Combining soil map and soil analysis for improved yield prediction

The choice of agricultural land use or management can be based entirely on a soil map or on results of soil analysis or on a combination of the two. This paper presents the kind of comparison that should form the basis for choosing among these alternatives. It is illustrated with the dry matter yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Julia) in topsoil samples.The results clearly indicate the superiority of the combination of mapping and analysis over either of these for crop yield prediction. Thus, subdividing the soil of the study area of 250 ha into 2, 3 and 4 mapping units reduced the undescribed variability from 100% to 93, 73 and 66% respectively. There was no further benefit from mapping into 5 and 6 units. Regressions of yield on values of 1, 2 and 3 soil properties reduced the undescribed variability to 62, 60 and 58& respectively. There was little benefit from including more soil properties in the regression. Regressions on 2 and 3 soil properties within each of 2 mapping units reduced the undescribed variability to 50 and 48%, while for 3 units it was reduced to 45 and 34% respectively.     

Empirical analysis and prediction of nitrate loading and crop yield for corn-soybean rotations

Nitrate nitrogen losses through subsurface drainage and crop yield are determined by multiple climatic and management variables. The combined and interactive effects of these variables, however, are poorly understood. Our objective is to predict crop yield, nitrate concentration, drainage volume, and nitrate loss in subsurface drainage from a corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotation as a function of rainfall amount, soybean yield for the year before the corn-soybean sequence being evaluated, N source, N rate, and timing of N application in northeastern Iowa, U.S.A. Ten years of data (1994-2003) from a long-term study near Nashua, Iowa were used to develop multivariate polynomial regression equations describing these variables. The regression equations described over 87, 85, 94, 76, and 95% of variation in soybean yield, corn yield, subsurface drainage, nitrate concentration, and nitrate loss in subsurface drainage, respectively. A two-year rotation under average soil, average climatic conditions, and 125 kg N/ha application was predicted to loose 29, 37, 36, and 30 kg N/ha in subsurface drainage for early-spring swine manure, fall-applied swine manure, early-spring UAN fertilizer, and late-spring split UAN fertilizer (urea ammonium nitrate), respectively. Predicted corn yields were 10.0 and 9.7 Mg/ha for the swine manure and UAN sources applied at 125 kg N/ha. Timing of application (i.e., fall or spring) did not significantly affect corn yield. These results confirm other research suggesting that manure application can result in less nitrate leaching than UAN (e.g., 29 vs. 36 kg N/ha), and that spring application reduces nitrate leaching compared to fall application (e.g., 29 vs. 37 kg N/ha). The regression equations improve our understanding of nitrate leaching; offer a simple method to quantify potential N losses from Midwestern corn-soybean rotations under the climate, soil, and management conditions of the Nashua field experiment; and are a step toward development of easy to use N management tools.     

冬小麦产量结构要素预报方法

为优选出最佳的冬小麦产量结构要素预报方法,该研究选择冬小麦成穗数、穗粒数及千粒质量为预报目标,综合考虑种植品种、密度及地区因子,并对气象因子进行膨化统计,得到126个自变量因子,分别采用多元线性回归、因子分析-线性回归及BP(Back Propagation)神经网络等3种方法进行建模分析。结果表明,直接采用各因子进行回归分析无法解决不同自变量间存在的多重共线性问题,而因子分析虽然消除了不同自变量间的多重共线性,但采用因子优化后的10个综合因子分别对3个产量结构要素进行线性回归,得到的预报模型决定系数(R^2)均不足0.500。运用BP神经网络对冬小麦3个产量结构要素进行预报,结果发现,当输入层为126、隐含层为16、输出层为3时,BP神经网络结构最佳,在此结构下,模型的决定系数为0.644,明显优于多元线性回归及因子分析-线性回归法。同时,基于BP神经网络模型对冬小麦产量结构要素的预报精度平均达85.3%。因此,推荐采用BP神经网络模型对冬小麦产量结构要素进行预报。     

灌溉量和施氮量对油用亚麻茎秆抗倒性能及产量的影响

为明确灌水和施氮对油用亚麻(Linum usitatissimum L.)抗倒伏能力和产量的影响,以‘陇亚杂1号’为材料,于2012—2013年以灌溉量为主处理(W1:2 700 m3·hm-2;W2:3 300 m3·hm-2),施氮量为副处理[纯氮量分别为N0:0 kg·hm-2(CK);N1:37.5 kg·hm-2(低氮);N2:112.5 kg·hm-2(中氮);N3:225 kg·hm-2(高氮)],研究灌溉量和施氮量对与油用亚麻抗倒性能相关的形态学特性、茎秆强度、抗倒伏指数及茎秆化学组分含量、产量构成因子及产量的影响。结果表明,随灌溉量的增加,茎秆强度和抗倒伏指数下降,株高增加,重心上移,茎粗、茎壁厚度降低,地上部干重增加,根干重减少,根冠比下降,同时茎秆中纤维素、木质素、可溶性糖和淀粉的含量下降;随施氮量的增加,茎秆强度和抗倒伏指数先升高后降低,株高和重心高度增加,茎粗、茎壁厚度、根干重和根冠比先增后减,地上部干重增加,茎秆中各化学组分含量及产量也先增加后降低。进一步分析发现抗倒伏指数与茎秆强度、茎粗、茎壁厚度、根干重、根冠比、纤维素含量、木质素含量、可溶性糖含量及淀粉含量均呈正相关关系,与株高、重心高度、地上部干重呈负相关关系。低灌水处理(W1)的茎秆强度、抗倒伏指数和产量分别比高灌水处理(W2)高30.55%、41.06%和0.53%,过多灌水不利于油用亚麻茎秆抗倒伏性能和产量的提高;中氮处理(N2)的茎秆强度分别比不施氮(CK)和高氮(N3)处理高36.8%和3.95%,产量分别高15.9%和0.8%,可见油用亚麻的栽培中施氮量不能过高或过低。因此,生产上采用适宜的灌溉量和施氮量是防止油用亚麻倒伏、获得高产、提高生产效益的重要措施。在本试验区,同等肥力土壤条件下,以灌溉量2 700 m3·hm-2和纯施氮量112.5 kg·hm-2为宜。     

Short-term effects of organo-mineral enriched biochar fertiliser on ginger yield and nutrient cycling

Purpose

Biochar has agronomic potential but currently is too expensive for widespread adoption. New methodologies are emerging to reduce the cost such as enriching biochar with nutrients that match crops and soil requirements. However, the effects of biochar-based fertilisers on plant yield and soil nutrient availability have not been widely examined. This study investigated the effects of a novel organo-mineral biochar fertiliser in comparison to organic and commercial biochar fertiliser on ginger (Zingiber officinale Canton).

Materials and methods

There were four treatments: (1) commercial organic fertiliser (5 t ha^?1), as the control; (2) commercial biochar-based fertiliser (5 t ha^?1); (3) organo-mineral biochar fertiliser at low rate (3 t ha^?1); and (4) organo-mineral biochar fertiliser at high rate (7.5 t ha^?1). A replicated pot trial was established with black dermosol soil and ten replicate pots for each treatment. Ginger was planted and grown for 30 weeks. Plant growth, biomass, foliar nutrients and water extractable soil nutrients including phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) were examined.

Results and discussion

High rate organo-mineral biochar fertiliser increased soil P and K availability at week 30 (harvest) after planting, compared to all other treatments and low rate organo-mineral biochar fertiliser performed similarly to the organic control for P and K. High rate organo-mineral biochar fertiliser increased total foliar nutrient content at week 30 in P, K and Ca compared to commercial biochar fertiliser. High rate organo-mineral biochar fertiliser improved the commercial value of ginger (+?36%) due to a shift in the proportion of higher grade rhizomes. Low rate organo-mineral biochar fertiliser plants displayed similar yield, total dry and aboveground biomass to commercial organic fertiliser. Commercial biochar fertiliser had significantly lower biomass measures compared with other treatments as the rate applied had lower nutrient concentrations.

Conclusions

Our results show organo-mineral biochar fertilisers could be substituted for commercial organic fertilisers at low rates to maintain similar yield or applied at high rates to increase commercial value where economically feasible.

     

基于冠层覆盖度的玉米植株临界氮浓度模型构建与产量预测

  【目的】  依据临界氮浓度稀释原理,构建基于冠层覆盖度的覆膜滴灌玉米植株临界氮浓度稀释曲线,并通过氮营养指数和氮累积亏缺量模型对玉米氮营养状况进行诊断和评价,以期达到基于该模型的玉米产量预测。  【方法】  于2019—2020年,在宁夏引黄灌区开展了4个氮肥用量(0、120、240、360 kg/hm2)田间试验,采用滴灌水肥一体化技术,氮肥按照苗期10%、拔节—大喇叭口期45%、抽雄—吐丝期20%和灌浆期25%的比例分8次随水追肥。在玉米关键生育时期测定农学参数和图像参数,分别测定了地上部生物量、植株氮浓度和产量,建立和验证基于冠层覆盖度的玉米植株临界氮浓度经验模型。  【结果】  基于冠层覆盖度的玉米植株临界氮浓度、最大氮浓度和最小氮浓度模型R2分别为0.917、0.843、0.873。临界氮浓度模型检验参数RMSE和n-RMES分别为 0.242和 11.753%。以冠层覆盖度为基础的氮营养指数和氮累积亏缺量推算出玉米最佳施氮处理为240 kg/hm2。不同生育时期氮营养指数、氮累积亏缺量与相对产量的关系极显著,R2均不小于0.922,且大喇叭口期和抽雄期R2值最高。采用独立试验验证表明,在大喇叭口期和抽雄期表现出稳定的模型性能,R2值≥0.944,n-RMSE均≤9.089%。在大喇叭口期和抽雄期,氮营养指数、氮累积亏缺量与相对产量呈极显著相关,能准确地解释受氮素限制和不受氮素限制生长条件下相对产量的变化。  【结论】  基于冠层覆盖度构建的植株临界氮浓度稀释曲线可准确判断和评价玉米拔节期至吐丝期的氮素营养状况,依据氮营养指数、氮累积亏缺量与相对产量所构建的关系模型可对玉米产量进行准确估计,其为玉米生长过程中氮肥的精确管理和产量预测提供了一种简便的新方法。     

小麦产量及氮效率相关性状的全基因组关联分析

  【目的】  探明控制产量及氮效率相关性状的稳定基因关联位点,为高产和氮素高效小麦育种及养分管理提供参考。  【方法】  采用134个小麦品种 (系) 为试验材料,依据小麦产量水平600和400 kg/hm2的需氮量设置正常氮 (T1) 和低氮 (T2) 2个处理,进行了2年田间试验,共形成4个处理环境。对小麦成熟期与产量及氮效率相关的14个性状进行了表型鉴定,采用GLM + Q一般线性模型和MLM + K + Q混合线性模型相结合的方法,利用群体差异SNP分子标记 (90K SNP芯片) 对小麦产量和氮效率相关性状进行全基因组关联分析。  【结果】  与正常氮处理相比,低氮处理条件下小麦籽粒产量、秸秆产量显著下降;所有性状的遗传力均在75%以上,其中小穗数的遗传力最高 (95.12%)。利用9329个SNP标记进行关联分析,共检测到382个SNP标记位点与供试14个性状存在显著关联（P ≤ 0.001）,分布在21条染色体上。有305个 (79.84%) SNP标记位点仅在一个关联分析环境中被检测到;有77个位点在至少两种处理环境 (包含平均值环境) 中被检测到与同一性状显著关联 (稳定关联标记)。其中9个SNP标记位点在至少3个环境中被检测到。在4个环境下 (包括平均值环境) 均检测到的稳定关联位点有4个:BobWhite_c47168 _598、Kukri_c31599_1456、wsnp_CAP11_c1761_958064和Excalibur_c62826_254,分别与穗粒数、籽粒氮含量和小穗数显著关联;同时与至少3个性状显著关联的SNP标记位点共12个,分别位于2A、3A、4A、5B和7B染色体上,贡献率为11.14%～22.97%,其中,标记BobWhite_c47168_598和Kukri_c31599_1456还分别定位了两个多环境 (4种环境) 稳定位点。根据12个与多性状共同定位位点和4个多环境 (4个环境) 稳定位点关联的SNP标记位置获得稳定位点附近区域的基因 (基于LD block等方式估算的区间大小),使用NCBI中CDD工具和EnsemblPlants网站对这些基因进行基因功能注释,根据功能注释,共得到10个与产量和氮效率性状相关的候选基因。  【结论】  氮供应水平对小麦成熟期产量和氮效率相关性状均有显著影响,氮素累积量与小麦产量显著正相关。本试验中检测到的与产量及氮效率相关性状显著关联的位点中,79.84%的SNP标记位点仅在一个氮处理环境中出现,环境稳定性较差;4个位点在4个环境条件下均被检测到,环境稳定性较好;12个SNP标记位点同时与至少3个性状显著关联,涉及性状均为产量及氮效率相关性状,反映了籽粒产量与氮素效率之间的显著相关关系,也可能是同时控制这些性状的遗传热点位点。根据这些热点位点和环境稳定性好的位点筛选到10个与产量及氮效率相关性状有关候选基因,值得深入探讨。     

Effect of nitrogen fertiliser on temporal and spatial variation of mineral nitrogen and microbial biomass in a silvopastoral system

This paper describes a field study to assess the effect of increasing the frequency of split applications of N fertiliser on the pattern of plant uptake, soil N availability, and microbial biomass C and N. Measurements were taken during the growing season in different positions relative to young trees (Prunus avium L.) in an upland silvopastoral system in its first year after establishment. At fertiliser rates of 72 and 144 kg ha^-1 N applied as NH₄NO₃, increasing the number of split applications increased N uptake by the pasture. Mineral forms of soil N measured 2 weeks after application indicated that residual NH _inf4 ^sup+ -N and total mineral N were also greater in this treatment on certain dates. Soil NO _inf3 ^sup- -N was positively correlated with the soil moisture content, and nitrification reached a maximum in early May and declined rapidly thereafter except within the herbicide-treated areas around the trees where soil moisture had been conserved. Results of the study suggest that high NO _inf3 ^sup- -N in herbicide-treated areas was probably caused by mineralisation of grass residues and low uptake by the tree rather than by preferential urine excretion by sheep sheltering beside the trees. Mean microbial biomass C and N values of 894 and 213 kg ha^-1, respectively, were obtained. Microbial C was slightly increased by the higher frequency of split applications at 144 kg ha^-1 N and was probably related to the greater herbage production with this treatment. Microbial N was not significantly affected by the N treatments. Both microbial biomass C and N increased during the growing season, resulting in the net immobilisation of at least 45 kg ha^-1 N which was later released during the autumn.     

Effects of nitrogen fertiliser and pesticide management on floodwater ecology in a wetland ricefield

We investigated the effects of N fertiliser and pesticide applications on the population dynamics of benthic molluscs in a tropical wetland rice field. Populations were monitored for two consecutive dry seasons in selected treatments during a study on the effects of agricultural practices on the floodwater ecology of tropical rice fields. The most abundant species recorded in the ricefields were the snailsMelanoides tuberculata andMelanoides granifera. Population densities and biomass values in planted plots ranged between 0 and 1530 individuals m^-2 and 0 and 1060 kg ha^-1, respectively. Snails were more abundant in unplanted than planted plots (1991: 170–2040 versus 0–1040 individuals m^-2, respectively). Populations in planted plots declined as the crop season progressed. Snail populations were significantly reduced by the broadcast application of mineral N fertiliser at 110 kg N ha^-1. There was little evidence that snails were affected by carbofuran or butachlor applications.     

Sap analysis for diagnosis of nitrate accumulation in cereal forages

Abstract

Development of a quantitative, preharvest quiektest for NO₃ levels in cereal forages would improve crop management options to avoid NO₃ toxicity in livestock. Our objective was to determine if concentrations of NO₃ in sap expressed from oat (Avenasativa) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) are correlated with those in dry tissue of simultaneously harvested hay, and to test the reliability of the Cardy portable NO₃ meter for sap analysis in these species. In 1993, whole plant samples were gathered from plots fertilized with variable nitrogen (N) rates at four environments in Montana, and were analyzed for NO₃ concentration in lower‐internode sap and in whole plant dry matter. In 1994 and 1995, the study was repeated at two environments. The sampling technique included three subsamples from each plot for sap analysis, followed immediately by harvest of the entire plot for hay, and further subsampling for dry matter NO₃ analysis after drying. Linear correlations between dry matter and sap NO₃ concentrations were found across species at each environment in 1993 with r values of 0.64 to 0.81. No relationship was established for oat at one environment. Locations differed in the coefficient of correlation, indicating environmental influences on the relationship and/ or variability due to sampling technique. In 1994 and 1995, each species fit a separate linear correlation across site‐years with r values of 0.89 (oat) and 0.87 (barley). The consistency across site‐years (1994–1995) indicates that the variability in preliminary results was overcome with sampling technique. We propose a quantitative quiektest for NO₃ levels in cereal forages using conditional predictions of dry matter NO₃ based on observed values of sap NO₃. Since sap NO₃ readings with the Cardy portable nitrate meter were well correlated (r=0.93) with Accumet ISE readings across critical ranges, quiektest procedures are practical.     

施氮量对超高产夏玉米产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

选用登海661（DH661）和郑单958（ZD958）为试验材料,研究了超高产条件下施氮量对夏玉米产量、氮素利用及其转运规律的影响。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,子粒产量、植株氮素总积累量和氮肥利用率呈先增加后降低。施氮量为N 240～360 kg/hm2,DH661和ZD958产量分别达12172～15080 和12011～15360 kg/hm2;而氮素利用率和氮肥农学利用率,DH661分别为10.6～23.1%和11.5～13.6%,ZD958分别为24.1～28.6%和9.5～11.4%;植株氮素总积累量和氮肥利用率均达到最大。施N 240～360 kg/hm2,提高了营养器官中氮素转运量和花后氮素同化量,可以有效调控开花前氮素转运及花后直接同化,促进子粒氮素积累,提高产量。在本试验条件下,施 N 240～360 kg/hm2可提高氮肥利用率,实现玉米高产。     

Effects of tillage, organic resources and nitrogen fertiliser on soil carbon dynamics and crop nitrogen uptake in semi-arid West Africa

Tillage, organic resources and fertiliser effects on soil carbon (C) dynamics were investigated in 2000 and 2001 in Burkina Faso (West Africa). A split plot design with four replications was laid-out on a loamy-sand Ferric Lixisol with till and no-till as main treatments and fertiliser types as sub-treatments. Soil was fractionated physically into coarse (0.250–2 mm), medium (0.053–0.250 mm) and fine fractions (< 0.053 mm). Particulate organic carbon (POC) accounted for 47–53% of total soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) for 30–37% of total soil nitrogen concentration. The POC decreased from 53% of total SOC in 2000 to 47% of total SOC in 2001. Tillage increased the contribution of POC to SOC. No-till led to the lowest loss in SOC in the fine fraction compared to tilled plots. Well-decomposed compost and single urea application in tilled as well as in no-till plots induced loss in POC. Crop N uptake was enhanced in tilled plots and may be up to 226 kg N ha⁻¹ against a maximum of 146 kg N ha⁻¹ in no-till plots. Combining crop residues and urea enhanced incorporation of new organic matter in the coarse fraction and the reduction of soil carbon mineralisation from the fine fraction. The PON and crop N uptake are strongly correlated in both till and no-till plots. Mineral-associated N is more correlated to N uptake by crop in tilled than in no-till plots. Combining recalcitrant organic resources and nitrogen fertiliser is the best option for sustaining crop production and reducing soil carbon decline in the more stabilised soil fraction in the semi-arid West Africa.     

Effects of tillage,organic resources and nitrogen fertiliser on soil carbon dynamics and crop nitrogen uptake in semi-arid West Africa

Tillage, organic resources and fertiliser effects on soil carbon (C) dynamics were investigated in 2000 and 2001 in Burkina Faso (West Africa). A split plot design with four replications was laid-out on a loamy-sand Ferric Lixisol with till and no-till as main treatments and fertiliser types as sub-treatments. Soil was fractionated physically into coarse (0.250–2 mm), medium (0.053–0.250 mm) and fine fractions (< 0.053 mm). Particulate organic carbon (POC) accounted for 47–53% of total soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) for 30–37% of total soil nitrogen concentration. The POC decreased from 53% of total SOC in 2000 to 47% of total SOC in 2001. Tillage increased the contribution of POC to SOC. No-till led to the lowest loss in SOC in the fine fraction compared to tilled plots. Well-decomposed compost and single urea application in tilled as well as in no-till plots induced loss in POC. Crop N uptake was enhanced in tilled plots and may be up to 226 kg N ha⁻¹ against a maximum of 146 kg N ha⁻¹ in no-till plots. Combining crop residues and urea enhanced incorporation of new organic matter in the coarse fraction and the reduction of soil carbon mineralisation from the fine fraction. The PON and crop N uptake are strongly correlated in both till and no-till plots. Mineral-associated N is more correlated to N uptake by crop in tilled than in no-till plots. Combining recalcitrant organic resources and nitrogen fertiliser is the best option for sustaining crop production and reducing soil carbon decline in the more stabilised soil fraction in the semi-arid West Africa.     

春玉米产量和施氮量对氮素利用率的影响

提高氮素利用率是提高氮素收益、降低氮肥施用所带来的环境风险的重要途径。采用同一品种春玉米丰田6号,以无灌溉黑土为供试土壤,采用“3414”试验设计,经3年试验,对春玉米氮素利用效率与玉米产量和施氮量之间的关系进行了探讨。结果表明,氮肥利用率与产量呈显著的正相关,而与施氮量呈显著负相关。当玉米产量大于11 t/hm2,施氮水平控制在当地推荐施肥量时,氮肥利用率可高达45%以上;超过当地推荐施肥量,氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加急剧下降。当玉米产量低于6 t/hm2时,氮肥利用率徘徊在17%左右,并且随着施氮量的增加变化不明显。     

施氮量和种植密度对高产夏玉米产量和氮素利用效率的影响

选用DH661和ZD958为试验材料,设置0、120、240、360 kg/hm2 4个施氮水平和60000、75000、90000株/hm2 3个种植密度,研究了施氮量和种植密度对高产夏玉米产量和氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明,与低密度60000 株/hm2相比,增施氮肥可显著增加90000株/hm2高密度下玉米的单株干物质积累量、群体干物质积累量、籽粒产量、总氮素积累量、氮素转运量。90000万株/hm2种植密度条件下,随施氮量增加,氮素转运效率及贡献率呈上升趋势,而氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用率呈下降趋势。本试验条件下,适量增施氮肥可以显著提高高种植密度下玉米的籽粒产量和氮素利用效率。综合考虑产量和氮素利用效率两因素,ZD958和DH661两品种获得高产适宜的种植密度为90000株/hm2,施氮量为240360 kg/hm2。     

施氮时期对超高产夏玉米产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

选用登海661（DH661）和郑单958（ZD958）为试材,研究了超高产条件下施氮时期对夏玉米子粒产量、氮素利用率以及转运特性的影响。结果表明,拔节期一次性施氮较不施氮增产不显著;随着施氮次数的增加产量显著提高,灌浆期施氮可以显著提高粒重,从而提高产量。拔节期、大口期、花后10d按2:4:4施氮,DH661产量可达14188.9 kg/hm2;基肥、拔节期、大口期、花后10d按1:2:5:2施氮,ZD958产量可达14529.6 kg/hm2。生长期内分次施氮及灌浆期施氮可显著提高植株和子粒中氮素积累,延长氮素积累活跃期;同时可以显著提高氮素收获指数、氮肥农学利用率、氮素表观回收率和氮肥偏生产力。DH661和ZD958在2:4:4和3:5:2施肥方式下开花前和开花后氮素吸收比例分别为51:49和60:40。开花前分次施氮可显著提高氮素转运量和转运效率,灌浆期施氮可显著提高花后子粒氮素同化。DH661和ZD958在2:4:4和3:5:2施肥方式下花后氮素同化量分别占子粒吸氮量63.0%和50.5%。本试验条件下,DH661采用拔节期、大口期、花后10d按2:4:4施入,ZD958基肥、拔节期、大口期、花后10d按1:2:5:2施入或拔节期、大口期、花后10d按3:5:2施入可提高氮素利用率,实现高产高效。     

不同氮效率油菜品种产量和品质对供氮水平的反应

为探明不同氮效率油菜产量和品质对供氮水平的反应动态,揭示油菜氮效率与品质的关系,本文采用砂培试验,研究了两种氮效率油菜品种在06、3、6、12、15 mmol/L 5种不同氮水平下（用N1N5表示）的氮效率、子粒产量和品质的变化。结果表明, 随着供氮水平的提高,油菜子粒产量、油分产量和蛋白质含量增加,氮效率和油分含量下降; 而子粒脂肪酸组成变化较小,所测定的7种脂肪酸中,芥酸和花生烯酸含量随着氮水平的增加略有下降,棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸含量则没有明显的变化; 与氮低效品种相比,氮高效品种的子粒产量、芥酸和花生烯酸含量随供氮水平的变化幅度更大,油分含量下降幅度更小。所有氮水平下,氮高效品种的子粒产量、油分含量和油分产量均高于氮低效品种,亚油酸含量略高于而亚麻酸含量略低于氮低效品种,子粒蛋白质、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸含量两品种没有差异。总之,提高氮水平有利于增加油分产量,氮高效品种的增加幅度大于氮低效品种,但对脂肪酸组成的影响较小。因此,氮高效品种不会因高效吸收利用氮素而降低油分含量或使油菜品质变劣。     

油菜因产定氮及猪厩肥中氮素利用折算率研究

在浙江中部发育于第四纪红土母质上的红壤性水稻土上设置田间试验 .提出当地油菜定氮公式 :N需 =0 0 7( y -1 1x) /E肥 .式中 ,y—足肥丰产下产量 ;x—无氮情况下产量 ;y和x之间可用y =67 2 2 58+1 2 1 98x表达 ;0 0 7是生产 1kg油菜籽 (含秸秆 )的需N量 (kg) ;E肥 为化肥利用率 ,它与x之间可用E肥 =4 9 2 3 6-0 2 3 53x表达 .此外明确在化肥和猪厩肥一起施用中 ,猪厩肥中N素利用折算率约为化肥N的一半左右 .     

腐植酸氮肥对玉米产量、氮肥利用及氮肥损失的影响

【目的】 通过研究新型腐植酸氮肥对玉米产量、氮肥吸收利用和分配及氮肥在土壤中分布以及损失的影响,为促进新型肥料的应用,减少环境污染,提高作物产量提供理论依据。 【方法】 采用固定装置,应用同位素示踪技术进行田间试验。试验共设 4 个处理:CK1 (不施氮肥)、CK2 (普通尿素 N 225 kg/hm2)、HA1 (脲基活化腐植酸氮肥 N 225 kg/hm2)、HA2 (常规掺混腐植酸氮肥 N 225 kg/hm2)。采集玉米播种前、施肥前和收获后 0—20 cm、20—40 cm、40—60 cm 土壤样品,采用静态箱体内置硼酸吸收池法测定氨挥发,氧化亚氮通过静态箱体收集、真空瓶贮存后气相色谱仪测定。玉米成熟后采集地上部植株样品,将营养器官与籽粒分离,计产并测定产量构成指标。 【结果】 籽粒中氮素 34.6%～36.2% 来自肥料,营养器官中氮素 14.6%～17.4% 来自肥料。CK2、HA1 和 HA2 处理的氮肥利用率分别为 25.1%、30.9%、28.5%,氮肥损失率分别为 38.1%、19.8%、27.2%。与 CK2 相比:1) 施用 HA1 能提高玉米产量;2) HA1 和 HA2 处理的氮素吸收总量分别增加 25.8 和 16.3 kg/hm2,氮肥利用率分别提高 5.8 个百分点和 3.4 个百分点,氮肥损失率分别减少 18.3 个百分点和 10.9 个百分点;3) HA1 和 HA2 处理 0—60 cm 土壤氮素残留率分别增加 12.5 个百分点和 7.5 个百分点;4) 施用腐植酸氮肥明显提高 0—20、20—40 cm 土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量。 【结论】 腐植酸氮肥能显著提高玉米产量和氮肥利用率,促进玉米对土壤氮素的吸收利用,显著增加 0—20 cm 土壤氮素残留量和 0—40 cm 土壤无机态氮含量,减缓氮素向深层土壤迁移,从而减少淋溶损失。腐植酸氮肥能改善氮素在土壤中的分布,满足作物根系需肥特性;腐植酸氮肥能显著降低氧化亚氮产生量和其它途径的氮素损失,从而减少氮素损失量。其中,脲基活化腐植酸氮肥作用效果更加明显。      

秸秆还田下氮肥管理对低中产田水稻产量和氮素吸收利用影响的研究

探究氮肥运筹管理对湖北中低产田水稻产量及氮素利用率的影响,为中低产田水稻生产提供合理的施肥技术措施。本研究在秸秆还田和总氮（180 kg/hm2）控制的条件下,以水稻两优培九为材料,研究不同基、 蘖、 穗氮肥配比对中低产田水稻产量及其构成因子、不同时期叶片SPAD值、 氮含量、 地上部氮素累积量及其氮利用效率的影响。结果表明, 在2011年和2012年两年大田试验的4个基、 蘖、 穗氮肥配比处理中,各试验点水稻产量均以40-30-30的处理最高, 其中在田块A与田块C中比80-0-20处理增产15.9%和8.6%,在田块B与田块D中比60-20-20处理增产6.7%和5.5%。同时40-30-30处理的氮素收获指数（NHI）和氮肥偏生产力（PFPN）也最高,优化基、 蘖、 穗肥比可以提高氮素收获指数（NHI）和氮肥偏生产力（PFPN）。综上研究结果,各中低产田中不同基、 蘖、 穗氮肥配比处理的水稻产量依次为40-30-3050-20-3060-20-2080-0-20,结合产量构成因子、SPAD值、氮肥利用率等因素综合考虑,40-30-30是湖北中低产水稻田氮肥配比的合理运筹模式。