土壤磷素对作物产量及供磷能力的影响

多年多点试验研究表明 ,河西走廊地区主要耕地 0～ 2 0cm耕层有效P平均含量 9 9mg/kg ,10mg/kg以下的农田占 5 6 4% ,大于 15mg/kg的占 19 5 % ,90 %的农田施P增产 15 0 %～ 2 6 0 %。作物对土壤磷依存率在氮肥激发条件下为 68 1%～ 85 9% ;无肥条件下 46 1～ 75 8% ,供磷力与土壤磷呈正相关。作物吸收的磷素 14 1%～ 3 1 9%由当季施肥供给 ,磷肥的当季利用率平均为 9 9%～ 17 6%。     

Differential Growth Performance of 15 Wheat Genotypes for Grain Yield and Phosphorus Uptake on a Low Phosphorus Soil Without and With Applied Phosphorus Fertilizer

ABSTRACT

Two field experiments were conducted to compare 15 wheat genotypes at two phosphorus (P) levels (zero-P control or low P level—without application of P fertilizer on soil with 8 mg extractable P kg^?1, and adequate P level—with P fertilizer applied at 52 kg P ha^?1) for yield, P uptake, and P utilization efficiency (P efficiency ratio—PER, P harvest index—PHI, and P physiological efficiency index—PPEI). On the average of two experiments, substantial and significant differences were observed among wheat genotypes for both grain and straw yields at both P levels. Grain yields ranged from 2636 to 4455 kg ha^?1 in the zero-P control, and from 2915 to 4753 kg ha^?1 at adequate P level. Genotype 5039 produced the maximum grain yield, while 6529-11 had the minimum grain yield at both P levels. Relative reduction in grain yield due to P deficiency stress (PSF) ranged from none to 32%, indicating differential P requirements of genotypes. Genotypes 4943, Pasban 90, Inqlab 91, PB 85, Lu 26s, 4770, Chakwal 86, 4072, 6544-6, and 5039 had little or no response to P application. Phosphorus responsive genotypes included FSD 83, Kohinoor 83, Parvaz-94, Pak 81, and 6529-11. A non-significant correlation (r = ?0.466, P > 0.05) between grain and PSF in zero-P control treatment also indicated the least effect of P deficiency on some wheat genotypes. A wide range of PPEI (270–380 kg grain kg^?1 P absorbed in grain + straw at control P level, and 210–330 kg grain kg^?1 P absorbed in grain + straw at adequate P level) indicated differential utilization of absorbed P by the genotypes for grain production. This indicated that wheat genotypes differed considerably in their P requirement for growth and responsiveness to P application. The findings also suggested that PPEI was a better parameter for measuring P efficiency than other parameters, and can be used for selecting P efficient genotypes, because it relates to the internal concentration of a nutrient and genetic makeup of plant. It is concluded that genotypes having ability to produce relatively high grain yield, good command to tune P within plant and high PPEI are suited to low P soil conditions. Genotypes 4072, Inqlab 91, 4943, Pak 81 and 5039 were P efficient and had above mentioned abilities, while genotypes FSD 83, 6544-6, and 6529-11 were P inefficient. It should be noted that traits related to P efficiency are inheritable and can be used to improve P use efficiency of a genotype through back cross breeding programs.     

秦岭巴山耕作区土壤有效磷与磷肥试验相对产量关系研究

依托测土配方施肥土壤养分数据库以及大量"3414"田间肥效试验结果,分析了秦岭巴山耕作区近30 a间土壤有效磷的变化情况,评价了5种农作物磷肥试验相对产量与土壤有效磷之间的线性关系,结果显示:目前该区域土壤有效磷含量平均值为18.1 mg/kg,达到中等磷水平;小麦、玉米、水稻、油菜、马铃薯肥效试验平均相对产量分别为85.7%、85.5%、88.7%、84.3%、86.0%,说明该区域在目前土壤有效磷含量水平下,基本能满足农作物相对产量80%～85%的生长需求。基于土壤有效磷含量已达中等偏高水平及当前农作物磷肥相对产量值,参照磷肥在土壤中的固定机理以及作物吸磷特性,对于土壤有效磷含量低于15mg/kg,特别是低于10mg/kg的低肥力农田,建议全部磷肥分为基肥、追肥两次施用;对于土壤有效磷含量高于20mg/kg,特别是有效磷高于30mg/kg的高肥力农田,只追施部分或少量磷肥,充分利用土壤有效磷,开发活化被固定的磷素资源,提高磷肥利用率,避免农业资源浪费,改善农业生态环境。     

Changes in Soil Phosphorus Fractions Resulting from Crop Residue Removal and Phosphorus Fertilizer

It is crucial to know how management factors influence soil test phosphorus (P) since non-point P sources for surface waters are becoming recognized as a problem throughout the USA. Phosphorus fertilizer and crop residue can impact the cycling of P in soils. An eight-year crop residue removal and P fertilization (0, 7.3, 14.7 and 29.4 kg P/ha) as triple superphosphate (TSP) experiment were conducted to determine the effect of P applications on soil P fractions. Significant differences in Bray-l extractable P were observed after only one year of P applications. Extractable P at the highest P rate was significantly higher than all the other rates. For each 5.6 kg P/ha added or removed, Bray-l P changed by 1 mg/kg. Fertilizer P applications did not significantly change the organic P (P_o) levels, microbial P (P_m) or soil pH, whereas residue treatments had effects on them except for soil pH. Residue-retained plots had significantly higher P_m in the last two years of study, and P_o in the 8^th year, compared with residue-removed plots.     

秸秆还田配合化肥减施对潮土作物产量及土壤肥力的影响

我国粮食主产区化肥施用过量,导致肥料利用率降低、土壤质量退化、环境污染风险提高等一系列问题。于黄淮海平原潮土区设置大田试验,研究秸秆还田配合不同比例氮磷减施对土壤养分、作物产量、秸秆养分释放及土壤微生物的影响。结果表明：与常规施肥相比,减氮30%或减磷50%对作物产量及土壤养分含量无显著影响;秸秆降解率在第一季达43.33%～53.11%,减氮30%或减磷50%降解率可增加12.40%,两年后达到63.41%～75.62%;减氮100%显著降低细菌真菌丰度、物种丰富度和多样性,而减磷影响较弱;减氮30%和减磷50%主要增加细菌中芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）Longimicrobiaceae科和变形菌门（Proteobacteria）亚硝化单胞菌科（Nitrosomonadaceae）相对丰度,增加真菌中壶菌门（Chrytridiomycota）GS13纲相对丰度,降低子囊菌门（Ascomycota）粪壳菌纲（Sordariomycetes）和被孢霉门（Mortierellomycota）被孢霉纲（Mortierellomycetes）相对丰度;冗余分析表明,影响细菌和...     

Effect of Foliar Application of Phosphorus on Winter Wheat Grain Yield,Phosphorus Uptake,and Use Efficiency

ABSTRACT

One would expect foliar applied phosphorus (P) to have higher use efficiencies than when applied to the soil, but limited information is available concerning this. Experiments were conducted in 2002, 2003, and 2004 to determine the effect of foliar applications of P on winter wheat grain yields, P uptake, and use efficiency. Twelve treatments containing varying foliar P rates (0, 1, 2, and 4 kg ha^{? 1} in 2002 and 2003 and additional 8, 12, 16, and 20 kg ha^{? 1} in 2004) with and without pre-plant rates of 30 kg ha^{? 1} were evaluated. Foliar applications of P at Feekes 7 generally increased grain yields and P uptake versus no foliar P. Use efficiency was higher when P was applied at Feekes 10.54. Results from this study suggested that low rates of foliar applied P might correct mid-season P deficiency in winter wheat, and that might result in higher P use efficiencies.     

土壤有机质含量与玉米生产力的关系

土壤有机质是土壤肥力的重要指标。本文通过空间移位的方法,将东北黑土带由南向北5个点有机质含量为18.1g kg-1、31.1g kg-1、54.6g kg-1、103.9g kg-1、53.6g kg-1的农田黑土,分别移至黑龙江省的海伦市和吉林省的德惠市的两种气候下,通过田间试验的方法,研究了黑土有机质含量与玉米生产力的关系。结果表明,在相同的施肥条件下,土壤有机质含量与玉米产量间不存在显著相关关系,产量差异不显著;施肥对各种有机质含量的黑土均有显著增产作用,增产幅度在12.3%～64.1%,黑土带的南部区域德惠市的施肥增产作用要明显高于北部区域海伦市的增产作用。     

Lime and Cattle Manure in Soil Fertility and Soybean Grain Yield Cultivated in Tropical Soil

Most tropical soils have high acidity and low natural fertility. The appropriate application of lime and cattle manure corrects acidity, improves physical and biological properties, increases soil fertility, and reduces the use of chemical and/or synthetic fertilizers by crops, such as soybean, the main agricultural export product of Brazil. This study aimed to assess the effects of the combination of the application of dolomite limestone (0, 5, and 10 Mg ha^?1) and cattle manure (0, 40, and 80 Mg ha^?1) on grain yield and the chemical properties of an Oxisol (Red Latosol) cultivated with soybean for two consecutive years. The maximum grain yield was obtained with the application of 10 Mg ha^?1 of lime and 80 Mg ha^?1 of cattle manure. Liming significantly increased pH index, the concentrations of calcium (Ca²⁺) and exchangeable magnesium (Mg²⁺), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soil and reduced potential acidity (H⁺ + Al³⁺), while the application of cattle manure increased pH level; the concentrations of potassium (K⁺), Ca²⁺, and exchangeable Mg²⁺; and CEC of the soil. During the 2 years of assessment, the greatest grain yields were obtained with saturation of K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ in CEC at the 4.4, 40.4, and 17.5 levels, respectively. The results indicated that the ratios of soil exchangeable Ca/Mg, Ca/K, K/Mg, and K/(Ca+Mg) can be modified to increase the yield of soybean grains.     

Cover Crops and Soil Phosphorus Availability

Plants affect soil phosphorus (P) solubility through root exudates, but studies are lacking on species used as relay or cover crops in tropical environments. We evaluated the effect of cover crops on soil phosphorus (P) availability in an oxisol. Ruzigrass (Brachiaria ruziziensis), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), peanut (Arachis hypogaea), crambe (Crambe abyssinica), and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) were grown in pots with soil. Phosphorus uptake, soil inorganic and organic P, maximum P adsorption capacity, and plant root systems were assessed. When root length density is high, the efficiency of P uptake is low due to root competition. Crambe results in greater soil P availability, while peanut and sorghum decrease the soil maximum P adsorption capacity, probably by exuding or stimulating microbial production of organic acids and phenolic compounds. Hence, crambe, peanut, and sorghum are species that may be of interest to increase P use efficiency in cropping systems.     

不同施氮水平下土壤微生物种群异步性与稻麦产量的关系

研究稻麦轮作体系中施氮水平对土壤微生物多样性和异步性的影响,可为调控土壤微生物区系以维持作物稳产高产提供理论依据和科学指导。采集长期稻麦轮作体系中不同施氮水平下作物关键生育时期的土壤样品,使用高通量测序技术分析施氮水平对土壤微生物多样性和异步性的影响,研究施氮水平通过改变土壤微生物异步性对稻麦产量产生的影响。小麦季和水稻季的施氮水平梯度分别为：0、50、100、200、300 kg?hm-2和0、90、180、270、360 kg?hm-2;土壤样品采集时期分别为：小麦种植前、拔节期、孕穗期、扬花期、成熟期和水稻种植前、最大分蘖期、拔节孕穗期、扬花期、成熟期。结果表明,施氮水平对各生育时期的土壤微生物多样性和组成均产生显著影响。施氮水平可解释约12%的水稻季微生物丰富度变异（P<0.05）。当小麦季和水稻季施氮水平分别为100和180 kg?hm-2时,土壤微生物群落在作物多个生长阶段均能维持相对较高水平的丰富度。施氮水平可解释9%~11%的小麦季/水稻季微生物群落组成变异（P<0.05）。随着施氮水平的提高,小麦季土壤中Phenylobacterium、Sphingomonas、Cyanobacteria GpI、Desulfovirga、Lacibacter、Terrimonas属和水稻季土壤中Desulfovirga、Spartobacteria genera incertae sedis、Ohtaekwangia、Acidobacteria Gp7、Arenimonas、Niastella属的种群异步性显著上升。其中,Phenylobacterium、Desulfovirga属的种群异步性和Desulfovirga、Spartobacteria genera incertae sedis、Ohtaekwangia、Arenimonas属的种群异步性分别与小麦、水稻的产量存在显著正相关关系。稻麦轮作体系中,土壤微生物多样性受到施氮水平的持续性影响,并随生育期推移而发生变化。施氮水平能够直接影响微生物种群异步性,从而影响微生物功能的互补性,进而对稻麦系统的产量产生积极作用。     

不同有机肥及用量对矿区复垦土壤有效磷含量及供磷特性的影响

为研究有机肥培肥复垦土壤过程中磷的有效性如何变化、不同有机肥在什么施磷水平下能使作物取得最大生产效率以及合理培肥土壤,依托采煤塌陷定位培肥试验基地(山西省孝义市偏城村),在4个磷水平下(0,25,50,100 kg/hm2)研究不同肥料(鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪和化肥)对玉米产量及土壤速效磷含量的动态变化.经过2年的田间试验,...     

磷肥对滴灌复播大豆生长发育、产量及经济效益的影响

为探究北疆滴灌条件下复播大豆高产栽培适宜的施磷量,以大豆品种黑河45号为试验材料,在大田滴灌条件下,设置0(P₀)、60(P₁)、120(P₂)、180(P₃)和240 kg·hm^-2(P₄)5个施磷水平,研究施磷量对复播大豆叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、叶面积指数(LAI)、干物质积累与分配、产量及经济效益的影响。结果表明,施磷量对复播大豆叶绿素含量的影响不显著;各处理复播大豆LAI在生长前期效果不明显,但苗后30 d 依次表现为P₃>P₂>P₁>P₄>P₀;在大豆各生育时期,中等施磷处理的干物质积累量及分配比例均优于其他处理,总体依次表现为P₃>P₂>P₄>P₁>P₀;实际产量以P₃处理最高,且各处理的平均产量为2 526.34 kg·hm^-2,较P₀处理显著增产22.70%;P₃处理的纯收益最高,为4 637.9 元·hm^-2,较P₀、P₁、P₂和P₄处理分别提高86.19%、28.59%、4.17%和57.52%。综合考虑复播大豆的生长发育、产量及经济效益,得出适宜的施磷量应控制在120~180 kg·hm^-2之间。本研究结果为伊犁河谷地区复播大豆合理施磷肥提供了一定的理论依据。     

氮磷配施对苹果幼苗生长、土壤无机磷形态和磷素利用的影响

以矮化苹果砧木M9T337幼苗为试材,设置4个氮水平(N 0,150,300,450 mg/kg,分别以N0、N1、N2、N3表示)和2个磷水平(P2 O5100,200 mg/kg,分别以P1、P2表示),研究了氮磷配施对苹果砧木幼苗生长、土壤无机磷形态转化和磷素吸收利用的影响,以期为果园磷肥高效利用提供参考依据.结...     

不同硫肥品种和用量对玉米产量和黑土有效硫的影响

通过田间小区试验研究了硫肥不同品种和用量对玉米的生长、产量构成因素和对土壤有效硫的影响。结果表明 :硫对玉米的生长发育有促进作用 ,提高玉米产量。增产效果较好的是硫磺和石膏 ,硫磺增产 6.5 %～ 9.6% ,石膏增产 5 .6%～ 8.0 %。随着硫肥施用量的增加 ,玉米的产量增加。施含硫肥料能缓解土壤硫素的消耗 ,对保持土壤中硫的平衡有很大作用。     

Interaction Between Phosphorus Nutrition and Drought on Grain Yield,and Assimilation of Phosphorus and Nitrogen in Two Soybean Cultivars Differing in Protein Concentration in Grains

ABSTRACT

Drought affects many physiological and biochemical processes and thus reduces plant growth. Phosphorus (P) fertilization improves tolerance to drought stress in many plants. A greenhouse experiment examined the interactive effects of P nutrition and drought stress on P accumulation and translocation, yield, and protein concentration in grains of two cultivars of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Plants of cultivars ‘Heisheng 101’ (high protein in grains) and ‘Dongnong 464’ (low protein) were grown in a P-deficient soil supplied with 0–30 mg P kg^?1 soil. Drought stress was imposed at the initial flowering (R1) or the podding (R4) stage. Drought stress limited P accumulation and reduced P translocation to the seed. The addition of P enhanced the concentration and accumulation of nitrogen (N) and P in shoots and seeds of both cultivars. Drought stress decreased shoot biomass, grain yield, and P accumulation; the decrease was greater in ‘Dongnong 46’ than ‘Heisheng 101,’ and even more so if drought stress was imposed at R4 than at R1. In contrast, drought stress increased the concentration of N in shoot and protein in grains. The addition of P alleviated the effect of drought stress on plant growth, P accumulation, and grain yield in both cultivars but to a greater extent in ‘Dongnong 46’. The results suggest that application of P fertilizers could mitigate drought stress at the reproductive stage, resulting in less yield penalty and improvement of grain quality of soybean grown in P-deficient soils.     

Sugarcane Biomass Yield Response to Phosphorus Fertilizer on Four Mineral Soils as Related to Extractable Soil Phosphorus

ABSTRACT

The efficient use of phosphorus (P) fertilizers is very important in South Florida so that the environmental impact is minimal while meeting crop demand. To ensure that this is accomplished, an updated soil test P calibration is needed for sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) grown on Florida mineral soils, which accounts for almost 30% of the total sugarcane planted in the state. An outdoor pot experiment was conducted with the objective of evaluating four soil extractants for potential use in soil test P calibrations. Sugarcane cultivar CL 88–4730 was grown in 26L pots in a randomized complete block design with four replications of four P fertilizer rates (0, 38, 76, and 152 mg P L^?1 soil) and four soil series (2 Spodosols, 1 Entisol, and 1 Alfisol). Sugarcane biomass was significantly increased with P fertilizer application and extractable soil P significantly increased with increasing P fertilizer rate. Strongest relationships of extractable soil P with relative fresh weight yield were determined with the water, acetic acid, and ammonium acetate extractants. All extractants tested, including Mehlich 3, had significant relationships with relative yield and leaf P concentration and so all these extractants should be considered in further field calibration studies with sugarcane on Florida mineral soils.

Abbreviations: EAA: Everglades Agricultural Area; EREC: Everglades Research and Education Center; OM: organic matter; TSP: Triple superphosphate     

溶磷细菌肥对石灰性土壤磷素转化的影响

通过室内模拟培养和大豆盆栽土培生物模拟试验，研究了磷细菌溶解磷酸钙的能力及在北方石灰性土壤上施用磷细菌肥对土壤磷素转化的影响。试验结果表明：磷细菌菌株具有较强溶解磷酸钙的能力，磷酸钙的溶出率从第1天的2．80％提高到第8天的22．00％。在贫速效磷和富难溶性磷土壤上施用溶磷细菌肥有利于土壤中难溶态的Ca10-P和缓效态Ca8-P含量下降，促使土壤中Ca2-P和Al-P的含量增加，从而使土壤中有效磷含量增加。而对于富速效磷的土壤，无论施菌肥与否对土壤中各种形杰的无机磷绢分基本没有影响．     

制种玉米连作恒量施磷对灌漠土与潮土中磷素利用的影响

[目的]研究恒量外源磷施用对玉米种子生产的影响,为合理施磷提供依据。[方法]通过大田定位与实验室分析相结合,选用河西走廊石灰性潮土及灌漠土定位施肥。[结果]制种玉米连作8a,恒量磷二铵525kg/(hm^2·a)施用,除无机态二钙磷(Ca_2-P)外,2种不同土类总磷(T-P)、速效性磷(Av-P)、总无机磷(T-IP)、总有机磷(T-OP),以及其他各分级无机、有机磷组分均显著增加。无机磷占全磷总量65.2%~70.2%,有机磷占全磷总量6.5%~11.4%。无机磷中十钙磷(Ca₁₀-P)>八钙磷(Ca8-P)>铝磷(Al-P)>铁磷(Fe-P)>闭蓄态磷(O-P)。有机磷中活性有机磷(MLO-P)>高稳性(HRO-P)>中稳性有机磷(MROP)>活性有机磷(LO-P)。随连作年限增加,灌漠土Ca₁₀-P在连作第5a达到最大,Al-P,O-P均持续增加;潮土Ca₁₀-P持续增加,Fe-P,O-P在连作第5a达到最大,磷增加量为3.94%~37.28%。0—60cm土层,两种土类无机磷各组分含量均呈现由表层至下层递减特点,但不同分级磷在不同土层所占比例不同,Ca₁₀-P,Al-P,O-P,MRO-P底聚,Ca_2-P,HRO-P表聚,制种玉米连作生产8a,磷肥最大表观利用率为4.89%,磷素活化系数<2%,外源磷肥以174.3kg/(hm^2·a)残余在土壤中。[结论]制种玉米连作,总磷转化率低,磷素移动缓慢,大部分以溶解性较低的磷素形态在土壤表层积累,但随连作年限增加,土壤对磷素的固持及转化率下降,表现底聚趋势,对生态环境健康存在极大风险,应减量或停止施磷。潮土磷肥施用应采取更加合理措施。     

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses with Drainage Runoff and Field Balance as a Result of Crop Management

Abstract

Two high‐input and two low‐input crop‐management systems, one reference treatment with field crop rotation, and one long‐term moderately treated pasture were studied and compared in respect to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) flow and balance. The experiment was conducted on tile‐drained plots covered by Endocalcari‐Endohypogleyic Cambisols. The least Nmin (mineral nitrogen) leaching losses were registered in the pasture. The high‐input management systems did not consistently result in larger losses of Nmin [mainly nitrate (NO₃)‐N] and Ptot (total phosphorus) in the drainage water. The leaching of Nmin depended more on amount of the drainage water leaving the site, soil organic matter/humus, and soil Ntot content (positive correlation) as well as the content of water‐stable aggregates (negative correlation). The higher concentrations of Ptot in drainage runoff in the organic (ORG1) treatment and pasture during the second rotation might be conditioned of ley root system impact. Ptot leaching was positively correlated to the available P₂O₅‐AL in the topsoil. Negative N field balance was determined in all the treatments, except ORG2 and LTP in 1995–1999, whereas it was negative only in the reference plots (REF) in the 2001–2003 rotation because of the increased crop residues and drier climatic conditions. Phosphorus balance was slightly negative in the ORG1 and reference treatments during both rotations.     

灌水量对不同小麦品种籽粒品质、产量及土壤硝态氮含量的影响

选用强筋小麦济麦20和中筋小麦泰山23两个品种，在大田条件下设置不灌水（0mm）、灌水180mm，240mm和300mm4个处理，研究了灌水量对籽粒品质和产量及土壤硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明，灌水180mm和240mm的处理比不灌水和灌水300mm的处理提高了强筋小麦济麦20的籽粒谷蛋白含量、谷蛋白含量／醇溶蛋白含量比值（谷／醇比值）、谷蛋白大聚合体（GMP）含量和湿面筋含量，延长了面团稳定时间，改善了籽粒品质；中筋小麦泰山23的不灌水处理的籽粒蛋白质含量高于灌水180mm，240mm和300mm的处理，但是GMP含量、湿面筋含量和面团稳定时间各处理间无显著差异。两品种的籽粒产量均以灌水240mm的处理最高，但泰山23灌水180mm的处理与灌水240mm的处理无显著差异。随灌水量增加，土壤中的硝态氮向深层土壤的淋溶增加。本试验条件下，综合考虑品质、产量和土壤中硝态氮的淋溶，济麦20和泰山23可供生产中参考的灌水量分别为180～240mm和180mm。