株各器官中锌的浓度和吸收量,并明显促进锌向地上部运移。干旱胁迫抑制了玉米植株生长,根冠比、根茎比、根叶比增大;随着土壤水分供应增加,植株生长加快,各器官生物量以茎和叶增加大于根。水分胁迫下,在潮土上玉米叶片中锌浓度上升;在土上叶片中锌浓度下降。但增施锌后,根和茎锌浓度增加幅度较大,叶片增加幅度较小;施锌和水分胁迫对根和茎锌浓度的交互作用极显著。水分胁迫下,玉米植株对锌的吸收总量减少。水分胁迫和锌肥施用对玉米叶片、茎锌吸收量的交互作用十分显著,但对根锌吸收量的交互影响不显著。     

苗期干旱胁迫下施氮对玉米氮素吸收和土壤生物化学性质的影响

研究苗期干旱胁迫下施氮对东北春玉米氮素吸收利用和土壤生物化学性质的影响,为区域玉米养分管理与逆境调控提供依据。研究设置水、氮二因素盆栽试验,土壤水分包括3个水平:田间持水量的30%(W0),50%(W1)和70%(W2);施氮量包括2个水平:不施氮(N0)和施氮0.24 g/kg(N1),测定不同水氮条件下玉米苗期的植株干重和氮素吸收、根际和非根际土壤的化学性质、微生物量碳、氮(MBC、MBN)及土壤酶活性。结果表明:干旱胁迫显著降低玉米苗期植株干重和氮素吸收量,其中W0条件降幅最大(分别为51.1%,43.8%)。施氮促进各水分条件下植株生长,且与水分存在显著交互作用,W2条件下施氮后植株干重和氮素吸收量的增幅最高(分别为53.7%,83.2%)。干旱胁迫提高植株的水分利用效率,但降低氮肥利用效率。施氮显著提高W2条件植株的水分利用效率,但干旱条件下则无显著影响。水、氮及其交互作用对土壤性质的影响较为复杂。总体上,苗期干旱胁迫暂时提高了根际和非根际土壤pH,显著增加根际土壤的铵态氮和硝态氮含量。MBC、MBN对干旱胁迫的响应在根际与非根际土壤之间存在相反趋势,根际土壤随干旱程度增加而提高,非根际土壤则随之下降。土壤酶活性方面,干旱胁迫显著影响根际土壤的硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性。施氮增加所有水分条件下根际和非根际土壤的pH和铵态氮、硝态氮含量,其中根际土壤的增幅高于非根际土壤。施氮显著增加各水分条件下根际和非根际土壤的MBC、MBN、脲酶和硝酸还原酶活性,但显著降低根际和非根际土壤亚硝酸还原酶活性。水氮交互作用显著影响根际土壤的亚硝酸还原酶、非根际土壤的脲酶、亚硝酸还原酶和FDA水解酶活性。根际、非根际土壤各生物化学性质之间均存在显著的相关关系,而且根际土壤除土壤亚硝酸还原酶外的各指标均与植株氮素吸收和氮肥利用效率呈正相关。苗期干旱显著抑制玉米植株生长和氮素吸收,并对土壤生物、化学性质造成显著影响。施氮对植株和土壤性质的影响在不同水分条件下存在差异,而且植株表现与土壤生物、化学性质之间存在显著相关关系。     

保水剂和微生物菌肥对半干旱区造林和土壤改良的影响

试验分别设置低、中、高浓度保水剂(20,40,60g/株)和微生物菌肥(150,300,450g/株)用于张北半干旱区风沙土樟子松造林。通过分析不同处理对土壤田间持水量、有效水分含量、水稳性团聚体含量、微生物菌落数量和微生物量碳、氮等指标的差异,研究保水剂与微生物菌肥对土壤物理性质、土壤微生物以及樟子松成活率的影响,探究适用于干旱、半干旱区樟子松造林的最佳配比。结果表明:保水剂和微生物菌肥能够显著改良土壤,提高造林成活率,但不同浓度配比对各项指标影响效果不同。高浓度保水剂单施对田间持水量,有效水分含量和水稳性团聚体含量提高最明显,分别较对照组提高了141%,150%,63.8%;中浓度保水剂和高、中浓度菌肥混施显著提高了土壤微生物活性和土壤微生物量,其中真菌,细菌和放线菌分别较对照组高77%,108%,93%,微生物碳、氮分别较对照组增加132%,178%。此外,施加保水剂和微生物菌肥对樟子松生长具有显著促进作用,株高、地径平均值分别较对照组提高6%,12%。保水剂提高樟子松成活率的效果优于其与微生物菌肥混施,且中浓度保水剂条件下造林成活率最高。在干旱、半干旱区造林时,采用中浓度保水剂和微生物菌肥配施可以改良土壤,提高造林成活率。     

节水灌溉条件下冬小麦优化施肥研究

在东新大田生产条件下,就冬小麦只进行冬灌时的优化施肥问题进行了研究.结果发现由于东新土壤普遍缺N而富P,施用P肥无明显增产效果,低N下施P反而减产;而施N则具有明显节水增产效果.因此,在东新只灌一水(冬灌60mm)情况下,从发挥肥效和提高WUE的角度出发,施纯N150kg/hm²,N:P=2:1即可达到较优效果,过量NP肥施用无助于产量和WUE的提高.     

水肥一体化对生姜生长及叶片CO2、H2O交换特性的影响

以“莱芜大姜”为试材,研究了等量施肥条件下,沟灌常规施肥(CK)、滴灌常规施肥(T1)、水肥一体化(T2)对生姜生长,叶片H2O、CO2交换参数等的影响.结果表明,不同处理生姜地上部茎叶干物质量无显著差异,但T1、T2处理的地下根茎干物质量分别较CK增加11.15％和16.95％.水肥一体化可显著提高生姜叶片色素含量和净光合速率(Pn),降低蒸腾速率(Tr),提高水分利用效率(WUE).生姜根茎膨大期(9月16日),T1、T2处理叶片叶绿素含量和Pn分别比CK高6.77％、8.99％和10.21％、16.23％;生姜发棵期(8月20日),T1、T2处理叶片的Tr分别比CK低10.19％和9.42％;T1、T2处理的WUE无显著差异,但显著高于CK,8月26日9:00达峰值时,T1、T2的WUE分别比CK高23.83％和28.74％.T1、T2处理的灌溉水生产效率分别比CK高132.06％和146.79％;肥料偏生产力分别高12.54％和17.94％.     

高含砾土壤中保水剂对杏树蒸腾及果实品质的影响(简报)

高含砾土壤保水能力差,保水剂的应用为其节水措施提供了一条重要的途径,该文通过施用保水剂后其土壤水分、蒸腾和杏树果实产量品质的变化,分析杏树水分利用特征,为提高该种土壤水分利用效率,进而制定高效、合理的节水措施提供理论依据。该试验采用热扩散法边材液流探针（TDP）对昌平北流果园试验地15 a生杏树液流进行连续监测。结果表明：保水剂对土壤水分及杏树蒸腾影响明显,特别是在2个干旱阶段土壤水分与蒸腾都呈显著提高。在试验期间保水剂（每株200 g）处理平均土壤质量含水率相对于未施保水剂处理约提高了21.53%,平均日蒸腾量提高了20.62%。同时施用每株200 g保水剂处理相对于其他处理单果质量与果实维生素C含量明显提高,可见施用保水剂后对于提高水分利用效率、果实品质有明显的效果,是解决高含砾土壤中水分利用率低的有效途径。     

节水灌溉对黄淮海地区冬小麦水分消耗与光合特性的影响

20082~009年在大田试验条件下研究了节水灌溉对冬小麦耗水特性、光合特性、产量及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明,小麦播种至拔节期,以消耗0—40 cm土层水分为主,在此期间42 mm降水条件下,不灌冻水处理在拔节前0—40 cm土层达到重度水分亏缺,灌冻水处理只为轻度水分亏缺。前期重度水分亏缺对后期根系吸收深层水分和旗叶光合速率起到显著影响。轻度水分亏缺条件下,气孔导度下降,蒸腾速率随之降低;而光合速率可得以维持,单叶水分利用效率提高。随灌水次数增加,总耗水量加大,土壤水和降水的消耗比例显著降低。产量、WUE与耗水量均呈二次曲线关系,但变化趋势不一致,两曲线在耗水量360 mm处相交,为两者理论上最佳结合点。本试验中,冻水+拔节水处理产量最高,达到7753 kg/hm2,比不灌水处理(W 0)提高了40.2%,WUE值为1.9 kg/m3,与W 0处理差异不显著,为本试验的最优节水高产灌溉方案。     

Combined effect of deficit irrigation and potassium fertilizer on physiological response,plant water status and yield of soybean in calcareous soil

A 2-year field experiment (2013 and 2014) was conducted in calcareous soil (CaCO₃ 19.2%), on soybean grown under three irrigation regimes 100%, 85% and 70% of crop evapotranspiration combined with three potassium (K₂O) levels (90, 120 and 150 kg ha^?1). The objective was to investigate the complementary properties of potassium fertilizer in improving soybean physiological response under water deficit. Plant water status (relative water content RWC, chlorophyll fluorescence F_v/F₀ and F_v/F_m), had been significantly affected by irrigation or/and potassium application. Potassium improved growth characteristics (i.e. shoot length, number, leaf area and dry weight of leaves) as well as physiochemical attributes (total soluble sugars, free proline and contents of N, P, K, Ca and Na). Yield and yield water use efficiency (Y-WUE) were significantly affected by irrigation and potassium treatments. Results indicated that potassium application of 150 and 120 kg ha^?1 significantly increased seed yield by 29.6% and 13.89%, respectively, compared with 90 kg ha^?1 as average for two seasons. It was concluded that application of higher levels of potassium fertilizer in arid environment improves plant water status as well as growth and yield of soybean under water stress.     

灌溉量与减氮配施有机肥模式对温室黄瓜及土壤的影响

为探究设施农业中不同灌溉量与施肥模式对土壤理化特性、作物产量、品质、水分利用效率（water use efficiency,WUE）及氮肥偏生产力（nitrogen partial productivity,NPP）的影响。该研究通过对温室黄瓜设置充分（W1）与亏缺（W2）灌溉下不同比例减氮（N1：275 kg/hm²、N2：220 kg/hm²、N3：165 kg/hm²）配施腐熟羊粪有机肥（O1：12 t/hm²、O2：8 t/hm²）处理试验,分析充分与亏缺灌溉下不同减氮配施有机肥处理对土壤理化特性、黄瓜品质、产量、WUE及NPP的影响。结果表明,在相同灌溉条件下,减施氮肥和配施有机肥均能有效改善土壤结构,O1N3处理较其他处理土壤容重平均降低5.8%,孔隙度平均增加7.7%,三相组成优化,大粒径水稳性团聚体含量平均提高25.4%,0～30 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量平均降低21.8%。同时,配施有机肥能提高温室黄瓜WUE和NPP,在相同灌溉和氮肥条件下,O1较O2水平黄瓜WUE和NPP分别平均提高14.5%和15.7%。综合对比分析不同指标得出W1O2N2处理表现最佳,黄瓜可溶性葡萄糖、可溶性固形物、维生素C（VC）含量及产量较W1O1N1处理无显著差异（P>0.05）,同时能有效改善土壤环境,减少肥料用量,保证生产经济效益。研究结果对于设施农业科学水肥管理及绿色高效生产具有重要的参考意义。     

Influence of mulch and poultry manure application on soil temperature,evapotranspiration and water use efficiency of dry season cultivated okra

Sustainable vegetable production especially during the dry season requires adequate conservation of soil water. This study was conducted to evaluate the sole and interactive effects of mulching (M) and poultry manure (PM) application on soil temperature (ST), crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and water use efficiency (WUE) of okra. The experiment was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The treatments were M at 0 and 6 t ha⁻¹ and PM at 0, 10 and 20 t ha⁻¹. Soil temperature was measured using digital thermometer while ETc was determined by water depletion method using a Time Domain Reflectometer. Irrigation at field capacity was applied manually at 2-day intervals. Independent application of mulch significantly lowered ST while joint application of 20 t ha⁻¹ PM (PM20) and M significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced ST at 5 cm and 10 cm soil depth compared with the unmulched plots in both seasons. Application of 10 t ha⁻¹ PM (PM10) without M recorded the highest ETc (43.7 mm), while joint application of PM20 and M reduced ETc by about 93% compared with PM10 only. Okra used water most efficiently when PM20 was applied under mulched plot. There was 62.2% increase in WUE under mulched plots compared with the control while the residual effect of PM10 and M significantly increased WUE by 65.5%. It was evident that M alongside application of PM is a good strategy for regulating ST, moderating ETc and increasing okra WUE, especially during dry season farming.     

基于Meta分析华北冬小麦高产高效协同提升灌溉方案

目前针对灌溉对冬小麦产量和水分利用效率影响研究大多基于单点实验，受气候、土壤等因素影响，研究结果可比性较差，且难于获得区域结论。本文通过检索搜集获得186篇大田实验文献，共1876对观测数据，采用Meta分析方法分析明确了灌溉对华北冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响，揭示了不同区域、降水年型、土壤质地和施氮量水平下灌溉对产量和水分利用效率的影响差异，明确了不同情景下华北冬小麦产量和水分利用效率协同提升的最佳灌溉量。研究结果表明，与生长季内不灌溉相比，灌溉使华北冬小麦总体增产32.0%～38.3%，水分利用效率降低27.3%～30.1%。冬小麦生长季降水量<150mm的西北区域灌溉增产幅度（39.6%～53.5%）高于降水量>150mm的东南区域（24.3%～27.1%），灌溉后水分利用效率降低幅度（32.4%～37.5%）高于东南区域（22.0%～24.3%）。冬小麦高产高效的生长季内最佳灌溉量西北区域为150～180mm，东南区域为120～150mm；干旱年、平水年和湿润年均为灌溉两次效果最佳，且最佳灌溉时期分别为拔节期和开花期、拔节期和抽穗期、拔节期和孕穗期，最佳总灌溉量均为120～150mm；壤土条件下灌溉对冬小麦增产效果最佳，黏土条件下水分利用效率降低幅度最小，沙土、壤土、黏壤土和黏土四种土壤质地下冬小麦最佳灌溉量分别为60～90mm、120～150mm、180～210mm和150～180mm；施氮量在120～240kg·hm⁻²时，灌水80～140mm增产节水效果最佳，其中灌水110～140mm条件下冬小麦产量更高，而灌水80～110mm冬小麦水分利用效率更高。综上所述，华北地区冬小麦在湿润年型下拔节和开花期灌溉，平水年型下拔节和孕穗期灌溉，干旱年型下拔节和抽穗期灌溉，总灌溉量为120～150mm，可实现高产节水，若该区域为壤土，同时施氮120～240kg·hm⁻²，冬小麦可实现产量和水分利用效率的协同提升。 关键词：华北冬小麦|产量|水分利用效率|协同提升|Meta分析方法     

不同水肥条件对宁南旱地谷子产量、WUE及光合特性的影响

在宁南(海原)旱农试验区,通过谷子生育期补充灌水模拟当地不同降水年型,研究了不同水肥配合对谷子产量、水分利用效率(WUE)及旗叶光合特性的影响。结果表明:在欠水年型(不补灌)和平水年型(中补灌和高补灌)水分条件下,谷子产量和WUE的最高值均在中肥水平(N 120 kg/hm2,P2O5108 kg/hm2)时获得。然而,在欠水年型,从施肥增加当季作物产量和提高有限水分利用效率方面考虑,中肥水平的施肥量并不经济,而应适当减少施肥量,以节约农业生产成本,但从培肥地力的角度看,这种施肥水平是可取的。在丰水年型(高补灌)水分供应条件下,高肥水平(N 180 kg/hm2,P2O5162 kg/hm2)可使谷子产量达到最高,而中肥水平WUE却最高,因此,从提高旱作农田作物WUE和肥料利用效率角度看,施中等肥量更为合理。不同水肥条件通过改善土壤水分状况而改善作物净光合速率(P n)和蒸腾速率(T r),在水分亏缺的年份,作物受土壤水分胁迫严重,施肥对P n和T r的效应不明显;但当土壤水分供应状况较好时,P n和T r随施肥量的增加有增加趋势。     

Growth and Nutrient Use in Four Grasses Under Drought Stress as Mediated by Silicon Fertilizers

Field water stress is a common problem in crop production, especially in arid and semi-arid zones and it is widely hypothesized that silicon (Si) could reduce water stress in plants. We set up a greenhouse study to evaluate some silicon sources—potassium silicate (K₂SiO₃), calcium silicate (CaSiO₃) and silica gel for growth and nutrient uptake by four grass species under adequate and deficit irrigation. The four species studied were Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana), Timothy grass (Phleum pratense), Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense) and Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). For all species, the biomass yield response to applied silicon under deficit irrigation was significantly better than under adequate irrigation. The yield response of Rhodes grass across silicon sources was 205% under deficit irrigation compared with only 59% under adequate irrigation; for Sudan grass it was 49% compared with 26% and for Timothy, it was 48% compared with a mere 1%. The higher responses under deficit irrigation suggest that the plants relied more on silicon to endure drought stress. Biomass yield of individual plants also differed according to soil water levels with Timothy grass being the most sensitive to water stress as it exhibited the highest yield response (209%) to adequate irrigation. This was followed by tall fescue (122%) and Rhodes grass (97%). Sudan grass was the least affected by deficit irrigation, possibly on account of improved root mass and its natural drought tolerance. Strong associations were noted between the uptake of silicon and those of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) irrespective of soil water condition, but the uptake of potassium (K) was more strongly correlated with that of Si under deficit than adequate irrigation. Improvements in plant growth following Si application could therefore be linked to enhanced uptake of major essential nutrients.     

华北山前平原农田土壤硝态氮淋失与调控研究

本文依托中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站小麦-玉米一年两熟长期定位试验, 应用土钻取土和土壤溶液取样器取水的方法, 研究了不同农田管理措施下土壤硝态氮的累积变化, 计算了不同氮肥处理通过根系吸收层的硝态氮淋失通量。结果表明, 小麦-玉米生长季土壤硝态氮累积量和淋失量随着施氮量的增加显著增加, 相同氮肥水平下增施磷、钾肥增加了作物的收获氮量, 施磷肥增加的作物收获氮量最高可达123kg·hm^-2·a^-1, 施钾肥增加的作物收获氮量最高为31 kg·hm^-2·a^-1。不同灌溉水平下0~400 cm 土体累积硝态氮随着灌溉量的增加而降低, 控制灌溉(小麦季不灌水, 玉米季灌溉1 水)、非充分灌溉(小麦季灌溉2~3 水, 玉米季按需灌溉)、充分灌溉(小麦季灌溉4~5 水, 玉米季按需灌溉)各处理剖面累积硝态氮量分别为1 698 kg·hm^-2、1148 kg·hm^-2 和961 kg·hm^-2。与非充分灌溉和充分灌溉处理相比, 控制灌溉在100~200 cm 土层硝态氮累积量显著高于其他层次, 2003~2005 年间控制灌溉剖面增加的硝态氮量占施肥总量的23%; 非充分灌溉处理剖面增加的硝态氮量占施肥总量的22%; 充分灌溉处理剖面增加的硝态氮量占施肥总量的47%。免耕措施降低了作物产量, 影响土壤水的运移, 增加了硝态氮的淋失风险。根据作物所需降低氮素投入(N 200 kg·hm^-2·a^-1), 增施磷、钾肥, 控制灌溉量是减少华北山前平原地区硝态氮淋失, 保护地下水的有效措施。     

Safflower yields and water use efficiency as affected by irrigation at different soil moisture depletion levels and plant population density under arid conditions

A field experiment was carried out over two years to investigate the effects of an irrigation regime and its interaction with plant density on yield, yield components and water use efficiency (WUE) of safflower Giza 1 cv. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement with three replications. There were three available soil moisture depletion levels (ASMD) under this study (I₁:50% of ASMD, I₂:65% of ASMD and I₃:80% of ASMD), which were kept in main plots and three plant population densities (D₁: 10, D₂: 20 and D₃: 40 plants m^?2), which were randomized in sub-plots. Significant interaction effects between irrigation regime and plant population density were detected for seed and oil yields, 1000-seed weight and seed weight plant^?1 as well as WUE. The highest seed and oil yields were found for D₂I₁. Meanwhile, the highest WUE was found for D₂I₁ or D₂I₂. Based on these results, the combination of an irrigation rate of 50% of ASMD at a density of 20 plants m^?2 when irrigation water supplies are sufficient or a rate of 65% of ASMD at the same plant density when irrigation water are limited, are recommended for planting safflower under similar soil and climatic conditions.     

不同控水时段根区局部灌溉对玉米生理和水分利用效率的影响

【目的】根区局部灌溉(PRI)是一种节水灌溉方法,包括分根区交替灌溉(AI)和固定部分根区灌溉或称部分根区干燥灌溉(PRD),其中PRD技术是在作物生育时期一半根区总不灌水,另一半根区充分灌水,AI技术则是在作物生育期内根据生育时期和土壤水分情况交替对根系两侧进行灌水。本文研究在不同施肥条件下,拔节前期至抽雄期不同时段采用PRI对玉米生理指标、 干物质积累和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响,以期为玉米合理灌溉和施肥提供依据。【方法】采用盆栽方法,设3种灌溉方式为常规灌溉(每次对盆内全部土壤均匀灌水)、 分根区交替灌溉(每次交替对盆内1/2区域土壤灌水)和固定部分根区灌溉(每次固定对盆内1/2区域土壤灌水);2种灌水量为正常灌水(70%~80%f,f为田间持水量)和轻度亏水(60%~70%f); 2种施肥处理为100%化肥氮、 80%化肥氮+20%有机氮。在拔节期至抽雄期进行12 d、 24 d和36 d根区局部控水灌溉处理。分别测定玉米的光合速率、 气孔导度、 叶绿素、 类胡萝卜素、 可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量,总干物质量、 耗水量和水分利用效率。【结果】不同灌溉方式、 灌水水平和有机无机氮比例处理对拔节中期、 拔节末期和抽雄期玉米光合速率、 气孔导度、 类胡萝卜素含量、 叶绿素含量和可溶性糖含量的影响不显著,灌水量对抽雄期脯氨酸含量的影响也不显著,表明控水持续时间长短,根区局部灌溉、 轻度亏水和有机无机氮配施不会显著影响玉米生理指标。与常规灌溉相比,拔节前期至抽雄期3个控水时段根区局部灌溉对玉米总干物质量和水分利用效率的影响虽不显著,但是显著降低了玉米耗水量,在正常灌水量和单施化肥氮条件下,拔节末期控水24 d和抽雄期控水36 d,根区局部灌溉可分别提高水分利用率24.4%和16.3%。此外,轻度亏水、 有机无机氮肥配施(80%化肥氮+20%有机氮)对玉米生理指标、 总干物质量和水分利用率的影响也不显著。【结论】在正常灌水量和单施化肥氮条件下,在拔节期至抽雄期进行根区局部灌溉可显著降低玉米耗水量,而对玉米生理指标和总干物质量无明显影响,因而显著提高玉米水分利用效率。     

调亏灌溉对膜下滴灌菘蓝生长发育和产量的影响

2019年在河西绿洲冷凉灌区民乐县益民灌溉试验站进行了调亏灌溉对膜下滴灌菘蓝生长动态、产量和水分利用效率影响的大田试验研究。在苗期充分供水条件下,以全生育期充分供水(75%～85%的田间持水量)为对照,在营养生长期进行轻度、中度和重度水分调亏,在肉质根生长期进行轻度和中度水分调亏,在肉质根成熟期进行轻度水分调亏,分别测定了水分调亏菘蓝农艺性状的阶段性改变、干物质积累和分配、产量及水分利用效率。结果表明,在营养生长期和肉质根生长期对菘蓝进行中度和重度水分调亏、成熟期进行轻度水分调亏均会显著降低其株高、主根长、主根直径和叶面积指数(P0.05),而营养生长期和肉质根生长期对菘蓝进行轻度调亏其株高、主根长、主根直径和叶面积指数与对照处理间无显著差异(P0.05)。营养生长期以及肉质根生长期进行中度水分调亏和重度水分调亏会降低菘蓝干物质积累量,降幅为3.11%～15.67%,而轻度水分调亏则不会显著影响其干物质积累量。WT1和WT4处理的经济产量与对照无显著差异,其值分别为8 554.18,8 398.70 kg/hm~2,其他各处理均导致菘蓝经济产量降低,降幅为6.89%～18.33%,WT4处理的水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率最高,比对照提高7.91%和7.39%。因此,在营养生长期—肉质根生长期施加连续轻度水分调亏,其他生育期充分供水是实现河西绿洲冷凉灌区菘蓝节水高产高效灌溉制度。