不同水氮管理下稻田氨挥发损失特征及模拟

为了探讨减少稻田氨挥发的合理水氮管理措施,基于田间试验资料,分析了不同水氮管理稻田氨挥发损失规律及其交互影响,并用DNDC(土壤碳氮循环模型)模型模拟了节水灌溉条件下不同氮肥管理稻田氨挥发损失动态特征。结果表明,控制灌溉和实地氮肥管理的联合应用既大幅降低了稻田氨挥发峰值,又降低了稻田大部分无施肥时段的氨挥发损失,稻田氨挥发损失量为39.63kg/hm2,较常规水肥管理稻田降低44.69%。采用DNDC模型模拟节水灌溉条件下不同氮肥管理稻田氨挥发损失量是可行的,稻季氨挥发总量模拟值与实测值相对误差均在±10%以内。节水灌溉和实地氮肥管理的水氮联合调控显著降低了稻田氨挥发损失量,且实地氮肥管理对氨挥发损失降低的贡献率要大于节水灌溉。该文研究结果可为稻田的水肥科学管理,减少稻田氨挥发损失提供依据。     

稻田-沟塘系统水氮动态模拟与灌排调控模型构建

沟塘系统对农田排水具有较好的拦蓄能力,是降低中国南方稻区农业面源污染风险的有效措施,定量化评价稻田-沟塘系统水氮过程是合理制定水氮管理措施的关键。该研究以稻田-作物模型WHCNS_Rice为基础,通过添加沟塘水氮平衡和灌排调控过程,构建了稻田-沟塘系统水氮调控模型。并采用太湖流域2 a不同灌排和施肥处理的田间试验数据校准和验证模型,分析不同灌排和施肥处理下稻田-沟塘系统的调控策略。研究结果显示,模型能够模拟不同灌排和施肥处理下稻田土壤含水量、稻田田面水深、径流量、氮素径流损失量、氨挥发量、作物吸氮量和作物产量,模拟的相对均方根误差、一致性指数和模型模拟效率的范围分别为4.6%～29.7%、0.758～0.996和0.073～0.983,均在可接受的范围内。模拟结果显示,与传统处理相比,控制灌溉结合优化施肥,减少了稻田32.1%～36.2%的灌溉水用量和36.7%～67.3%的氮素径流损失,同时平均降低了55.1%沟塘硝态氮浓度,从而降低了沟塘地表氮素径流损失风险。Morris敏感度分析结果显示,稻田土壤水力学参数和沟塘渗漏速率对沟塘水深的模拟影响较大,而作物参数的敏感度相对较低。沟塘硝态氮浓度对稻田水力学参数、沟塘氮素消纳系数和氨挥发一阶动力学系数较敏感。同时,构建的模型能反映不同水氮管理措施和沟塘/稻田面积比下稻田-沟塘系统水分消耗、氮素去向和作物生长过程。该模型可为优化稻田-沟塘系统水氮管理方案、防控农业面源污染提供有力工具。     

太湖地区稻麦轮作条件下施用包膜尿素的氮素循环和损失

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the fate of ^15N-labeled urea and its residual effect under the winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） and summer maize （Zea mays L.） rotation system on the North China Plain. Compared to a conventional application rate of 360 kg N ha^-1 （N360）, a reduced rate of 120 kg N ha^-1 （N120） led to a significant increase （P 〈 0.05） in wheat yield and no significant differences were found for maize. However, in the 0-100 cm soil profile at harvest, compared with N360, N120 led to significant decreases （P 〈 0.05） of percent residual N and percent unaccounted-for N, which possibly reflected losses from the managed system. Of the residual fertilizer N in the soil profile, 25.6%-44.7% and 20.7%-38.2% for N120 and N360, respectively, were in the organic N pool, whereas 0.3%-3.0% and 11.2%-24.4%, correspondingly, were in the nitrate pool, indicating a higher potential for leaching loss associated with application at the conventional rate. Recovery of residual N in the soil profile by succeeding crops was less than 7.5% of the applied N. For N120, total soil N balance was negative; however, there was still considerable mineral N （NH4^＋-N and NO3^--N） in the soil profile after harvest. Therefore, N120 could be considered ngronomically acceptable in the short run, but for long-term sustainability, the N rate should be recommended based on a soil mineral N test and a plant tissue nitrate test to maintain the soil fertility.     

节水灌溉稻田氨挥发损失及影响因素

为了揭示节水灌溉稻田氨挥发特征,开展了不同灌溉模式稻田氨挥发损失的田间试验,分析了节水灌溉稻田氨挥发速率季节变化规律与稻季氨挥发损失量,以及稻田氨挥发速率与影响因素之间的相互关系。结果表明,控制灌溉稻田氨挥发速率与淹水灌溉稻田变化规律基本一致,且在分蘖肥引起氨挥发出现峰值后的大部分时间里都要低于淹水灌溉;控制灌溉与淹水灌溉稻田稻季氨挥发损失总量（以纯氮计）分别为125.27 kg/hm2和145.64 kg/hm2,分别占稻季施氮量的31.06%和36.11%。除了受施肥影响外,稻田氨挥发还与田面水（表层土壤水）铵态氮浓度、空气温度、风速、日照时数及空气湿度等有密切关系。与淹水灌溉相比,控制灌溉减少了稻田氨挥发损失。     

Nitrogen Budget and Ammonia Volatilization in Paddy Fields Fertilized With Liquid Cattle Waste

A study was conducted to determine nitrogen budget and ammonia volatilization in Japanese paddy fields supplemented with liquid cattle waste (LCW). A series of four, 2?×?10 m experimental plots was established in a paddy field with silty clay soil planted with forage rice (Oryza sativa L.). In addition to 195 kg N ha^?1 of chemical or compost-based basal fertilizer, LCW was applied as an additional fertilizer at total nitrogen rates of 0, 255, 255, and 405 kg N ha^?1 to the four plots C195, T450-1, T450-2, and T600, respectively. The mass balance showed that after application of LCW, 32–39% of total input nitrogen was assimilated into aboveground parts of rice plants, 11–15% leached downward, 2.5–4.0% was lost via ammonia volatilization, 1.6–5.1% was retained in roots or was adsorbed onto soil, and approximately 30–40% was lost via denitrification. Compared to animal waste slurries applied to unsaturated soils, nitrogen loss via ammonia volatilization was relatively lower, probably due to the dilution effect of floodwater. Nitrogen loss via denitrification was markedly higher in areas where LCW was applied compared to areas without LCW application. On the other hand, nitrogen leaching downwards represented a substantial loss and may be an environmental concern. However, after LCW application only, the ammonium ion was detected, at a maximum nitrogen concentration of 11.4 mg L^?1. In this system, therefore, nitrogen has a different fate to that in animal waste slurries applied to unsaturated soil. In that situation, the major nitrogen form in leaching water is nitrate nitrogen, which moves readily into groundwater.     

水氮耦合对水稻田间氨挥发规律的影响

在防雨棚池栽试验中应用通气法研究了水氮耦合对稻田土壤氨挥发速率的动态变化及损失量。结果表明,稻田施用氮肥后有明显NH3挥发损失,整个生育期累计氨挥发量为31.67～69.70kg·hm^-2,占施氮量的17.95%～28.64%;不同生育时期氨挥发量的大小依次为返青期〉拔节孕穗期〉分蘖期〉抽穗开花期〉乳熟期,挥发高峰出现在施氮肥后的1～3d内;随着施氮水平增加,田间氨挥发量显著增加。与此同时,稻田水分状况对NH3挥发损失具有重要影响,与常规灌溉模式相比,控制灌溉条件下氨挥发总量和氨挥发损失率均较小,且不同施氮水平间差异显著。就氨挥发损失率而言,在试验条件下水氮耦合效应显著,以控制灌溉模式下施氮量为180kg·hm^-2时的氨挥发损失率最低,为17.59%。     

水氮调控对设施土壤氨挥发特征的影响

基于连续6年设施番茄水氮调控定位试验,采用高分辨激光光谱法观测分析灌水下限(土壤水吸力为W_1:25 kPa、W_2:35 kPa、W_3:45 kPa)和施氮量(N_1:75 kg N/hm~2、N_2:300 kg N/hm~2、N_3:525 kg N/hm~2)对设施土壤氨挥发通量、累积挥发量、番茄产量及单产累积排放量的影响。结果表明:灌水下限、施氮量及两者交互作用极显著的影响设施土壤氨挥发通量峰值、累积挥发量、单产氨挥发累积量、氨挥发损失率和番茄产量。氨挥发通量表现为施氮后6～8天氨挥发达到峰值。经验S模型可以较好地表征基肥和追肥2个时期氨挥发累积量随时间的变化,氨挥发特征参数表现为基肥期以灌水下限和水氮交互影响为主,追肥期以施氮量和水氮交互影响为主。与基肥相比,采用滴灌追肥可显著的降低氨挥发累积量94.78%～96.30%。受土壤pH和土壤NH_4~+-N含量及施肥带比例影响,氨挥发的氮损失率在0～2%。施氮量为300 kg N/hm~2和灌水下限25 kPa组合的水氮处理(W_1N_2)是协调氨挥发量和设施番茄产量的最佳水氮管理模式。     

太行山前平原农田生态系统氮素循环与平衡研究

在中国科学院栾城生态农业试验站1公顷小麦玉米轮作农田,运用乙炔抑制原状土柱培育法、微气象学法和陶土头多孔杯水量平衡法分别定量测定了氮素硝化反硝化损失、氨挥发、NO3--N淋溶损失等氮素循环转化途径。研究结果表明,每年因氨挥发而造成的肥料氮损失量为N.60.kg/hm2,占施入肥料氮的15%;NO3--N淋溶损失量为N.68～4.kg/hm2,占肥料施用量的1.4%2～0.3%;每年因硝化反硝化过程造成的肥料损失量为N.2.021～0.49.kg/hm2,占肥料施入量的0.51%1～.37%。氨挥发、NO3--N淋溶和硝化反硝化损失主要发生在施肥灌溉/降雨之后,玉米季肥料损失明显高于小麦生长季节。氨挥发和NO3--N淋溶损失是本区域农田氮素损失的主要途径,是氮肥利用率低的重要原因。在当地农民所采用的常规农业管理措施下,小麦玉米轮作农田氮素平衡处于盈余状态,小麦季盈余N+115.5～+124.5.kg/hm2,明显高于玉米季;由于玉米季氮素损失严重,氮素盈余较少,甚至出现亏缺,玉米季氮素平衡状况为-54.6～+14.3.kg/hm2。     

不同肥料运筹对夏玉米田间土壤氮素淋溶与挥发影响的原位研究

运用排水采集器法和通气法结合田间原位试验,研究了不同肥料运筹对夏玉米田间土壤氮素淋溶与挥发的影响。结果表明,在夏玉米生长季节,田间土壤水分淋溶体积达63.49～7.L/hm2,且表现与灌溉水量和降雨量正相关。与单施氮肥相比,有机肥配施氮肥在夏玉米生长发育前期易加剧水分的淋溶;氮素淋溶损失量明显高于氨挥发损失量,且二者均随施氮量的增加而升高;与单施氮肥相比,有机肥配施氮肥极显著地增大了氮素淋失量,减少氮素的氨挥发损失量,总体分析显示,有机肥配施氮肥极显著增大了氮素净损失量和氮素损失率;在夏玉米生长期内,施肥运筹的田间土壤淋溶水硝态氮浓度均呈现双峰趋势,以硝态氮形式淋失是田间土壤氮素淋失的主要形式,铵态氮浓度则呈现先升后降的趋势,铵态氮的累计淋失量很少。同时发现,大口期夏玉米生长旺盛,对氮素的需求强烈可以减少氮素的淋失和氨挥发损失,适量增加夏玉米大口期的追肥量,是提高氮肥利用效率的有效途径。     

太湖地区水稻追肥的氨挥发损失和氮素平衡

采用密闭室通气法和¹⁵N 微区试验, 对太湖地区水稻不同生育期追施氮肥的氨挥发损失、水稻对氮肥的吸收利用和土壤氮素残留情况进行了研究。结果表明, 氨挥发损失主要发生在施肥后1 周内, 峰值出现在施肥后1~2 d, 氨挥发速率变化与田面水NH₄⁺-N 浓度变化规律一致, 分蘖肥和穗肥氨挥发损失率分别为16.7%和6.3%; 水稻分蘖肥的作物氮素利用率低于穗肥, 分别为36.7%和49.6%, 主要原因是穗肥的氨挥发损失较少,并且更易于向籽粒转移; 2 次追施氮肥的表观损失率分别为52.8%和40.7%; 在土壤中残留肥料氮为10.6%, 大都集中在0~20 cm 土壤中, 耕层以下较少。本结果表明, 在水稻孕穗时期施氮肥有利于提高氮肥利用效率、减少氮肥损失, 主要体现在穗肥拥有较低的氨挥发损失率和较高的籽粒利用率。     

氮肥用量对太湖水稻田间氨挥发和氮素利用率的影响

Ammonia volatilization losses, nitrogen utilization efficiency, and rice yields in response to urea application to a rice field were investigated in Wangzhuang Town, Changshu City, Jiangsu Province, China. The N fertilizer treatments, applied in triplicate, were 0 （control）, 100, 200, 300, or 350 kg N ha^-1. After urea was applied to the surface water, a continuous airflow enclosure method was used to measure ammonia volatilization in the paddy field. Total N losses through ammonia volatilization generally increased with the N application rate, and the two higher N application rates （300 and 350 kg N ha^-1） showed a higher ratio of N lost through ammonia volatilization to applied N. Total ammonia loss by ammonia volatilization during the entire rice growth stage ranged from 9.0% to 16.7% of the applied N. Increasing the application rate generally decreased the ratio of N in the seed to N in the plant. For all N treatments, the nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency ranged from 30.9% to 45.9%. Surplus N with the highest N rate resulted in lodging of rice plants, a decreased rate of nitrogen fertilizer utilization, and reduced rice yields. Calculated from this experiment, the most economical N fertilizer application rate was 227 kg ha^-1 for the type of paddy soil in the Taihu Lake region. However, recommending an appropriate N fertilizer application rate such that the plant growth is enhanced and ammonia loss is reduced could improve the N utilization efficiency of rice.     

不同施肥类型对稻田氮素流失的影响

采用田间试验探究了不同施肥处理对稻田氮素流失的影响,其中不同施肥包括对照(CK)、常规施肥(CT)、有机肥替代(BS)和炭基肥(CB)4个处理。结果表明:CB和BS组对降低稻田氮素径流流失的效果显著(p<0.05),其中稻田铵态氮的径流流失总量CT组(20.08 kg/hm^2)>BS组(15.53 kg/hm^2)>CB组(12.68 kg/hm^2)>CK组(0.63 kg/hm^2)。通过估算不同深度土壤的铵态氮与硝态氮淋溶流失量可知,BS和CB组对降低稻田氮素淋溶流失的效果有限。CT、BS和CB组中无机氮的表面径流流失总量占施氮量的5.30%~8.30%,淋溶流失总量占施氮量的0.21%~0.27%,说明氮素流失以径流为主。各施肥处理(CT、BS、CB)分别增产18.3%,28.4%,24.9%,达显著水平(p<0.05)。研究结果说明施用炭基肥和有机肥可显著减少稻田的氮素流失。     

太湖地区稻麦轮作下氮素径流和淋洗损失

Although nitrogen （N） loss through runoff and leaching from croplands is suspected to contribute to the deterioration of surrounding water systems, there is no conclusive evidence for paddy soils to prove this hypothesis. In this study, field plot experiments were conducted to investigate N losses through runoff and leaching for two consecutive years with 3 N fertilization rates in rice （Oryza sativa L.）-wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） rotations in the Taihu Lake region, China. A water collection system was designed to collect runoff and leachates for both the rice and wheat seasons. Results showed that dissolved N （DN）, rather than particulate N （PN）, was the main form of N loss by runoff. The NO3^--N concentration in runoff was between 0.1 and 43.7 mg L^-1, whereas the NH4^＋-N concentration ranged from below detection limit to 8.5 mg L^-1. Total N （TN） loads by runoff were 1.0-17.9 and 5.2-38.6 kg ha^-1 during rice and wheat seasons, respectively, and the main loss occurred at the early growing stage of the crops. Nitrogen concentrations in leachates during the rice seasons were below 1.0 mg L^-1 and independent of the N application rate, whereas those during the wheat season increased to 8.2 mg L^-1 and were affected by the fertilizer rate. Annual losses of TN through runoff and leaching were 13.7-48.1 kg ha^-1 from the rice-wheat cropping system, accounting for 5.6%-8.3% of the total applied N. It was concluded that reduction in the N fertilization rate, especially when the crop was small in biomass, could lower the N pollution potential for water systems.     

太湖地区绿肥还田与无机氮追肥配施的环境效应分析

通过太湖地区绿肥还田与不同用量的无机氮追肥配施小区试验,研究了水稻苗期、分蘖期和抽穗期田面水氮素不同形态的变化特征、径流损失及水稻产量。结果表明:绿肥还田后,水稻苗期田面水中总氮浓度出现先减小后增加的变化,总氮浓度增加的原因主要是有机氮浓度的增加,而无机氮浓度先升后降;分蘖肥和穗肥施用后,田面水氮素浓度随施肥量的增加而升高,田面水总氮和有机氮在施肥后第1天达到最大,随后快速下降,而无机氮在施肥后则经历了一个先升后降的变化过程;随着施肥量的增加,稻季氮素径流损失不断增大,无机氮是氮素径流损失的主要形态,且径流水中无机氮以铵态氮为主,故应将铵态氮作为农田排水污染检测的主要指标;绿肥还田模式下,施用氮素基肥可大大提高田面水的氮素含量,增加氮素流失风险,而不施氮素追肥或者过量减施均可影响作物的产量。绿肥还田,稻季配施140 kg hm-2无机氮追肥,可减少48%无机氮肥投入,降低38.5%氮肥流失率,实现水稻产量效应和环境效应的协调,是水体污染严重地区值得尝试的一种农作方式。     

Nitrogen losses from outdoor pig farming systems

Abstract. Nitrogen losses via nitrate leaching, ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emissions were measured from contrasting outdoor pig farming systems in a two year field study. Four 1‐ha paddocks representing three outdoor pig management systems and an arable control were established on a sandy loam soil in Berkshire, UK. The pig management systems represented: (i) current commercial practice (CCP) ‐ 25 dry sows ha^?1 on arable stubble; (ii) ‘improved’ management practice (IMP) ‐ 18 dry sows ha^?1 on stubble undersown with grass, and (iii) ‘best’ management practice (BMP) 12 dry sows ha^?1 on established grass. Nitrogen (N) inputs in the feed were measured and N offtakes in the pig meat estimated to calculate a nitrogen balance for each system. In the first winter, mean nitrate‐N concentrations in drainage water from the CCP, IMP, BMP and arable paddocks were 28, 25, 8 and 10 mg NO₃ l^?1, respectively. On the BMP system, leaching losses were limited by the grass cover, but this was destroyed by the pigs before the start of the second drainage season. In the second winter, mean concentrations increased to 111, 106 and 105 mg NO₃‐N l^?1 from the CCP, IMP and BMP systems, respectively, compared to only 32 mg NO₃‐N l^?1 on the arable paddock. Ammonia (NH₃) volatilization measurements indicated that losses from outdoor dry sows were in the region of 11 g NH₃‐N sow^?1 day^?1. Urine patches were identified as the major source of nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, with N₂O‐N losses estimated at less than 1% of the total N excreted. The nitrogen balance calculations indicated that N inputs to all the outdoor pig systems greatly exceeded N offtakes plus N losses, with estimated N surpluses on the CCP, IMP and BMP systems after 2 years of stocking at 576, 398 and 264 kg N ha^?1, respectively, compared with 27 kg N ha^?1 on the arable control. These large N surpluses are likely to exacerbate nitrate leaching losses in following seasons and make a contribution to the N requirement of future crops.     

Nitrogen Volatilization from Arizona Irrigation Waters

A laboratory study was initiated to investigate the effects of temperature (25, 30, 35, and 40 °C) and water quality on the loss of fertilizer nitrogen (N) through volatilization out of irrigation waters collected from 10 different Arizona sources. A 300‐mL volume of each water source was placed in 450‐mL beakers open to the atmosphere in a constant‐temperature water bath with 10 mg of analytical‐grade ammonium sulfate [(NH₄)₂SO₄] dissolved into each sample. Small aliquots were drawn at specific time intervals over a 24‐h period and then analyzed for ammonium (NH₄ ⁺)‐N and nitrate (NO₃ ^?)‐N concentrations. Results showed potential losses from volatilization to be highly temperature dependent. Total losses (after 24 h) ranged from 30–48% at 25 °C to more than 90% at 40 °C. Volatilization loss of fertilizer N from irrigation waters was found to be significant and should be considered when making decisions regarding fertilizer N applications for crop production in Arizona particularly when using ammonia‐based fertilizers.     

太湖地区稻麦轮作系统不同氮肥管理模式对麦季氮素利用与流失的影响研究

通过对施氮管理模式的调整,研究太湖流域稻麦轮作系统不同模式下麦季氮素利用率以及土壤中氮素迁移对水体中氮的影响。试验设置6个处理：农户施肥处理、化肥减量处理、稻季按需施肥处理（麦季同化肥减量处理）、新型肥料处理、有机无机配施处理以及无氮处理。结果表明：有机无机配施处理在麦季持续减少25%施氮量的情况下不会影响产量及作物地上部分氮素总积累量,且氮素表观利用率显著高于其他处理,麦季径流与渗漏损失量主要受施氮量的影响,NO3-N是损失的主要形态;减氮处理可较农户处理降低7.7～12.0kg·hm-2的氮素流失;麦季有机无机配施减量处理,能够保证作物产量与氮素吸收并且有效降低氮素的流失,具备可持续性发展的前景。     

我国北方立体种养殖稻田氮素利用率研究

针对目前我国北方地区农业面源污染严重、氮肥利用率低的现象,选择北方典型稻区——天津市宝坻水稻种植区为研究区,以整个稻田生态系统为基本研究单元,建立氮素输入和输出模型,并以水稻普通种植模式(CK,水稻单作)为对照进行田间试验,研究水稻立体种养殖模式(RF,水稻-鱼-虾-蟹共作+田埂+沟渠)氮素的吸收利用率。结果表明,两种水稻种植模式氮素的输入主要来自灌溉、施肥和降雨,其中RF输入氮肥128.25 kg(N)·hm-2,与CK相比减少11.75 kg(N)·hm-2,与南方种植水稻地区相比,氮肥施用量减少14%~52%,RF从源头减少氮素输入,降低了营养元素流失风险。CK氮素的输出主要包括土壤固定、氨挥发、侧渗流失和水稻吸收,RF与CK相比,氮素的输出还包括鱼虾蟹的吸收,由于RF特殊的田埂-沟渠生态净化系统,通过侧渗损失的氮素(以NO3--N为主)较CK减少9.33 kg(N)·hm-2。试验期间,RF和CK氨累积挥发量分别为8.91kg(N)·hm-2和21.54 kg(N)·hm-2,RF氨挥发速率为6.9%,比CK低8.5%,比全国平均水平低10.3%;收获期,RF与CK相比,水稻产量增加6.65%,表明稻田养殖鱼虾蟹不会降低水稻产量。RF氮素利用率为64.3%,比CK高19.7%,既实现了水稻丰产,又减少了氮素流失。因此,在满足水稻灌溉需求的北方地区,可以开展水稻立体种养殖模式,以控制北方地区农业面源污染。     

太湖地区稻田氨挥发及影响因素的研究

应用微气象学方法研究太湖地区水稻三个不同施肥期施用尿素后的氨挥发损失 ,并对其影响因素 (气候、田面水中NH 4 N浓度和作物覆盖等 )的作用进行了分析研究。结果表明 ,水稻施用尿素后的氨挥发损失为各时期施氮量的 18 6 %～ 38 7% ,其中以分蘖肥时期损失最大 ,其次为基肥 ,穗肥氨挥发损失最小。氨挥发损失主要时期是在施肥后 7d内。在水稻不同生长期 ,各因素对氨挥发的影响能力大小并不一样 ,三个施肥期的氨挥发损失通量与施肥后田面水中铵态氮浓度呈显著正相关。     

脲胺氮肥对太湖地区稻田氨挥发及氮肥利用率的影响

采用田间小区试验,以普通尿素和氯化铵为对照,研究脲胺氮肥对太湖地区稻田氨挥发及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:氮肥施入后,氨挥发损失主要发生在施肥后5~7天内,氨挥发损失量与田面水NH4+-N浓度呈线性正相关关系。不同氮肥的氨挥发损失差异显著(P0.05),脲胺氮肥的氨挥发损失分别比普通尿素和氯化铵减少了2.71和6.41 kg/hm2,并且该氮肥对水稻有增产的趋势,氮肥利用率分别比普通尿素和氯化铵显著提高了10.43%和10.64%。此外,综合考虑经济和环境效益,该氮肥净收益高于尿素和氯化铵。因此,脲胺氮肥值得在太湖地区推广。