Yield,Yield Components,Soil Chemical Properties,Plant Physiology,and Phosphorus Use Efficiency in Soybean Genotypes

Expansion of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] cultivated in Brazil to regions with low fertility soils gave rise to studies on the possibility of obtaining highly productive cultivars with high nutrient use efficiency. An experiment in greenhouse conditions was conducted to assess phosphorus (P) use efficiency (PUE) by 13 soybean genotypes. The genotypes were grown in an Ustoxix Quartzipsamment with two P rates [0 (no P application) and 150 mg P kg^?1], whose source was monoammonium phosphate (MAP, P₂O₅ 44%). Shoot dry weight (SDW), grain yield (GY), grain harvest index (GHI), relative yield (RY), and physiological components (photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, respiratory rate, and internal CO₂ concentration) were influenced by soybean genotypes and P rates. Genotypes BMX Apolo RR, BRS 360RR, BRS 378RR, CD 219RR, DM 2302RR, TMG 7161RR, and Vtop RR were classified as non-efficient and non-responsive to P application, while BMX Potência RR, Vmax RR, FPS Solar RR, NA 5909RR, TMG 1066RR, and M 6210 IPRO were classified as efficient and responsive. Phosphorus application increased the values of physiological components, which was not observed for N, K, Ca, Mg, and S concentration in the leaves and grains. Soybean genotypes selection for increased P efficiency could help growers overcome the problem of soybean cultivation on new areas or degraded pastures.     

Influence of Lime and Gypsum on Yield and Yield Components of Soybean and Changes in Soil Chemical Properties

Soybean is one of the most important legume crops in the world. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the influence of liming and gypsum application on yield and yield components of soybean and changes in soil chemical properties of an Oxisol. Lime rates used were 0, 0.71, 1.42, 2.14, 2.85, and 4.28 g kg^?1 soil. Gypsum rates applied were 0, 0.28, 0.57, 1.14, 1.71, and 2.28 g kg^?1 soil. Lime as well as gypsum significantly increased grain yield in a quadratic fashion. Maximum grain yield was achieved with the application of 1.57 g lime per kg soil, whereas the gypsum requirement for maximum grain yield was 1.43 g per kg of soil. Lime significantly improved soil pH, exchangeable soil calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) contents, base saturation, and effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC). However, lime application significantly decreased total acidity [hydrogen (H) + aluminum (Al)], zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) contents of the soil. The decrease in these soil properties was associated with increase in soil pH. Gypsum application significantly increased exchangeable soil Ca, base saturation, and ECEC. However, gypsum did not change pH and total acidity (H + Al) significantly. Adequate soil acidity indices established for maximum grain yield with the application of lime were pH 5.5, Ca 1.8 cmol_c kg^?1, Mg 0.66 cmol_c kg^?1, base saturation 53%, Ca saturation 35%, and Mg saturation 13%. Soybean plants tolerated acidity (H + Al) up to 2.26 cmol_c kg^?1 soil. In the case of gypsum, maximum grain yield was obtained at exchangeable Ca content of 2.12 cmol_c kg^?1, base saturation of 56%, and Ca saturation of 41%.     

Variability on Yield,Nutritional Status,Soil Fertility,and Potassium-Use Efficiency by Soybean Cultivar in Acidic Soil

The use of cultivar with nutrient-use efficiency is an important strategy in the management of plant nutritional status, particularly potassium (K), because its high demand and the progressive impoverishment caused by the use of inadequate amounts cause frequent deficiency symptoms observed in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] crops. This study was conducted in greenhouse conditions in a completely randomized design with four replicates in an Typic Quartzipsamment soil aimed to assess the effect of applying two rates of K (50 and 200 mg kg^?1) on growth, shoot dry weight yield (SDWY) and seed yield (SY), nutritional status, yield components, and efficiency of K use in eleven cultivars of different characteristics and growth habits. The SDWY, SY, number of seeds per pod, number of pods, and estimated 100-seed weight showed significant interaction between cultivar and the K rates, with greater values at the rate 200 mg K kg^?1. Similarly, the concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), K, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in leaves and grains varied according to the K rates and in the cultivar. The most K-use efficient cultivars were BMX Magna RR, BRS 232, BRS 284, BRS 294RR, NA 5909RR, and Vmax RR, whereas FTS Campo Mourão RR was inefficient. Regarding response to fertilization, the cultivars Vmax RR, BMX Magna RR, NA 5909RR, BRS 284, and BRS 294RR were found to be efficient and responsive, whereas the cultivar FTS Campo Mourão RR, BRS 232, BMX Potência RR, BRS 295RR, TMG 1066RR, and TMG 1067RR are inefficient and responsive to K application in the soil.     

Influence of Applied Cattle Manure on Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Grain Yield,Soil pH and Soil Organic Carbon

ABSTRACT

Animal manure is used in crop production to improve crop yield and soil properties. The impact of cattle manure applied in one year on yield and soil properties in the subsequent years has not been extensively studied. This work evaluated the effect of manure application on winter wheat grain yield (Triticum aestivum L.), soil organic carbon (SOC), and soil pH. Cattle manure was applied once every four years at a rate of 267 kg N ha^?1. Grain yield and soil samples (0–15 cm) were collected annually from the Magruder Plots, Oklahoma. Soil samples were analyzed using a glass electrode (pH) and LECO dry combustion analyzer (SOC). The highest yield (2.8 Mg ha^?1) occurred in the second year after manure application. Yield in the second year exceeded yield in the first year by 66%. Yields in the third and fourth year were similar to yields in the other years. No changes in soil pH and SOC were observed in each of the four years that constituted the manure application cycle. Cattle manure (267 kg N ha^?1) could be applied once to serve a four-year period without major yield differences while also improving soil pH and SOC when compared to the check.     

灌漠土长期有机配施土壤肥力特征和作物产量可持续性分析

为揭示长期施用有机肥对灌漠土土壤培肥效果,依托甘肃河西绿洲灌区灌漠土长期定位培肥试验(1988-至今),设计有机肥磷肥配施(MP)、有机无机配施(1/2MN+P)、氮磷配施(NP)和不施肥(CK)4个处理,测定其第31年和已有的土壤养分和作物产量数据,研究灌漠土长期有机培肥对土壤肥力特征和作物产量的影响.结果表明:有机...     

Agronomic Efficiency of Two Types of Lime and Phosphate Fertilizer Sources in Brazilian Cerrado Soils Cultivated with Soybean

With the increase in phosphate fertilizer prices, there is a need to find lower-cost alternatives that are as efficient as soluble sources such as single (SSP) and triple superphosphate (TSP). In Brazil’s northern and northeastern regions, there are reserves of igneous rocks with low solubility containing high concentrations of total phosphorus (P) that can be used to produce fertilizers, such as thermalphosphates. To assess the efficiency of sources of P and two types of lime on soybean yield, a field experiment was carried out in an area with dystrophic Red Latosol (Oxisol) in a Cerrado region in the southern part of Maranhão State. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 2 × 3 × 4 factorial scheme, with four replicates. The treatments were two types of lime [calcitic (CL) (<5 dag kg^?1 of MgO) and dolomitic (DL) (>13 dag kg^?1 of MgO)], three phosphate fertilizer sources [triple superphosphate (TSP), “Yoorin” thermalphosphate (YT), and experimental thermalphosphate (ET)], and four rates of phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅; 0, 100, 200, and 300 kg ha^?1). After 2 years of cultivation, the application of DL resulted in greater soybean yields than the application of CL. The two lime types influenced the pH, carbon (C), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) concentrations as well as the Ca/Mg, Ca/K, and Mg/K ratios in the soil. With respect to sources of P, the YT applied in the soil with DL produced an agronomic efficiency index (AEI) similar to that of TSP, whereas in the soil with CL, the TSP, YT, and ET were similar, with maximum technical efficiency (MTE) under both conditions starting at 230 kg ha^?1 of P₂O₅. The critical concentration of available phosphorus (P) in the soil (Mehlich-1 extractant) for cultivation of soybean under the climate and soil conditions studied was between 5.0 and 6.0 mg kg^?1.     

Influence of Lime and Gypsum on Growth and Yield of Upland Rice and Changes in Soil Chemical Properties

Upland rice is an important crop in the cropping systems of South America, including Brazil. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine influence of lime and gypsum on yield and yield components of upland rice and changes in the chemical properties of an Oxisol. The lime rates used were 0, 0.71, 1.42, 2.14, 2.85, and 4.28 g kg^?1 soil. The gypsum rates were 0, 0.28, 0.57, 1.14, 1.71, and 2.28 g kg^?1. Lime as well as gypsum significantly increased plant height, straw and grain yield, and panicle density in a quadratic fashion. Adequate lime and gypsum rates for maximum grain yield were 1.11 g kg^?1 and 1.13 g kg^?1, respectively. Plant height, straw yield, and panicle density were positively related to grain yield. Lime as well as gypsum application significantly changed extractable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), hydrogen (H)+aluminum (Al), base saturation, and effective cation exchange capacity. In addition, liming also significantly increased pH, extractable phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), calcium saturation, magnesium saturation, and potassium saturation. Optimum acidity indices for the grain yield of upland rice were pH 6.0, Ca 1.7 cmol_c kg^?1, base saturation 60%, and calcium saturation 47%. In addition, upland rice can tolerate 42% of acidity saturation.     

Lime and Micronutrients Interaction in Soybean Genotypes Adapted to Tropical and Subtropical Conditions

Liming reduces acidity neutralizes aluminum (Al³⁺) and manganese (Mn²⁺) toxicities and increases calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) concentrations in many acid soils of the world. However, it reduces the availability of other cationic micronutrients that are essential for plant growth. Therefore, an experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions for assessing the effects of higher lime rates in foliar and grain boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) concentrations of 15 soybean genotypes [Glycine max (L) Merrill]. The lime rates were calculated to raise base saturation (V) to 40 and 70%. The soybean genotypes were classified as efficient and moderately efficient in lime-use, the most efficient cultivar was BRS 295RR, and the least efficient was TMG 7161RR and BMX Força RR. The lime rates × genotypes interaction was significant for foliar Cu. The grain the interactions were significant for B, Cu, Fe, and Mn concentrations. Foliar and grain B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations varied significantly among the genotypes. The Ca and Mg concentrations in the leaf, grain, and soil showed a positive correlation with foliar B concentrations and a negative correlation with leaf and grain Cu, Mn, and Zn concentrations.     

Dunite in Agriculture: Physiological Changes,Nutritional Status and Soybean Yield

ABSTRACT

Brazil is an importer of fertilizers and the use of alternative sources is increasing in agriculture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Dunite rates on magnesium (Mg), silicium (Si), reducing sugars, sucrose and foliar starch, soil chemical attributes and soybean yield [Glycine max (L.) Merril] in two soil types. The treatments consisted in the five Dunite rates (0, 42, 208, 542, and 1542 mg kg^?1) in a clayey soil, and five Dunite rates (0, 150, 238, 411, and 933 mg kg^?1) in a sandy soil. In both crops and soils, the Mg and Si contents, reducing sugars and foliar glucose, as well as pH, Mg and Si of the soil, and yield components showed a positive response due to the increase of input rates. The Mg nutrition provides lower foliar starch levels, consequently, the best partition of metabolites to plant leads to better development, filling and yield of soybeans.     

Grain Yield,Yield Components,Soil Fertility,and Biological Activity under Organic and Conventional Rice Production Systems

A field experiment was conducted for 2 years on a clayey Vertisol to compare the organic and conventional methods of rice farming. Two main plot treatments were with and without plant protection and four subplot treatments were (1) control (CON); (2) inorganic fertilizers (CF); (3) organics (OF), and (4) inorganics + organics (integrated nutrient management, INM). The organics were green manure, paddy straw, and poultry manure. After 2 years, the main plot effects were not significant in terms of crop productivity though there was a reduction in soil biological parameters. Increase in grain yield was larger with inorganics and INM as compared to the organics because of the higher panicle number. However, organics increased the microbial populations, biomass carbon, nitrogen, enzyme activities, and soil fertility as compared to inorganics. Thus, organics improved the nutrient availability by influencing the soil biological activity although it did not reflect in greater yields.     

牛粪有机肥替代化肥对茶叶产量、品质及茶园土壤肥力的影响

有机肥的施用是改善茶叶品质、提高茶叶产量的重要措施之一,牛粪资源化利用有助于降低对农业生态环境的污染,为探讨牛粪有机肥对茶叶产量和品质的影响,通过连续2年（2019—2020年）的田间定位试验,研究了不同比例牛粪有机肥替代化肥对六安瓜片乌牛早茶叶内外品质、产量及茶园土壤肥力的影响,筛选了适宜茶园的牛粪有机肥替代化肥比例。结果表明：全部化肥处理乌牛早茶叶产量最高,为821.87 kg/hm²,其次是牛粪有机肥完全替代化肥处理,为817.13 kg/hm²,随着牛粪有机肥替代比例增加,乌牛早茶叶的产量呈现上升趋势,且施肥处理乌牛早茶叶产量增幅为20.40%~44.01%;牛粪有机肥替代70%氮肥及牛粪有机肥全部替代氮肥处理下乌牛早茶叶内在成分及感官品质总体得分均最佳;牛粪有机肥替代化肥可以提高茶园土壤pH,随着牛粪有机肥替代比例升高,土壤有机质、全氮含量均呈现上升趋势,碱解氮、速效钾、有效磷含量均呈现先上升后下降趋势,且在牛粪有机肥替代70%氮肥处理下达到最高;牛粪有机肥替代化肥增加了茶园土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶及蛋白酶的活性,且牛粪有机肥替代70%氮肥处理下其土壤酶的活性较高。综合牛粪有机肥替代化肥对乌牛早茶叶产量品质、生物学性状及土壤肥力的影响,牛粪有机肥替代70%~100%氮肥是茶园系统较优的有机肥替代化肥模式。     

High P Availability in Brazilian Cerrado Soils Reduces Nodulation and Grain Yield of Soybean

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of phosphorus (P) levels on nodulation and soybean production components in Cerrado soils. The experimental design was randomized in blocks, with five replicates, and four consecutive crop seasons (2013/2014, 2014/2015, 2015/2016, and 2016/2017), being cultivated in the same experimental field area. In the first three crop seasons phosphate fertilization were carried out establishing the treatments of increasing levels of P: 0, 43.6, 87.3, 131.0, and 174.6 kg ha^?1, and an additional level (farm standard) of 42 kg ha^?1. The results of this work refer to the crop season 2016/2017 without different P application, evaluating the influence of content of previous crop seasons. The dry weight of roots, plant population, thousand grains weight, grain yield, nitrogen (N) and P content in leaves, number and dry weight of nodules were evaluated in the reproductive stages (R2 and R8) of soybean. Increasing levels of P in soil provided significant effects on nodulation, morphological components and production of soybean plants. Levels above 40 mg dm^?3 of P available in soil provided a reduction in the number and dry weight of the nodules that are highly correlated to reduction on grain yield.     

陕北中部丘陵区土壤肥力现状及提高土地生产力的途径

调查分析了延安宝塔区和安塞县7个乡镇近三年来的粮食生产,肥料投入以及各土地类型的土壤肥力状况,表明:投入的化肥中,氮肥以低浓度养分的碳铵为主,平均占肥料总量的38.3%,从施入土壤的N、P、K养分来看,K比例很小,结构不合理。土壤肥力总体水平低,且不同土地类型差异大;由于各乡镇自然和经济状况的差异,土地投入量不同,从而导致粮食产量相差悬殊,并且年际波动大。提高土地生产力的有效途径是培肥土壤和大力推广农作物高产栽培技术。     

Response of Soybean to Phosphorus Fertilization in Brazilian Oxisol

Soybean is an important grain crop for Brazil, and phosphorus (P) plays an important role in improving yield of this crop in Brazilian Oxisols. Data are limited on influence of P sources and rate on soybean yield, yield components, and P-use efficiency. A field experiment was conducted for 3 consecutive years to determine response of soybean to three fertilizers (single superphosphate, Yoorin, and Arad) with 0, 17.5, 35, and 52.5 kg P ha^?1 (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1). Grain yield was significantly influenced by phosphorus fertilization. Overall, maximum grain yield was produced by application of single superphosphate, followed by Yoorin and Arad. Number of grains per pod and 100-grain weights were also influenced significantly by P fertilization. Shoot dry weight, number of pods per plant, and grain harvest index had a significant positive association with grain yield. Phosphorus uptake in grain was about six times more than uptake in shoots, and P uptake in grain had a significant positive association with grain yield. Phosphorus-use efficiency (kg grain/kg P applied or uptake) decreased with increasing P rate, and it was greater for single superphosphate than for Yoorin and Arad sources of P fertilization. However, P-utilization efficiency (kg grain plus straw yield / P uptake in grain plus straw) was greater under Yoorin treatment compared to the two other sources of P.     

木醋液对辽西北低、中肥力土壤小白菜产量和土壤酶活性的影响

[目的]确定木醋液在辽西北地区低、中肥力土壤中的合适浓度,揭示木醋液对土壤酶活性的影响。[方法]设置0.10%,0.15%,0.30%不同浓度木醋液的低、中肥力土壤盆栽试验,测定盆栽小白菜的产量指标,同时测定土壤酶活性,评估其土壤肥力质量。[结果]木醋液显著提高了小白菜茎粗和根长,进而提高了小白菜产量,其中低肥力土壤施用0.30%的木醋液效果最好,中肥力土壤施用0.15%的木醋液效果最好,与对照相比分别将低、中肥力土壤小白菜鲜重提高了57.78%和46.06%。木醋液显著提高了土壤淀粉酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶活性;低肥力土壤的土壤肥力生物指数、酶活性指数在0.30%的木醋液处理下最高,中肥力土壤在0.15%的木醋液处理下最高。[结论]木醋液可以作为辽西北地区低、中肥力土壤一种良好的土壤改良剂,用于提高土壤肥力,增加蔬菜产量。     

Interaction of Glyphosate with Zinc for the Yield,Photosynthesis, Soil Fertility and Nutritional Status of Soybean

Application of glyphosate herbicide in genetically modified (GM) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] in soils with low zinc (Zn) concentration may interfere in the uptake of this and other nutrients, with negative impact on productivity. Thus, an experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions on Ustoxix Quatzipsamment soil to investigate the effects of the interaction of glyphosate with Zn for the yield, photosynthesis, soil fertility and nutritional status of soybean. The treatments consisted of two soybean varieties [BRS 133 (conventional—NGM) and its essentially derived transgenic line BRS 245RR (GM) with and without glyphosate application] and five Zn rates (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg kg^?1, source zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄)), with four replicates. Except for the copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) concentrations, the introduction of the herbicide-resistant gene is the predominant factor reducing nutrient uptake, photosynthetic (A) rate, stomatal conductance (Gs), leaf chlorophyll and ureide concentrations. The administration of Zn rates lowered the leaf phosphorus (P) concentration, and there was significant increase in Zn concentration in the soil and in the plant. Except for the 20 mg kg^?1 of Zn rate, the use of the herbicide did not affect the shoot dry weight (SDW) and seed yield, and on average, the maximum seed yield was obtained with Zn concentrations of 26.4 and 18.7 mg kg^?1 extracted by Mehlich 1 and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-triethanolamine (DTPA-TEA), respectively.     

Effect of Glyphosate and Zinc Application on Yield,Soil Fertility,Yield Components,and Nutritional Status of Soybean

Glyphosate is a widely used nonselective herbicide for the control of agricultural weeds. It is being increasingly used in glyphosate resistant genetically modified plants. However, there are few studies on its effects on the nutritional status of soybean, particularly on the uptake of zinc (Zn). Two experiments were conducted under field conditions in a Typic Quartzipsamment and an Orthic Ferralsol to investigate the effect of glyphosate application × Zn interaction on soil fertility, yield components, seed yield (SY), shoot dry weight (SDW) yield, and nutritional status of soybean. The five Zn rates 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 kg ha^?1 were used in two soybean varieties [BRS 133 (conventional—NGM) and its essentially derived transgenic line BRS 245RR (GM), which was divided into: with (+Gly) and without (–Gly) glyphosate application. Only the P (phosphorus) and Zn available concentrations in the soil were impacted by Zn rates. However, the available P concentration only decreased in the soil planted with GM soybean. Mehlich 1 and diethylenetriaminepenta acetic acid–triethanolamine (DTPA–TEA), 7.3 extractants were effective to determine the available Zn. In the two crop sites, the number of pods per plant (NPP) and the SDW yield were affected by the interaction varieties × Zn. SY was influenced by the application of the herbicide, reducing a potential phytotoxic effect with the use of high rates. Regarding the nutrients, only the foliar calcium (Ca), boron (B), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) concentrations were negatively affected by glyphosate, and in the case of Zn, the difference occurred only between the varieties BRS 133 and BRS 245RR.     

Effect of Continuous Application of Fertilizers,Farmyard Manure and Lime on Soil Fertility and Productivity of the Maize-Wheat System in an Acid Alfisol

A study on the long-term effect of fertilizers and amendments on crop productivity and changes in soil fertility in maize-wheat cropping system in an acid Alfisol was carried out in randomized block design (RBD) with 11 treatments. Continuous application of chemical fertilizers along with farmyard manure (FYM) or lime significantly influenced the grain and straw/stover yield and the uptake of nutrients by wheat and maize crops significantly. The organic carbon content increased from 7.9 to 12.1 g kg^?1, cation exchange capacity (CEC) from 12.1 to 14.6 cmol (p⁺) kg^?1 and available phosphorus from 21.9 to 75.2 kg ha^?1 through the integrated use of organic and fertilizers for the last 42 years while the status of available nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) declined over the years in all the treatments. Continuous application of urea alone resulted in a drastic decline in soil pH at both depths. Imbalanced use of fertilizers led to a significant reduction in the productivity of both crops and depleted the soil fertility.     

肥力及施肥对冬小麦千粒重的影响

冬小麦生长发育后期 ,由于气候异常或干热风 ,使冬小麦高温逼熟千粒重大幅度下降 ,但较高的肥力水平及合理的施肥技术对稳定千粒重有十分明显的作用。实验结果表明 :土壤有机质含量高、增施钾肥、氮磷钾配施 ,后期补氮及后期喷施KH2 PO4 和叶面肥对于提高千粒重有着明显的作用     

长期减量化施肥对水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响

为探讨减量化施肥对水稻产量及土壤肥力的影响,对巢湖流域连续10年减量化施肥和秸秆还田定位试验后的水稻产量、土壤有机质、有效氮磷钾、有效铜锌铁锰含量及土壤酶活性进行了测定和分析。结果表明:长期减氮30%或减磷50%处理对水稻产量无明显降低作用,减量+秸秆还田有增产作用,但增产不显著;减氮30%或减磷50%会降低土壤中有机质含量,增加土壤中速效钾、碱解氮含量,减磷50%土壤中的有效磷含量显著降低,减量+秸秆还田会增加土壤中的有机质、速效钾、碱解氮、有效铜锌铁锰含量,对有效磷的增加效果不显著;较不施肥相比,施肥能够明显提高土壤的酶活性,减少氮磷肥会一定程度地降低土壤中的酶活性,减量+秸秆还田对脲酶的增加效果不明显,但会显著增加土壤中性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性;土壤酶活性与水稻产量及土壤养分含量之间呈显著或极显著正相关关系。综合考虑减量化施肥对水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响,可提出在巢湖流域实施减量化施肥+秸秆还田处理来代替高产施肥。