Utilizing Composted Beef Cattle Manure and Slaughterhouse Waste as Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers for Calcareous Soil

Effectively utilizing composts requires that their nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents be used as fertilizer, but how this is best accomplished is not fully understood. The authors' objective was to quantify N and P availability of a calcareous clay loam soil receiving composts derived from four contrasting beef cattle feedlot feedstocks applied at 50, 150, and 450 mg total P kg^?1 and supplemented twice with fertilizer N for a 42-week greenhouse plant bioassay. Three composted manures from beef cattle fed distinct diets and a composted mix of slaughterhouse and construction waste were applied. Inorganically fertilized and non-amended soils were included as controls. Canola (Brassica napus L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) were grown in pots containing 1.5 kg air-dried soil for six alternating 7-week cycles. Soils amended with composted manure from beef cattle fed typical finishing diets had the lowest apparent N recovery (31%) and the greatest soil nitrate after 42 weeks (25 mg N kg^?1). Phosphorus availability was greater with composted manure from beef cattle fed distillers' dried grains than composted manure from beef cattle fed typical finishing diets and a composted mixture of slaughterhouse and construction waste. Apparent P recovery (66%) was greatest from composted manure of beef cattle fed corn (Zea mays L.) distillers' dried grains applied at 50 mg total P kg^?1. Composted manure from beef cattle fed distillers' dried grains had greater P availability than conventional composted beef cattle feedlot manure. Overall, performance of the composted mixture of slaughterhouse and construction waste was similar to the composted beef cattle manures.     

Measuring Water-Extractable Phosphorus in Manures to Predict Phosphorus Concentrations in Runoff

Water-extractable phosphorus (WEP) in manures can influence the risk of phosphorus (P) losses in runoff when manures are land applied. We evaluated several manure handling and extraction variables to develop an extraction procedure for WEP that will minimize pre-analysis manure-sample-handling effects on WEP measurements. We also related manure WEP determinations to runoff dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) concentrations found in previously conducted field simulated rainfall experiments using the same manures to evaluate WEP as a predictor of P runoff losses. Dairy and poultry manure WEP concentrations increased with manure-to-water extraction ratio and shaking time. Relative to fresh manures, drying and grinding dairy manures before analysis usually decreased WEP concentrations, while WEP in poultry manures was often increased. Pre-analysis handling effects on WEP were minimized at the 1:1000 extraction ratio with a 1-h shaking time. Relationships between manure WEP and runoff DRP concentrations were strongly influenced by season of year and WEP extraction procedure. The best prediction of DRP concentration in spring runoff experiments was with manure WEP concentration at the 1:1000 extraction ratio. With fall runoff studies, DRP concentrations were best predicted with WEP application rate rather than concentration. These seasonal differences can be explained by the greater percentage of rainfall that ran off in the fall compared to the spring. For all studies, runoff DRP concentrations were strongly related (r² = 0.82) to the ratio of runoff to rainfall volumes, confirming that models need to take runoff hydrology into account as well as manure WEP in P-loss risk assessments.     

畜禽有机肥氮、磷在红壤中的矿化特征研究

选用腐熟的猪粪、鸡粪和第四纪红土发育的典型红壤为试验材料,通过室内培养试验,研究了土壤中矿质氮(NO-3-N和NH4+-N)及Olsen-p的动态变化.结果表明,有机肥中氮和磷的矿化具有不同特征.氮在红壤中的矿化阶段为:前4周缓慢释放,矿化速率为N 0.29～0.46mg/(kg·d);4～10周快速释放,矿化速率为N...     

Dynamics of Soil pH and Electrical Conductivity with the Application of Three Animal Manures

A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to determine the dynamics of soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) in a soil to which three animal manures [poultry (PM), cattle (CM), and goat (GM) manures] had been applied. The result of this study showed that the manures differed in qualities. Poultry manure had significantly greater EC and dissolved salts compared with the other manures, whereas the pH of cattle and goat manures are significantly greater than that of PM treatment. The liming effect of the manures was only for about 30 days after manure incorporation, and it varied with manure type and incubation period. There was an increase in EC as days of incubation increased. The potential of manure-induced soil salinization is very high in PM and GM. It was concluded that manure quality and use should be synchronized with consideration of their liming potential and reduced salinization effect.     

有机肥在侵蚀退化土壤生产力恢复中的作用研究

风蚀土壤施用不同有机肥和化肥的作物反应以及土壤生产力恢复效果的试验在温室条件下进行,旨在探讨经济高效恢复风蚀退化土壤的生产力的有机肥种类。结果表明,猪粪、鸡粪、腐熟牛粪对表土完全损失的土壤生产力恢复效果最好;新鲜牛粪的作物产量较低,宜腐熟后施用;苜蓿、兵豆、燕麦青体和麦秸有效磷低,短期内恢复土壤生产力的效果差;磷肥容易被高钙底土固定,效果低于有机肥。鸡粪中磷的有效性高,猪粪供磷多,腐热牛粪供磷稳,而麦秸含有效磷最少。有机肥除了提供丰富的磷素,还有保护其磷素免被土壤固定,促进作物吸收利用的作用。有机肥中的Olsen-P和树脂磷与生物产量相关性极显著,Olsen-P作为有机肥培育土壤的有效磷指标比树脂磷更适用。     

Leaching of nitrate and phosphorus after autumn and spring application of separated solid animal manures to winter wheat

Animal slurry can be separated into solid and liquid manure fractions to facilitate the transport of nutrients from livestock farms. In Denmark, untreated slurry is normally applied in spring whereas the solid fraction may be applied in autumn, causing increased risk of nitrate and phosphorus (P) leaching. We studied the leaching of nitrate and P in lysimeters with winter wheat crops (Triticum aestivum L.) after autumn incorporation versus spring surface application of solid manure fractions, and we compared also spring applications of mineral N fertilizer and pig slurry. Leaching was compared on a loamy sand and a sandy loam soil. The leaching experiment lasted for 2 yr, and the whole experiment was replicated twice. Nitrate leaching was generally low (19–34 kg N/ha) after spring applications of mineral fertilizer and manures. Nitrate leaching increased significantly after autumn application of the solid manures, and the extra nitrate leached was equivalent to 23–35% of total manure N and corresponded to the ammonium content of the manures. After spring application of solid manures and pig slurry, only a slight rise in N leaching was observed during the following autumn/winter (<5% of total manure N). Total P leaching was 40–165 g P/ha/yr, and the application of solid manure in autumn did not increase P leaching. The nitrogen fertilizer replacement value of solid manure N was similar after autumn and spring application (17–32% of total N). We conclude that from an environmental perspective, solid manure fractions should not be applied to winter wheat on sandy and sandy loam soils under humid North European conditions.     

施加粪肥对潮土有机磷形态转化的影响

施加粪肥是提高土壤肥力的重要措施,为了解粪肥磷在潮土中的化学行为,通过室内培养试验,采用NaOH-EDTA 浸提和 31P 核磁共振技术分析比较了鸡粪、牛粪及施肥后土壤中的磷形态及含量,并研究了施肥对潮土有效磷的影响。结果表明,粪肥磷主要以无机态形式存在,2 种粪肥的有机磷形态及含量有明显不同,肌醇六磷酸在鸡粪中的含量明显高于牛粪。粪肥施加到潮土后丰富了土壤有机磷的形态。随时间延长,潮土中各形态磷发生相互转化,以肌醇六磷酸为主的正磷酸单酯含量明显降低,核酸等正磷酸双酯显著升高。鸡粪处理的土壤有效磷含量逐渐升高,牛粪处理则表现出相反的趋势。施加粪肥后,土壤有效磷呈现不同的变化规律可能是无机磷在土壤中固定或沉淀,有机磷矿化和无机磷被微生物固持这三方面综合作用的结果。     

Application rate and composting method affect the immediate and residual manure fertilizer value in a maize–rice–rice–maize cropping sequence on a degraded soil in northern Vietnam

A field experiment was carried out in northern Vietnam to investigate the effects of adding different additives [rice (Oriza sativa L.) straw only, or rice straw with added lime, superphosphate (SSP), urea or a mixture of selected microorganism species] on nitrogen (N) losses and nutrient concentrations in manure composts. The composts and fresh manure were applied to a three-crop per year sequence (maize–rice–rice) on a degraded soil (Plinthic Acrisol/Plinthaquult) to investigate the effects of manure type on crop yield, N uptake and fertilizer value. Total N losses during composting with SSP were 20% of initial total N, while with other additives they were 30–35%. With SSP as a compost additive, 65–85% of the initial ammonium-N (NH₄-N) in the manure remained in the compost compared with 25% for microorganisms and 30% for lime. Nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUE) of fresh manure was lower than that of composted manure when applied to maize (Zea mays L.), but higher when applied to rice (Oriza sativa L.). The NUE of compost with SSP was generally higher than that of compost with straw only and lime. The mineral fertilizer equivalent (MFE) of manure types for maize decreased in the order: manure composted with SSP?>?manure composted with straw only and fresh manure?>?manure composted with lime. For rice, the corresponding order was: fresh manure?>?manure composted with SSP/microorganisms/urea?>?manure composted with lime/with straw alone. The MFE was higher when 5 tons manure ha^?1 were applied than when 10 tons manure ha^?1 were applied throughout the crop sequence. The residual effect of composted manures (determined in a fourth crop, with no manure applied) was generally 50% higher than that of fresh manure after one year of manure and compost application. Thus, addition of SSP during composting improved the field fertilizer value of composted pig manure the most.     

Developing an Environmental Manure Test for the Phosphorus Index

Abstract

Widespread implementation of the phosphorus (P) index has focused attention on environmental manure tests that can be used to estimate the relative availability of P in manure to runoff water. This article describes the development and use of a water extractable P (WEP) test to assess the capacity of land‐applied manure to enrich P in runoff water. WEP of surface‐applied manure has been shown to be strongly correlated to dissolved P concentrations in runoff from agricultural soils. WEP tests that have a defined water‐to‐manure‐solids ratio and involve extraction times of 30 to 120 min provide the best prediction of dissolved P in runoff across a wide range of manures. Consistent measurement of manure WEP can be achieved with manure sample storage times of up to 22 days (4°C), acidified extract holding times of 18 days, and solid separation by either centrifugation or paper filtration. Reproducibility of WEP tests is comparable to that of other common manure tests (e.g., total P), as verified by within‐laboratory and inter laboratory evaluations. A survey of 140 livestock manures revealed significant differences in mean WEP among different livestock manures, with swine greater than poultry (turkey, broiler and layer chickens) and dairy cattle greater than beef cattle. Such results support the use of WEP‐based coefficients to modify the source component of the P index.     

Land Application of Manure Can Influence Earthworm Activity and Soil Phosphorus Distribution

Earthworms can influence incorporation of animal manures and composts into the soil. As this activity can decrease the potential for phosphorus (P) loss in runoff and increase plant nutrient availability, we evaluated the effect of manure application on earthworm activity. Earthworm activity (as indicated by surface casts of Lumbricus terrestris) and soil P distribution were determined as a function of superphosphate, manure, and compost (dairy and poultry) applied at rates of 0, 50, 100, and 200 kg P ha^–1 yr^–1. Surface earthworm cast production was greatest in the wet and warm months of May to July. For instance, average annual cast production was 24,520 and 13,760 kg ha^–1 with respective applications of dairy manure and compost (100 kg P ha^–1) compared with 9,090 kg ha^–1 when superphosphate was added. This increased activity was accompanied by lower Mehlich 3 P (130 mg kg^–1) at the surface (0–5 cm) of soils treated with 100 kg P ha^–1 yr^–1 dairy manure than those treated with superphosphate (210 mg kg^–1) but greater concentrations at 5 to 10 cm deep (95 and 50 mg kg^–1, respectively). While there may have been greater downward movement of organic P added in manure and compost, the stimulation of L. terrestris activity by application of manure or compost has the potential to redistribute surface-applied P within the soil profile to a greater extent than when equivalent applications of P are made in the form of inorganic fertilizer.     

旱地不同绿肥品种和种植方式提高土壤肥力的效果

【目的】黄土高原旱地土壤贫瘠,夏闲期雨热资源难以被充分利用。本研究通过田间试验研究不同夏季绿肥品种及其种植方式对绿肥鲜重、绿肥养分还田量、土壤养分含量、土壤酶活性、土壤水溶性有机碳和微生物量碳含量的影响,旨在筛选出适宜当地夏闲期种植的绿肥品种及种植方式,为促进黄土高原地区农业可持续发展提供理论依据和技术支持。 【方法】本研究采用随机区组设计,以夏季裸地休闲为对照,设绿肥 (绿豆、长武怀豆、毛叶苕子、油菜) 和绿肥种植方式 (麦后播种、麦田套种) 为研究因素,共 9 个处理。绿肥盛花期全区齐地收割地上部并称重计鲜草产量,分析绿肥地上部氮磷钾含量;每个小区采集 50 株绿肥下长、宽、深均为 20 cm 的土体中的根系,称重并进行分析;绿肥收获翻压 20 天后,于各小区采集 0—20 cm 土壤样品,测定土壤养分含量,土壤微生物量碳,土壤水溶性有机碳含量以及主要酶含量。【结果】绿肥麦后播种生物量要高于麦田套种;麦后播种以怀豆和油菜生物量较高,套种以油菜生物量显著高于其他处理。不同种植方式下绿肥总养分还田量与生物量规律类似;麦后播种长武怀豆显著提高了氮素和磷素还田量,麦后播种油菜显著提高了磷素和钾素还田量;套种时氮、磷和钾还田量由高到低顺序为油菜 > 毛叶苕子 > 绿豆 > 长武怀豆,不同绿肥间差异达到显著水平。翻压油菜土壤有机质、速效磷及速效钾含量都要显著高于休闲处理;麦后播种长武怀豆并翻压 2 年后,0—20 cm 土壤有机质、总氮、矿质氮、速效磷及速效钾含量较休闲分别提高了 12.4%、22.2%、95.9%、28.6% 和 11.2%。种植绿肥与休闲相比,土壤水溶性有机碳和微生物量碳含量均有所提高,其中套种油菜增加达显著水平,麦后播种各绿肥间土壤微生物量碳含量差异不显著,但都显著高于休闲。与休闲相比,麦后播种绿肥均提高了土壤酶活性;套种绿肥除绿豆处理的脲酶和过氧化氢酶低于休闲外,其他处理均提高了土壤酶活性。土壤各测定指标与绿肥生物量之间均有显著或极显著的正相关关系,表明土壤肥力的提高主要取决于还田绿肥的生物量。【结论】长武怀豆和油菜翻压入土后,能够增加土壤的养分含量和酶活性,培肥效果优于绿豆和毛叶苕子。麦后播种绿肥的生物量、养分还田量显著高于套种,土壤养分含量及土壤酶活性也较高。所以在黄土旱塬地区可选择麦后播种长武怀豆和油菜可有效改善土壤肥力。     

Dairy manure treatment effects on manure phosphorus fractionation and changes in soil test phosphorus

In this research, a sequential fractionation procedure coupled with enzyme hydrolysis was used to categorize the phosphorus (P) forms of 18 manure samples collected from in-barn composted bedded pack (beef manure), anaerobic digestion with liquid–solid separation (dairy manure), and liquid–solid separation systems (dairy manure). This research also determined the effects of those P forms on the increase in soil test P (STP) of five soil series. The soils used had initial Bray-1 P ranging from 16 to 43 mg P kg^?1. Total dry-ash P (P_t) of the manures ranged from 1.4 to 15.0 g P kg^?1; total inorganic P (P_it) accounted for 20 to 81 % of P_t; and enzymatically hydrolysable P (P_et) accounted for 5 to 26 % of P_t. Liquid–solid separation tended to concentrate the manure P in the liquid fractions. In contrast, anaerobic digestion did not affect the manure P distribution compared with the undigested raw manure from the same system. No differences in P distribution were found for the compost bedded pack manure. In the soil incubation study, manure and fertilizer were applied at 40 mg total P kg^?1. Separated liquid manure from two systems tended to increase STP more than the separated solid manures from the same systems. Although anaerobic digestion modified some of the physical and chemical properties of the treated manures, it did not clearly impact how digested manure increased STP compared with the raw manures. Overall, the increase in STP after treated manure application was found to be a function of soil clay content and manure P_it?+?P_et applied.     

Changes in Soil pH and Extractable Phosphorus Following Application of Turkey Manure Incinerator Ash and Triple Superphosphate

During the incineration of turkey manure, a wide variety and concentration of nutrients are conserved in the turkey manure ash (TMA). In particular, the high concentration of citrate-soluble phosphorus (P) (43 g kg^?1) may make it a suitable P source for crop production. The ash is alkaline with a pH of 12.2. We conducted a soil incubation study using a low-P soil with a pH of 6.2 to evaluate the effects of TMA on soil pH and extractable P. Two TMA rates, based on citrate-soluble P (10.9 and 21.9 mg kg^?1), were compared with equivalent rates of triple superphosphate (TSP). In addition, a 0-P control was included. At the rates tested, TMA slightly increased soil pH, but this increase would be of minor agronomic importance. At equivalent P rates, changes in water-soluble P (WSP) concentrations with TMA and TSP were similar. Changes in iron-oxide-strip–extractable P (FeO P) and Bray 1 P concentrations were greater with TMA than with TSP. In contrast, changes in Olsen P concentrations were greater with TSP than with TMA for up to 32 days. For TMA, the ability of the tests to extract P was ranked, from highest to lowest, as Bray 1 P > FeO P > Olsen P > WSP, and for TSP they were ranked Bray 1 P ≥ Olsen P ≥ FeO P > WSP. However, the Bray 1 P and FeO P tests tended to overestimate plant-available P because they measured more citrate-soluble P than that added with TMA. We conclude that TMA can be used as a P source for crop production and that the Olsen test may provide a better estimate of plant-available P in TMA-amended soil.     

The fertilizer equivalence of phosphorus and potassium in organic manures applied to arable soils

Previous papers [Soil Use and Management (2004) vol. 20, 410; (2007) vol. 23, 162] derived relationships for different soil types in south England of change in topsoil K (ΔKex) or P (ΔPres) against K or P balance over 3–5 years for fields in commercial farms given variable rates of fertilizer but no manure. Shown here is how ΔKex or ΔPres on manured fields can be converted to a fertilizer equivalent (fertilizer substitute) K or P value of the manure (FEK or FEP). There were significant increases in Pres and Kex when animal manures were applied, and in Pres using sewage sludge cake or liquid. Median FEP and FEK values for one application were – cattle farm yard manure (FYM) 36 kg P per hectare and 153 kg K per hectare, pig manure 70 and 149, digested sludge cake 62 P and digested liquid 31 P. Poultry manures and slurries also showed a significant benefit. When <12 months (only one cultivation) elapsed between application and soil sampling, FEP was much lower than in the second year and further increased over 4 years, whereas the maximum FEK was attained within a year of manure application. Release of P is slow compared with K. After 2–4 years FEP and FEK per tonne of FYM calculated as 0.95 kg P and 4.5 kg K, but farmer-reported application rates may be inaccurate. For biosolids <60% of the total P showed as FEP within 4 years. Even single manure applications register a large benefit in soil P and K supply (currently worth >£225 per hectare as fertilizer), but are variable in effect, which must be evaluated by soil analysis: at least one season and two cultivations should elapse before sampling; ideally more than a 2-year interval.     

Influence of Soil Properties and Manure Sources on Phosphorus in Runoff during Simulated Rainfall

Runoff from agricultural fields amended with animal manure or fertilizer is a source of phosphorus (P) pollution to surface waters, which can have harmful effects such as eutrophication. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impact of soil P status and the P composition of manure sources on P in runoff and characterize the effects of manure sources on mass loss of dissolved reactive P, total dissolved P, and total P in runoff. Soil boxes set at 5% slopes received 7.5 cm h^?1 of simulated rainfall for 30 min. Study soils included a Kenansville loamy sand (loamy siliceous subactive thermic Arenic Hapludults, a Coastal Plain soil) and a Davidson silt loam (kaolinitic thermic Rhodic Kandiudults, a Piedmont soil). Soil test P concentrations ranged from 16 to 283 mg P kg^?1. Sources of P included broiler litter, breeder manure, and breeder manure treated with three rates of aluminum sulfate (Al₂(SO₄)₃) 0, 3.9, and 7.8 kg m^?2, di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), and an un-amended control. All manure sources were surface applied at 66 kg P ha^?1 without incorporation. Water extractable P represented an average of 10 ± 6% total P in manure. Runoff samples were taken over a 30-min period. Piedmont soil contained greater amounts of clay, aluminum (Al), and iron (Fe) concentrations, and higher P sorption capacities that produced significantly lower dissolved reactive P, total dissolved P, and total P losses than the Coastal Plain soil. Runoff P loss did not differ significantly for low and high STP Coastal Plain soils. Water extractable P in manures accounted for all dissolved reactive P lost in runoff with dissolved reactive P correlating strongly with water extractable P concentration (r² = 0.9961). Overall, manures containing the highest water extractable P concentrations contributed to the largest amounts of dissolved reactive P in runoff. Manure treated with 3.9 and 7.8 kg m^?2 of Al₂(SO₄)₃ (alum) decreased dissolved reactive P in runoff by 29%. While this soil box runoff study represents a worst-case scenario for P loss, highly significant effects of soil properties and manure sources were obtained. Management based on these results should help ameliorate harmful effects of P in runoff.     

Organic manure phosphorus accumulation, mobility and management

Abstract. Organic manures are an important source of P which can make a significant economic contribution to farm fertilizer policies. In the region of 119000 tonnes of P are returned annually to UK agricultural land in the form of manures collected and handled on farms, with an estimated 66000 tonnes of P applied to tillage land and 53000 tonnes to grassland.
Previous research on the utilization of manure P has tended to indicate a lower efficiency compared to inorganic fertilizer P in the season following application, but in the longer term manure and fertilizer P can be regarded as equivalent. Failure to adequately account for manure P additions to the land may result in soil enrichment which could increase the agricultural contribution to eutrophication, as a result of surface runoff or leaching.
Recent research has indicated that the current guidelines for minimizing runoff losses following the land spreading of manures are generally soundly based. However, there is a need for further research where manures are applied to cracking clay soils with underdrainage, and where rainfall soon after slurry application can increase surface runoff.
The careful cycling of manures within a properly devised fertilizer plan should minimize the risk of unnecessary soil P enrichment and subsequent leaching losses by restricting topsoil extractable P levels to less than 70 mg I^-1.     

Efficiency parameters of nitrogen in hog and cattle manure in the second year following application

The efficiency of nitrogen (N) derived from different manures in the years following application must be determined to optimize use of N and reduce impact on the environment. Five N efficiency parameters that were originally developed for commercial inorganic N fertilizers were selected to measure the manure N efficiency in the second year following application of liquid hog and solid cattle manure in semiarid east‐central Saskatchewan, Canada. The manures were applied at two sites (Dixon and Burr) at four rates covering a range from zero to 912 kg N ha^–1 in 1997. A canola (Brassica napus L.) crop was grown in 1997 followed by a spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in 1998 without fertilization. Tested by the wheat, N utilization efficiency (NUE) was similar between the two manures at either site, but it was higher at Dixon site, where the soil properties were better, than at the Burr site (P < 0.07) with cattle manure. Nitrogen physiological efficiency (NPE) was not affected by either manure source or soil. At the Burr site, N agronomic efficiency (NAE) and N recovery rate (NRR) were all higher with the hog than with the cattle manure (P < 0.08 and P < 0.07, respectively), but N harvest index (NHI) was lower with the hog than with the cattle manure (P < 0.04). The similar trends of the NAE, NRR, and NHI between the hog and cattle manure were also found at the Dixon site. However, the differences in NRR between the hog and cattle manure in the second year was rather small in contrast to the large differences in the year of application. Despite that the wheat crop utilized residual hog and cattle manure N equally efficient in producing grain yield, a higher grain N concentration and a higher NHI with the cattle than with the hog manure revealed different N supply dynamics between the two. Possibly due to the low proportion of ammonium (NH₃)‐N in the total N and the high C : N ratio in the cattle manure, mineralization of cattle manure N provided more available N in the later stage of wheat growth than did the hog manure. The N efficiency parameters were useful tools in understanding the impact of residual manure N on wheat production on the Canadian prairies.     

The Effects of Fresh and Composted Chicken Manures on Some Soil Characteristics

The effects of fresh and composted chicken manures on some soil characteristics were investigated. Fresh and composted chicken manures were mixed with the soil at the rates of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%, and then were incubated for 90 days. At the end of this incubation period, some soil physical properties closely related to soil aggregation (such as hydraulic conductivity, water stable aggregates, aeration porosity, and available water) and some soil chemical characteristics (such as organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, and electrical conductivity, EC) were determined. As doses of both manures in the soil mixtures increase, the amounts of water stable aggregates, hydraulic conductivity, and aeration porosity increased, whereas the available water content decreased. Increasing doses of both manures increased the amount of the soil organic carbon and total nitrogen. Application of both manures to the soil increased the EC values, but it was limited in the composted chicken manure.     

Phosphorus and trace metal dynamics in soils amended with poultry litter and granulates

Environmental sustainability of animal agriculture is strongly dependent upon development of approaches to minimize the potential environmental impacts of applying animal manures. The excess manure and its nutrients (primarily phosphorus) in intensive animal production regions may need to be exported to other areas to comply with increased regulations on manure management. In our previous study we generated a variety of granulated products from poultry litter to achieve export of excess litter from the southwestern Ozarks, AR, USA. Our objective in the present study was to determine the effect of the application of poultry litter and granulated litter products on phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) dynamics in two Arkansas soils (Dewitt silt loam and Hector sandy loam). Poultry litter and granulated products were mixed with the surface horizon (0–15 cm) of soils at two application rates: P‐based (100 kg total P per hectare) and N‐based (160 kg plant‐available N per hectare). Soil–litter mixtures were incubated at 25 °C for 21 days. Sub‐samples were removed at 1, 7 and 21 days to determine the solubility and availability of P, As, Cu and Zn in soils. Results suggest that when litter was applied at 100 kg total P per hectare, contents of P, As, Cu and Zn were significantly greater in the soils amended with litter and granulated products than in the control (soil alone). However, the contents of P, As, Cu and Zn did not significantly differ in the soils amended with either normal litter or granulated litter products at total P or plant‐available N‐based application rates. This suggests that poultry litter granulation is a sound management practice that can be used to reduce concerns with fresh litter transport and potentially improve P and trace element balances in intensive poultry production regions, especially when applied on a plant‐available N basis.     

京郊畜禽粪污氮磷含量特征及影响因素分析

中国规模化养殖废弃物中养分资源数量可观,但缺乏循环利用技术,处置不当易引发环境污染问题。该文通过问卷调研和粪污样品检测,对京郊典型养殖场粪便和废水中的总氮、总磷含量特点进行分析,同时追踪典型规模化猪场废水中总氮、总磷含量变化的影响因素及其季节性变化特征。结果表明:所调研的养殖场中,猪粪、牛粪的总氮质量分数平均值分别为29.1,17.8 g/kg,总磷质量分数平均值分别为15.1,6.8 g/kg,猪粪便的总氮、总磷含量变异程度大于牛粪;猪场和牛场中废水总氮、总磷质量分数的平均值分别为892,540和82.4,53.3 mg/L,猪场废水总氮、总磷含量变异程度明显大于牛场。规模化猪场粪便总氮、总磷含量受到饲料配方的影响较大;受饲料和圈舍用水量的影响,现行饲养工艺及粪污处理方式下粪便对废水中总氮、总磷含量的影响较小;万头以上的规模化猪场废水中总氮、总磷含量存在季节性差异,且随着废水存储时间的推移其无机磷比例增加。这些变化特征可对畜禽粪便和养殖废水的资源化再利用提供了有用的参考。