Temporal Oscillations of Calcium,Magnesium, Potassium,and Sodium Dissolved Contents in an Agroforestry Catchment from the Atlantic Galicia

There is an increasing awareness worldwide of the conveyance of sediment-associated nutrients across eroding soil surfaces into receiving waters. The objective of this study was to analyze the temporal oscillations of concentrations as well as the exportation of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and sodium (Na) at the outlet of an agroforestry catchment. These macronutrients were measured in the drainage waters of a 36.3-km² catchment located at the Valiñas River (Coruña, northwest Spain), where 560 samples were taken from 2003 to 2007. The water collection strategy was a stratified point sampling involving more frequent collections when flow was high. Element contents in the water were analyzed by inductively coupled argon plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The dissolved content ranges were as follows: Ca between 4.47 and 20.7 mg L^–1, Mg between 2.4 and 7.3 mg L^–1, K between 1.13 and 8.6 mg L^–1, and Na between 8.9 and 27.2 mg L^–1. Significant correlations among all the analyzed elements were observed during the entire study period. Mostly, nutrient losses were related to degradation induced by soil erosion on the cultivated land portion of the catchment.     

Phosphorus and Suspended Sediment Loads in Base-Flow and Runoff Events: A Case Study of a Small Stream in NW Spain

This study focuses on the role of runoff events in influencing concentrations and export of suspended sediments and phosphorus in a headwater stream draining an agroforestry catchment in northwestern Spain. Large differences exist between suspended sediment and phosphorus (P) concentrations measured during base-flow conditions and runoff events, with a higher delivery during runoff events. Suspended sediment and phosphorus exports were 29.44 and 0.08 kg ha^?1 y^?1 respectively, with more than 50% delivered during runoff events (12% of the year). The relative contributions of phosphorus forms to the total annual export were 75% and 25% as particulate and dissolved phosphorus, respectively. Soil erosion is the main source of suspended sediment and phosphorus in the stream.     

Temporal Oscillation and Losses of Three Carbon Forms in a Microcatchment of NW Spain

Long-term agricultural sustainability and water quality may be threatened by inadequate land management. Carbon (C) losses at the catchment scale largely depend on land use and management practices. In “Abelar” farm (A Coruña, NW Spain), swine slurry was directly discharged during a period of about 30 years onto agricultural maize fields and rangeland under cattle production. In 1998, the agricultural fields and rangeland were planted to stands of Eucalyptus globulus. The purpose of this work was to assess the concentrations and losses of total, inorganic, and organic carbon at the outlet of a small catchment (10.7 ha) in the period from March 2007 to December 2010. Nearly 190 water samples were collected; specifically eleven in 2007, sixty-eight in 2008, fifty-six in 2009, and fifty-three in 2010. Total runoff volumes from the catchment were also measured during the 3.7-year study period. Except for a peak recorded in November 2008, total carbon values (TC) ranged from 1.51 to 6.14 mg L^?1, total inorganic carbon (TIC) varied between 0.54 and 3.30 mg L^?1, and total organic carbon (TOC) was between 0.38 and 2.83 mg L^?1; the exception was due to an occasional pig slurry discharge occurring in 2008, which drove the greatest values of the three carbon forms. The season of the year influenced concentrations of total, organic, and inorganic carbon. Total, organic, and inorganic carbon loads exported at the catchment outlet were estimated at the monthly and yearly time scales. Overall, 10 years after planting to the forest, dissolved and total carbon losses were rather small.     

Sediment and Phosphorus Loads from a Stream Draining Agricultural and Forest Lands in Northwest Spain

ABSTRACT

Transport of suspended sediment (SS) and phosphorus (P) via surface runoff from soils to surface waters is a major problem of water quality degradation in many European rivers and in other parts of the world. This problem is especially serious during wet periods, which can produce twice the P loads of dry periods. In this study, the SS load and particulate phosphorus (PP) exported from a small catchment located in NW Spain (in which cultivated soils had different degrees of vegetation cover) were analyzed during two rainy periods of February 2006 and February 2007. The SS and PP loads were calculated from the data of discharge, and SS and PP concentrations were measured in water samples collected at the catchment outlet. SS and PP loads were higher in 2006 than in 2007, while there was higher rainfall and stream flow in 2007. Differences in the degree of vegetation cover in the cultivated fields with good connectivity with the stream, which was the main source area of sediment in this catchment, explain the differences in SS and PP loads between the two periods. Soil losses caused during both rainy periods were low (0.02 Mg ha^?1); however, they may be detrimental to quality of the stream water due to the P linked to soil particles. PP concentrations were above the critical values of P for eutrophication during the study periods, highlighting the need to take conservation measures to reduce soil erosion and sediment delivery to watercourse.     

黄河上游沉积物中磷的存在形态及生物可利用性

采用七步连续提取法分别对黄河上游11个不同段位表层沉积物样中7种形态磷进行了分离分析,探讨了其变化规律和分布特征,分析了其生物可利用性及对黄河及海洋水体营养状况的影响。结果表明：所获得沉积物中磷的7种赋存形态为：交换态磷（Ex-P）、铝结合态磷（Al-P）、铁结合态磷（Fe-P）、闭蓄态磷（Obs-P）、自生钙结合磷（Ca-P）、原生碎屑磷（De-P）和有机磷（OP）,其中De-P和Ca-P的含量范围分别为139.08～482.89mg.kg-1和40.30～125.55mg.kg-1,二者共占总磷（TP,为各形态磷的总和）含量的约87%,是沉积磷和无机磷（IP,前6种磷形态之和）的主要存在形态;OP含量范围为6.14～36.74mg.kg-1,平均占TP的4%;Ex-P、Al-P、Fe-P和Obs-P含量均较低,平均值分别为7.53、25.85、5.05mg.kg-1和0.64mg.kg-1,共占TP含量的约9%。各形态磷的含量分布直接与取样点及沉积物粒径有关。Ex-P、Al-P、Fe-P、Or-P和部分Ca-P作为黄河表层沉积物中潜在的生物可利用磷（BP）,其总量至少占TP的5.91%～30.17%。根据黄河每年进入渤海的输沙量可初步估算出黄河泥沙入海后为海洋提供的BP的量达3.21～8.92万t。     

混养鱼塘水中磷含量及表层沉积物中磷赋存形态的初步探究

为更好地揭示养殖系统的磷收支和污染程度,以上海郊区3口团头鲂（Megalobrama amblycephala）混养鱼塘即池塘A、B、C以及水源D为研究对象,定期测定养殖期间水体中总磷（TP）、活性磷酸盐（PO4-P）以及沉积物中总磷的含量,并探究沉积物中不同形态磷,包括交换态磷（Ex-P）、铝结合磷（Al-P）、铁结合磷（Fe-P）、闭蓄态磷（Oc-P）、原生碎屑磷（De-P）、钙结合磷（Ca-P）和有机磷（Or-P）的分布变化特征。试验发现,该养殖场水源水TP（0.17±0.06）mg·L－1及PO4-P（0.11±0.06）mg·L－1含量一直维持在稳定的较低水平,养殖生产导致池塘A、B、C水中TP大大增加,已超过地表水Ⅲ类标准和淡水养殖池塘排放标准（Ⅱ类）。养殖池塘及水源沉积物中TP浓度分别是（0.69±0.04）、（0.70±0.07）、（0.68±0.09）、（0.79±0.13）mg·g－1,池塘表层沉积物中TP含量变化不大,而水源沉积物TP变化波动性明显。池塘表层沉积物中磷主要由Fe-P（18.03±6.01）%、Oc-P（22.82±5.34）%、Ca-P（27.48±8.15）%和Or-P（20.29±6.60）%组成,Ex-P（3.07±1.06）%、Al-P（7.62±3.11）%,尤其是De-P（0.69±0.35）%     

Dynamics of Forms of Inorganic Phosphorus in Soil under Coffee Plants as a Function of Successive Annual Additions of the Nutrient

Phosphorus (P) dynamics and availability in soils are influenced by P fertilization. This paper aimed to evaluate inorganic P fractions bonded to calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and aluminum (Al), associating them with soil mineralogy. The experiment was carried out using an acidic kaolinitic–oxidic soil, located in an irrigated area cultivated with coffee plants (Coffee arabica L.), submitted to successive annual fertilizations with triple superphosphate doses of 0, 50, 100 200, and 400 kg ha^?1 phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅) in randomized blocks with three replications. Phosphorus fractions were determined in soil samples collected at two depths, 0–10 and 10–20 cm, according to the methodology used by Chang and Jackson (1957 Chang, S. C. and Jackson, M. L. 1957. Fractionation of soil phosphorus. Soil Science, 84: 133–144. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]). The inorganic P fractions presented the following sequence: P-Al > P-Fe > P-Ca. The dynamics of forms of inorganic P showed that P-Al is controlling the P bioavailability as a result of an acidic pH and a very simple and thermodynamically stable clay mineralogy, typical of very weathered and old tropical soils.     

三峡库区消落带沉积物与土壤磷形态及分配特征研究

应用沉积物中磷形态的标准测试程序(SMT)对三峡库区典型消落带表层新生沉积物及土壤中形态磷进行分级测定,并探讨形态磷之间及其与有效磷和样品理化性质(有机质和铁)之间的相关性。结果表明:消落带沉积物及土壤中总磷(TP)含量分别在435.1~970.0,152.8~1 022.7mg/kg之间,均值分别为(713.6±124.3),(547.5±169.7)mg/kg,沉积物中TP含量远高于土壤,显示了新生沉积物吸附磷的能力高于土壤。无机磷(IP)是沉积物及土壤中磷的主要形态,分别占TP的78.2%,74.2%;有机磷(OP)只占较小的比例。沉积物及土壤中钙磷(Ca—P)是IP的主要赋存形态,Ca—P/IP均值为73.6%,74.1%,而铁/铝磷(Fe/Al—P)占IP比重仅为26.4%,25.9%。沉积物及土壤中有效磷(Olsen—P)含量分别在4.43~45.50,2.88~41.84mg/kg之间,其中分别有29.6%,11.1%的样品超过土壤磷素淋失的Olsen—P临界突变点(25mg/kg)。回归分析表明,沉积物中Fe/Al—P和OP是Olsen—P的主要贡献者,而Ca—P对Olsen—P的贡献很小;土壤中仅Fe/Al—P对Olsen—P有较大贡献。相关分析表明,有机质与OP呈极显著正相关,说明有机质的输入可促进OP的累积;TP、Fe/Al—P、Ca—P与无定形态铁(Fe_o—Fe_p)、有机络合态铁(Fe_p)呈显著正相关,表明Fe_o—Fe_p和Fe_p可促进沉积物及土壤的固磷作用。     

Dynamics of Runoff and Suspended Sediment Transport in a Highly Erodible Catchment on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Runoff is the key factor to understand the land degradation causing high risk of soil erosion and can reduce the water available for human societies and ecosystems. The dynamics of runoff and suspended sediment transport are not completely understood. In this study, we examined the trends, breaking point and regime changes for the runoff and sediment load at different temporal scales using 50 years of continuous observational data from a highly erodible sub‐catchment with an area of 7,325 km² in the Beiluo River basin on the Loess Plateau, China. At the annual scale, the runoff and sediment load declined significantly (p < 0·05) with decreasing rates of −0·23 mm y⁻¹ and −164·9 Mg km⁻² y⁻¹, respectively. Abrupt changes in the runoff and sediment load series were detected between 1979 and 1999; thus, the data were divided into intervals of 1960–1979, 1980–1999 and 2000–2009. The flow duration curve analysis indicated increasing low‐flow values and decreasing daily runoff and sediment discharge peaks, which suggested that soil and water conservation measures reduced the volume of runoff and the sediment load. This led to a more uniform runoff regime. At the flood event scale, we investigated the relationship between runoff and the suspended sediment load based on 123 flood events, which showed clearly that the magnitude and frequency of hyper‐concentrated sediment flows decreased in 2000–2009 compared with 1960–1999. The annual erosive rainfall exhibited non‐significant changes throughout the entire study period. We conclude that soil and water conservation measures (e.g. afforestation, grassing, terraces and check dams) have played major roles in the changes in runoff and the sediment load in the Beiluo River catchment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

应用分形理论估算丹江口水库水源区总氮、总磷的流失量

[目的]掌握区域农业面源污染物的流失状况,证明分形计算结果的可靠性。[方法]采用分形理论对丹江口水库水源区河南省所在的区域2013年总氮(TN),总磷(TP)的流失量进行估算,并与输出系数法的值进行比较。[结果]研究区污染物的流失以氮为主,TN的流失量是TP的7.16倍;禽畜养殖引起的流失量最多,占了总量的69.93%,农田化肥中的流失量占21.99%;灌河产生的污染物最多,其次是丹江、淇河、滔河,但在流失强度上却是滔河最大,其次是灌河、丹江、淇河;通过配对t检验分析将分形方法计算的污染物总量与输出系数法相比,在0.1水平下有统计学意义,说明前者较后者更能反映实际。[结论]用分形方法估算区域污染物的面源污染是可行的,应当加强区域禽畜粪尿和农田化肥的管理,以确保丹江口水库水质。