草浆造纸木质素对土壤性质和小白菜生长的影响

草浆造纸废液是影响秸秆造纸发展的重要因素,利用小白菜盆栽试验研究了施用麦秸造纸废液木质素和麦秸对土壤性质及小白菜生长的影响,以期为造纸废弃物的资源化利用提供依据。结果表明,两茬小白菜收获后,铵木素配施N肥使土壤pH值降低;小白菜两茬连作后铵木质素配施的土壤活性有机碳含量及多酚氧化酶活性分别为2.73g·kg-1和1.77mg·g-1·2h-1,显著高于其他处理;除对照和单施氮肥外,两茬盆栽收获后土壤多酚氧化酶活性均高于第一茬试验。两茬小白菜收获后秸秆配施和碱木质素配施氮肥土壤过氧化物酶活性均高于其他处理。铵木质素配施及秸秆配施的小白菜干重相近,显著高于碱木质素配施。研究表明,与秸秆还田相比,施用铵木质素没有对土壤性状和小白菜生长产生不利影响,故铵法草浆木质素可以作为一种潜在的土壤有机改良剂应用。     

Effect of Integrated Nutrition in Aromatic Rice on Carbon and Nutrient Status in an Inceptisol

Inorganic fertilizer-based nutrient management is the maintenance of soil fertility for sustaining increased crop productivity, but often at the cost of degrading soil health. This study was conducted to determine whether incorporation of organics in the conventional inorganic-based nutrient management practice on aromatic rice could sustain both fertility and soil organic carbon status on a silt loam Aeric Haplaquept. Addition of organic manure along with inorganic fertilizer could almost maintain organic carbon status of soil, while the treatment only with inorganic fertilizer registered a substantial decrease (6.58%) from its initial value. Among the treatment combinations, the treatment receiving 1 t ha^?1 mustard cake and inorganic fertilizer @ N₄₀P₂₀K₂₀ was the best, which registered the highest grain (3.01 t ha^?1) and straw (5.32 t ha^?1) yield of rice, highest nutrient uptake, and least decline in available N, P, and K status of soil. However, even the best treatment combination also was proved to be suboptimal in sustaining soil fertility.     

土壤调理剂对陕北盐碱地土体化学性质及水稻生长的影响

[目的] 研究不同土壤调理剂使用量对陕北盐碱地土壤化学性质及水稻生长的影响,为该区盐碱地改良和水稻种植提供科学参考。[方法] 以陕北定边县盐碱地水稻为研究对象,设置不同的土壤调理剂施用量（1 000,1 500,2 000 kg/hm²）,在陕北地区开展田间试验。[结果] ①随着土壤调理剂的用量增加,各处理0-40 cm土壤pH值和水溶性盐总量明显降低,各处理较对照降低范围分别为0.89%~5.02%和6.78%~13.56%。②添加土壤调理剂后土壤有机质含量显著提高,但全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量变化不明显。③土壤调理剂添加量为1 500,2 000 kg/hm²时,能较为显著提升水稻分蘖数和水稻株高。④土壤调理剂施加量为1 000~2 000 kg/hm²,水稻产量较对照提高了5.49%~24.77%,土壤调理剂施用量大于1 500 kg/hm²时,可以显著增加水稻产量。[结论] 陕北定边盐碱地种植水稻,综合考虑水稻产量和效益,土壤调理剂的参考适宜添加量确定为1 500 kg/hm²。     

Grain Yield,Yield Components,Soil Fertility,and Biological Activity under Organic and Conventional Rice Production Systems

A field experiment was conducted for 2 years on a clayey Vertisol to compare the organic and conventional methods of rice farming. Two main plot treatments were with and without plant protection and four subplot treatments were (1) control (CON); (2) inorganic fertilizers (CF); (3) organics (OF), and (4) inorganics + organics (integrated nutrient management, INM). The organics were green manure, paddy straw, and poultry manure. After 2 years, the main plot effects were not significant in terms of crop productivity though there was a reduction in soil biological parameters. Increase in grain yield was larger with inorganics and INM as compared to the organics because of the higher panicle number. However, organics increased the microbial populations, biomass carbon, nitrogen, enzyme activities, and soil fertility as compared to inorganics. Thus, organics improved the nutrient availability by influencing the soil biological activity although it did not reflect in greater yields.     

耕作与施肥措施对江淮地区白土理化性质及水稻产量的影响

针对连续旋耕白土田耕层浅薄、下层土壤黏重紧实、养分分布不均衡等问题,探索适合于白土稻田的耕作与施肥措施,以进一步提高江淮地区白土生产力和水稻产量水平。设置2种耕作方式(旋耕和翻耕)及3种施肥措施(单施化肥、化肥+有机肥、化肥+秸秆还田),通过大田定位试验研究不同耕作方式与施肥措施对白土稻田土壤理化性质、水稳性团聚体分布以及水稻产量的影响。结果表明,相较于旋耕,翻耕降低0—10cm土层土壤养分含量,而使10—20cm土层有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别提高3.2%～8.8%,4.5%～9.2%,5.2%～8.2%和8.3%～17.7%。增施有机肥或秸秆还田使土壤有机质和速效钾含量较单施化肥处理分别提高1.3%～8.6%和4.1%～21.1%。翻耕方式下10—20cm土层土壤容重较旋耕降低14.4%～19.5%,土壤大团聚体比例在0—10,10—20cm土层则较旋耕分别降低3.0%～5.4%和3.5%～9.7%;在翻耕的基础上增施有机肥或秸秆还田土壤容重较单施化肥降低2.1%～6.6%,大团聚体比例则提高2.8%～8.4%。翻耕有利于水稻产量的提高,较旋耕的增产幅度在11.7%～18.0%,增施有机肥或秸秆还田使水稻产量提高1.7%～7.5%。因此,江淮地区连续多年旋耕的白土田进行适宜翻耕结合秸秆还田或增施有机肥可改善0—20cm土层土壤理化性质,有利于水稻产量的提升。     

The Humus Content and Soil Biological Properties as a Function of Organic and Mineral Fertilization

There is a growing recognition for the need to develop sensitive indicators of soil quality that reflect the effects of land management on soil and assist land users in promoting sustainability of agro-ecosystems. Three soil enzymes (dehydrogenase, phosphatase and invertase) microbial biomass as biological variables and soil organic matter content (SOM) were investigated relative to fertilization and soil fertility (estimated by crop yield) at a long-term fertilization trial (Keszthely, Hungary). 0-34.7-69.4-104.1t farmyard manure (FYM) ha m 1 5 yr m 1 and the corresponding amount of mineral fertilizers (NPK) were applied in two different crop rotation systems. There were four straw and/or stalk incorporating treatments in the second crop rotation 'B'. Enzyme activities, microbial biomass and the amount of SOM were generally higher in the fertilized soils than in the unfertilized soils. The type of amendments (mineral, FYM or mixed) had significant effects only on the amount of SOM. The correlations among the biological variables and the crop yield were generally low (r < 0.250. The differences in field management resulted only in the invertase activity.     

有机物料对稻田土壤团聚体及有机碳分布的影响

通过连续5年定位试验,以紫云英、秸秆和商品有机肥等有机物料还田的稻田土壤为对象,研究有机物料还田后不同物理分组下土壤组成特点和有机碳变化特征。结果表明,稻田土壤团聚体主要分布在2~0.25mm与0.25~0.053mm粒级,团聚体颗粒有机碳含量随着粒径的减小而减少。有机物料还田可提高0.25~0.053mm和0.053mm粒级团聚体有机碳的含量,紫云英、秸秆、商品有机肥等有机物料可通过提高土壤微团聚体有机碳含量而增加土壤碳库。有机物料施用增加土壤轻组组分颗粒含量,减少重组组分颗粒含量,有助于土壤轻组组分的形成。稻田土壤轻组颗粒有机碳含量与0.25mm和0.053mm团聚体颗粒有机碳含量呈显著相关,与2~0.25mm团聚体颗粒有机碳含量呈极显著相关。稻田土壤施用紫云英、秸秆和商品有机肥等有机物料,可有效提高土壤微团聚体和轻组成分颗粒含量,增加土壤微团聚体和轻组有机碳含量,改变稻田土壤有机碳库组成特征。     

长期不同施肥制度下土壤有机质质量动态变化规律

通过8年定位试验,研究了长期不同施肥制度下土壤有机质质量动态变化规律。结果表明,采用有机肥(物)料配施常量NPK化肥,土壤有机碳、易氧化有机碳、腐殖酸碳及其占总有机碳比率、HAC、FAC和HAC/FAC不断提高,Kos持续下降,其变化速率表现为递减;长期不施肥和单施常量NPK化肥则造成Kos持续上升,其余指标以递减速率下降。不同施肥制度下土壤有机质质量指标的动态变化可利用渐近函数模拟。在试验的不同阶段,土壤腐殖酸碳总量的亏损或盈余向HAC分配比例的变化态势各异,长期不施肥处理随时间的延长渐减,单施常量NPK化肥处理基本上分配至HAC;有机肥(物)料配施化肥则呈现出后期>前期>中期的趋势。     

减施化肥配施不同有机肥对优质籼稻产量和品质的影响

为比较减施化肥配施商品有机肥和生物有机肥对优质籼稻产量和品质的影响差异，以6个不同类型优质籼稻品种作为供试材料，设置不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、商品有机肥和化肥按氮含量1︰1配施(SF)、生物有机肥和化肥按氮含量1︰1配施(WF) 4个处理，结果表明：(1)施肥能够显著提高优质籼稻产量，但对比单施化肥处理配施有机肥显著降低所有品种的产量，其中配施生物有机肥处理产量较配施商品有机肥呈增产趋势，但不显著。(2)相对于化肥处理，配施有机肥通过提高稻米整精米率、垩白粒率和垩白度改善了稻米加工品质并降低了外观品质，少数品种达显著水平。(3)配施有机肥较化肥处理具有延长稻米胶稠度的趋势，但不显著，并在配施生物有机肥下达最长，但绝大数品种的蛋白质含量却较化肥处理显著降低，从而提高米饭的适口性。(4)配施有机肥能提高稻米峰值黏度和崩解值，降低消减值和糊化温度，虽然变化不显著，但使得稻米RVA谱特征值接近不施肥处理的水平，有利于改善稻米食味品质，特别是配施生物有机肥更为接近。     

不同有机物料对苏打碱化土有机碳库和化学性质的影响

以内蒙古河套灌区苏打碱化土为研究对象开展田间试验,设置常规施肥(CK)、生物炭+常规施肥(BC)、牛粪+常规施肥(CD)、玉米秸秆+常规施肥(SW)和羊粪+常规施肥(GM)5个处理,研究不同有机物料添加对碱化土壤有机碳(SOC)库和化学性质的影响。分别于2019年和2020年收获季采集0—30 cm耕层土壤,分析不同有机物料添加下SOC及其活性碳组分和主要盐碱指标的变化特征及其相关关系。结果表明:与CK相比,2019年和2020年各有机物料添加处理下SOC平均增幅分别为22.7%和17.2%,土壤有机碳储量(SOCs)平均增幅分别为22.9%和18.2%;4种有机物料均提高了碱化土壤活性有机碳组分含量,其中,CD和GM处理下各活性碳组分含量增幅较其他处理更高;2019年各有机物料添加处理下碳库管理指数(CPMI)较CK提高53.8%~108.3%,2020年提高71.3%~144.1%(P＜0.05),CD和GM对CPMI的提升作用更明显。土壤化学性质方面,2020年各有机物添加处理下pH均显著下降,BC和CD处理下碱化度(ESP)分别显著下降36.9%和29.3%,CD处理下蔗糖酶活性提高36.7%(P＜0.05)。主成分分析(PCA)表明,影响苏打碱化土SOC含量变化的主要因素为活性有机碳组分和ESP。牛粪和羊粪施用对苏打碱化土有机碳库质量提升作用较好,生物炭施用对盐碱化指标改良效果最明显。     

长期施肥对稻麦轮作紫色土有机碳组分及酶活性的影响

为了探明西南地区长期不同施肥处理对稻麦轮作紫色土有机碳组分和碳循环相关水解酶活性的影响,依托重庆北碚29年稻麦轮作紫色土长期定位试验,选取不施肥(CK)、单施氮磷钾肥(NPK)、有机无机配施(NPKM)、秸秆还田配施含氯化肥[(NPK)clS]和秸秆还田配施无机肥(NPKS)5个处理,测定土壤各组分有机碳含量及与土壤碳...     

稻草原位还田对双季稻田土壤理化与生物学性状的影响

于2010-2011年通过大田试验研究等量施肥条件下稻草不同原位还田方式(稻草全量还田、稻草烧灰还田和稻草不还田)对双季稻田土壤理化特性和生物学性状的影响.结果表明:稻草全量还田2年(4季)有利于改善土壤物理性状和提高耕作层土壤有机质、不同形态碳素、碱解氮、速效氮和缓效钾含量.土壤中3大类微生物总量以稻草还田处理大于稻草不还田和稻草烧灰还田,其土壤细菌、真菌的数量增加,而放线菌的数量减少;土壤蔗糖酶活性明显增加,而脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性变化不大.土壤脲酶活性与土壤全氮含量呈显著相关,蔗糖酶活性与有机质、全氮含量呈显著或极显著相关,过氧化氢酶活性与全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量呈显著或极显著相关.     

水溶性有机质对镉在土壤中吸附行为的影响

水溶性有机质（DOM）是环境中最为活跃的化学组成之一,无疑会对土壤中重金属的迁移转化具有很大的影响。通过等温吸附试验和动力学试验,研究了由猪粪和稻草提取的DOM对重庆市菜地典型土壤中Cd吸附行为的影响。结果表明：Cd在土壤中的吸附行为由于土壤类型和添加的DOM种类的不同而有所差异,在紫色土中,稻草DOM对Cd的吸附表现出明显的抑制作用,而猪粪DOM在低浓度时对Cd的吸附有抑制作用,但在较高浓度时,猪粪DOM反而表现出对Cd的促进吸附;在黄壤中,稻草DOM也有使Cd的吸附减少的趋势,而猪粪DOM对Cd的吸附有强烈的促进作用。     

基于灰渣和猪粪制造的有机无机复混肥对土壤易变性有机碳的影响

通过田间试验研究了不施肥（CK）、化肥（NPK）、基于灰渣和猪粪制造的有机无机复混肥高、中、低水平（CFI、CF2和CF3）5种施肥处理下0～60cm土壤易变性有机碳含量及其在玉米生长期内的动态变化。结果表明：CF1、CF2和CF3处理能显著提高0～60cm土壤总有机碳（TOC）和易变性有机碳的含量及易变性有机碳的活性（P〈0．05）,其中以CF2处理提高最显著;施肥对土壤易变性有机碳影响随着土层的加深而减弱。土壤易氧化有机碳（ROC）、溶解性有机碳（DOC）、水溶性有机碳（WSOC）这3种易变性有机碳中ROC和DOC可以作为指示土壤有机碳对有机无机复混肥敏感的指标,可用于预测土壤有机碳的变化趋势。研究基于灰渣和猪粪制造的有机无机复混肥对土壤有机碳库含量的影响,还需进行长期的定位试验。     

有机酸对土壤钾素活化过程的化学分析

为模拟植物根系分泌主要有机酸(OA、CA)对土壤钾素的活化机理,采用土壤连续培养法,研究氢离子与有机配体对褐土钾素的活化能力及有机酸活化土壤钾素的化学机理。结果表明,用不同试剂连续培养土壤25天,各处理速效钾含量表现为OA 157.65 mg/kg最高,CA-Na 98.49 mg/kg最低,处理间差异极显著。在溶液浓度相同时,氢离子的酸化作用与有机配体的络合作用之间没有作用顺序差异。研究认为,土壤钾素活化过程是先由有机酸络合溶解后酸性水解的循环过程,有机酸浓度高时,土壤钾活化主要取决于溶液酸度;有机酸浓度低时,土壤主要依赖有机物的络合作用释放钾。在实际生产中将应增加根际土壤中具有络合作用物质的含量作为营养施肥、选育品种的理论依据。     

不同节水稻作模式对土壤理化特性和土壤酶活性影响研究

针对南方丘陵区季节性干旱现状与目前稻田单一化的连作耕作制度对农田环境造成的不利影响因素,通过4a田间定位试验研究了节水稻作模式下土壤理化性状和土壤酶活性变化规律影响.结果表明,与该区常规稻作模式相比.在试验设计范围内,节水稻作模式下稻田的土壤理化性状明显改善,随着耕种年限增加,土壤容重下降,而孔隙度增加.土壤通透性增强,有效阻止土壤次生潜育化和土壤酸化.提高了土壤pH值;就土壤酶活性而言,节水稻作模式处理酶活性常规稻作模式相比.除转化酶外,其它酶活性均有不同程度的增加,尤其对磷酸酶与脲酶影响最大.     

Long-Term Application of Chemical Fertilizers and Rice Straw on Soil Aluminum Toxicity

The red soil region in China is very important to agriculture. However, soil aluminum (Al) toxicity often occurs as a result of the high soil acidity. In a long-term experiment, we analyzed soil samples to determine the effect of fertilization on soil acidity and potential Al toxicity. The results showed that after 12 years of utilization, Al toxicity occurred in the soil of the control plot. Chemical fertilizer further decreased soil pH and intensified Al toxicity. However, rice straw effectively improved soil pH and ameliorated soil Al toxicity from 0 to 50 cm deep, which may be attributed to the accumulated soil organic matter (SOM) and the decomposition of the rice straw. Corresponding to the lower Al content in soil, peanut crops grew healthier with greater yields in the rice straw plot, indicating that returning crop stalks to the field should be a feasible fertilization strategy in the region.     

长期施肥下鄱阳湖区双季稻田土壤有机碳演变

以江西鄱阳湖区双季稻田施肥效应和土壤肥力变化长期定位试验为对象,研究了长期施肥条件下鄱阳湖区双季稻田土壤有机碳(SOC)的变化规律。结果表明,不施肥或缺施N、P处理均造成SOC含量显著降低,而有机无机肥配施均促进SOC含量显著提高,且SOC含量随有机肥配施比例提高而增加;土壤有机碳储量随着外源有机碳投入的增加而增加,且随着试验年限延长,土壤有机碳储量逐渐升高;土壤有机碳储量年均变化量与外源碳年均投入量呈显著正相关关系。说明外源碳的投入有利于促进土壤有机碳含量和储量的提升。     

Mineral Elements Uptake and Growth of Strawberry as Influenced by Organic Substrates

Pot experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to compare the effect of four organic substrates [S1: Persian turpentine trees leaf mold (50%) + Soil (50%); S2: Oak leaf mold (50%) + Soil (50%); S3: Cypress leaf mold (50%) + Soil (50%) and S4: liquorice processing wastes (50%) + Soil (50%)] application on strawberry growth, yield, and nutrient concentration, and on some soil properties. Results showed that leaves mold and liquorice wastes application decreased pH, increased soil organic matter, and increased soil concentrations in all mineral elements studied, except for potassium (K). The amount of mineral elements in substrates had also a great influence on the leaf nutrient concentrations. High levels of nitrogen (N), K, iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were obtained in leaves; while phosphorus (P) concentration was lower than sufficient levels. Although, strawberry fresh and dry weights and leaf chlorophyll content were significantly higher in plants grown in S4 with no added fertilizer, the highest fruit yield was obtained in combination substrates with 50% fertilizer. Our results indicate that use of leaf mold and liquorice wastes in soil mixtures can reduce the amount of fertilizer required for optimum strawberry plant growth and yield.     

耕作方式和秸秆还田对直播稻田土壤有机碳及水稻产量的影响

研究了直播稻田在不同耕作方式和秸秆还田下土壤有机碳(SOC)和水稻产量的变化。结果表明,秸秆还田能够显著增加SOC含量,耕作方式可显著影响土壤有机碳的垂直分布。SOC含量与水稻籽粒产量存在显著的正相关关系(R2=0.712 9**,n=6),SOC含量与土壤全氮(TSN)之间有显著的正相关性(R2=0.860 9**,n=43)。秸秆还田能够促进土壤有机碳的增加,稳定直播稻田系统的生产力,实现粮食安全和生态环境安全的双赢。