International Comparison of Analytical Methods of Determining the Soil Organic Matter Content of Lithuanian Eutric Albeluvisols

Abstract

Several soil organic matter (SOM) methodologies have been employed to analyze a suite of subsampled soils, and their results have been correlated. This will permit future comparison of the large archive of SOM databases, which widely exist in Lithuania and other Central and Eastern European countries, with those of other international countries. Samples were collected (n=92) from topsoil and subsoil horizons of Eutric Glassoboralfs (Eutric Albeluvisols) at five long‐term monitoring sites (three sites with 8 years' duration and two sites with 20 years' duration) containing a total of 46 experimental field plots. Each soil sample was subsampled and SOM determined by several analytical approaches (namely, dry combustion, Walkley–Black, Tyurin photometric, Tyurin titrimetric, and loss‐on‐ignition methods). Correlation coefficients between multiple sets of results varied between r=0.831 and r=0.965 (n=92, P<0.001). Based on the strength and significance of these relationships, we propose that simple linear regression equations can be confidently employed to recalculate SOM data among various analytical methodologies and thus help resolve the issue of international data comparison.     

Predicting Total Organic Carbon Content of Soils from Walkley and Black Analysis

Globally, there is problem of computing soil carbon stock because the Walkley–Black method gives only an approximation of soil organic carbon content. Until now, no universal relationship between Walkley–Black carbon (WBC) and total soil organic carbon (TOC) has been developed that could be applicable in all kinds of soil. In the present study, relationships between WBC and TOC were established from samples collected from central and northern India. TOC was measured by dry combustion technique and WBC was determined by wet digestion methods. A relationship between WBC and TOC was developed by taking into account silt + clay content (SICL) of soil and mean annual rainfall (MAR) of the region (adj. R² = 0.99, n = 100). The present study gives an easy approach to measure TOC by easily available data sets (WBC, SICL, and MAR). Using this relationship, computation of soil carbon stock that was done earlier with WBC values could be revisited and improved.     

施肥对梁山慈竹林土壤有机碳和微生物量碳的影响

对4种施肥(条施生物有机菌肥、条施复混肥、撒施生物有机菌肥和撒施复混肥)处理后的梁山慈竹林土壤有机碳和微生物量碳进行了研究.结果表明:4种施肥处理的土壤剖面有机碳和微生物量碳含量均高于对照,分别比对照增加了17.4％～39.1％和67.9％～137.1％.施肥种类对土壤有机碳含量影响差异显著(p＜0.05),F=6.15＞F0.05(1.6),施肥方式对土壤有机碳含量影响差异不显著,F=5.72＜F0.05(1.6),二者的交互作用影响差异显著(p＜0.05),且F交互作用＞F施肥种类.施肥种类对土壤微生物量碳含量影响差异极显著(p＜0.01),施肥方式对土壤生物量碳含量影响差异显著(p＜0.05),F=23.62＞F0.01(1.6),F=10.51＞F0.05(1.6),二者的交互作用差异极显著(p＜0.01),F=38.91＞F0.01(1.6),且F交互作用＞F施肥种类.研究结果说明,适当的施肥种类配合合理的施肥方式有利于土壤有机碳和微生物量碳的提高.     

草地和农田生态系统中黑土活性有机碳的特征

为阐明植被覆盖与施肥管理综合作用下黑土活性有机碳的数量特征,探讨合理调控农田土壤质量的施肥模式。本试验以中国科学院海伦农业生态实验站长期定位试验为平台,对比和研究了草地与农田生态系统中不同施肥处理下土壤总有机碳、颗粒有机碳、微生物生物量碳、冷水提取有机碳以及热水提取有机碳数量上的差异及相互关系。结果表明:经过25年的自然恢复,草地生态系统中土壤有机碳及各活性有机碳的数量显著高于农田生态系统中的无肥处理(P<0.05)。农田生态系统中,化肥处理对农田土壤有机碳和活性有机碳的提高作用并不明显;经过长期化肥+有机肥处理后,农田土壤总有机碳与各活性组分的数量较无肥和化肥处理显著提高(P<0.05),除微生物生物量碳外,总有机碳与其他活性有机碳组分的数量均达到草地植被下的碳水平,土壤总有机碳及冷水和热水提取有机碳的含量与草地生态系统的差异不显著,颗粒有机碳含量比草地生态系统坛加43.7%。相关性分析表明,土壤有机碳总量、微生物生物量碳、冷水提取有机碳以及热水提取有机碳两两之间的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平。长期化肥与有机肥配施是提高黑土有机碳及其活性有机碳数量的有效措施。     

沱江流域内江段土壤有机碳与其他要素的相关性分析

通过对沱江流域内江段土壤有机碳与其他要素相关性的分析研究表明:农田土壤中的有机碳与pH值相关性不显著,即pH值对土壤有机碳的多寡、分布及稳定性的影响不明显.土壤有机碳含量与S元素呈极显著相关性(0.869 1),与N元素呈显著相关性(0.800 1),与Se呈较显著相关性(0.649 77),且均为正相关,即S、N、Se含量增加,土壤有机碳含量也增加;与P元素呈不相关关系(0.053 9);与Si()2呈较显著负相关关系(r值为-0.530 7).土壤有机碳含量与Cd,Zn,Pb,Hg元素呈较显著相关性;与有效B、有效Cu、速效K、水解性N、有效S、有效Fe的含量具有较明显的正相关性.     

岷江干旱河谷-山地森林交错带根层土壤碳活性与储量特征

根层土受植物地下部分生命活动、代谢影响最直接和最强烈,其碳活性与储量特征对土壤质量改变乃至全球气候变化具有极高的灵敏性。以岷江干旱河谷-山地森林交错带及邻近生态系统为研究对象,研究根层土壤易氧化碳、微生物量碳等碳活性以及碳密度、碳储量特征,可为该区的生态系统管理提供重要科学依据。结果表明,不同生态类型根层土的土壤碳密度为(0.14±0.007)～(101.16±0.301)kgC/m2,碳储量为(30.2±1.51)～(21850.6±65.02)kg。相对于干旱河谷,交错带根层土壤易氧化碳、微生物量碳等碳活性更强,为沿交错带逐步向下改善土壤环境抑制干旱河谷区上延提供了较好的碳素环境。尽管交错带天然林植被面积较小,但其土壤碳密度和土壤有机碳丰度指数因物种优势和所在山地垂直带谱中所处的相对有利位置,显著高于干旱河谷。在交错带内部,以高山栎为优势种的根层土具有更强的储碳能力,是包括退耕还林地在内的自然或人工植被调控生态工程建设中重要造林树种和恢复模式。     

耕作措施对双季稻田土壤碳及有机碳储量的影响

针对不同耕作措施对双季稻田的固碳效应和固碳潜力问题,选择湖南省宁乡县的双季稻区试验点进行了有机碳、活性有机碳以及耕层有机碳储量的研究,以期为制定适合于稻田条件下的合理耕作方式提供理论依据。结果表明,耕作措施和秸秆还田对有机碳（SOC）和活性有机碳（AOC）含量均产生不同程度的影响。免耕处理下,有机碳和活性有机碳含量皆随土壤深度的增加而减少,土壤0～5cm的SOC和AOC的含量最高,且与其他层次达到显著性差异水平（P＆lt;0.05）,具有明显的表层富集现象。与免耕相比,旋耕和翻耕则更利于5～10cm和10～20cm土层的有机碳和活性有机碳的积累。比较秸秆还田对SOC和AOC的影响表明,秸秆还田有效地提高了0～10cm有机碳含量,但对10～20cm并未产生显著影响,秸秆的输入并未增加土壤活性有机碳的含量。采用等质量方法计算了耕层土壤有机碳储量,结果显示旋耕秸秆还田使有机碳储量明显增加,而免耕只增加了土壤0～5cm和5～10cm土层有机碳储量,10～20cm有机碳储量有所降低,但耕作措施对有机碳储量的长效作用还有待于进一步研究。     

不同起源云杉林土壤有机碳密度及与物种多样性关系

对甘南地区云杉人工林和天然林的不同林龄(包括幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林和成熟林)土壤有机碳密度及其群落物种多样性的关系进行研究。结果表明:不同起源云杉林在各林龄中均以表层土壤(0—10cm)土壤有机碳含量最高,随土壤深度的增加逐渐减少;土壤有机碳密度除天然云杉成熟林在表层最高外,其他均以深层土壤(50—100cm)最高,且土壤有机碳含量和有机碳密度随林龄的变化不显著(p0.05)。冗余分析表明,人工林0—10,10—20,20—30,30—50cm的土壤有机碳密度除与Ea指数呈负相关关系外,与丰富度(S)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)、Simpson指数(D)、Pielou指数(Jsw)均呈正相关关系;天然林0—10,10—20,20—30cm的土壤有机碳密度与这5个指数均呈正相关关系。     

粤东北山区几种森林土壤有机碳储量及其垂直分配特征

研究了粤东北山区的天然常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、马尾松针叶林和桉树人工林等4种主要森林类型土壤有机碳储量及其分配特征.结果表明:(1)4种林分土壤有机碳平均含量在8.14～12.24 g/kg之间,常绿阔叶林最高,其次为针阔混交林.桉树人工林最小.土壤有机碳含量随深度增加而递减.但植被类型不同其减少程度不同.其中阔叶林变化幅度最大达72.04%.土壤有机碳表聚性明显.(2)4种林分土壤碳密度存在显著差异,其各土层变化范围为1.57～5.18 kg/m~2.土壤碳密度亦随深度增加而减少,自然地带性植被类型各个土层土壤碳密度均高于次生植被类型对应的碳密度.对于整个土层而言,各林分土壤碳密度在12.28～15.90 kg/m~2之间,总平均值为14.14 kg/m~2.(3)4种林分土壤碳储量整体较低,平均值为141.43 t/hm~2,表层土壤碳储量贡献不大.人为干扰活动对研究区森林土壤碳储量影响明显,是制约土壤碳储量大小的重要因素.     

采伐干扰对东北温带次生林土壤碳矿化和活性有机碳的影响

在黑龙江东部的张广才岭选择典型次生杂木林进行不同采伐处理,一个生长季后测定了土壤潜在碳矿化速率和活性有机碳含量.结果表明:在28℃条件下经过90d的培养,土壤潜在碳矿化速率和碳矿化总量在所测定的土层中(0-10 cm,10-20 cm,20-30 cm)均表现为:50%强度采伐>皆伐后农作>25%强度采伐≌对照>皆伐后造林的变化趋势,但各处理间差异不显著.土壤易氧化碳含量在3个土层50%强度采伐均显著高于对照.土壤微生物碳含量在0-10 cm和10-20 cm土层,50%强度采伐显著高于对照.在0-10 cm土层,皆伐后造林显著低于对照.水溶性有机碳含量在0-10 cm和10-20 cm土层,50%强度采伐显著高于对照,在20-30cm土层,皆伐后造林显著低于对照,这说明在东北温带次生林中,较大强度的择伐短期内可增加土壤活性有机碳含量.而皆伐后造林可导致土壤活性有机碳出现下降趋势.     

东北黑土有机无机复合体组成及有机碳空间分布特征

以东北典型黑土区为研究对象,测定土壤不同粒级有机无机复合体、矿物颗粒和有机碳含量,探讨土壤有机无机复合体组成及其空间分布特征,分析土壤对有机碳的复合机制。结果表明:东北黑土有机无机复合体组成主要以细砂粒复合体为主,黏、粉粒复合体次之,其含量均随剖面发生层向下呈减少趋势,南北区域上,也呈降低趋势。有机碳在各级复合体中及土壤中的含量均随着复合体的粒径增大而减少。各级复合体有机碳在土壤中均呈随剖面发生层向下由A层呈指数函数下降,在区域上,因东北黑土剖面有机碳含量及南北温度差异有机无机复合体含量曲线随区域差异有所不同。同时也说明东北黑土黏粒仍有较大的碳库容量。从其组成和组分间的相关分析,黏粒是形成和增加粉粒复合体的基础,从而利于增加土壤有机碳储量和改善土壤团聚结构。     

川南马尾松低效林不同改造措施对土壤碳、氮特征及其碳稳定性的影响

为探明马尾松低效林改造初期土壤碳、氮及碳稳定性变化特征,选取皆伐团状混交和林窗2种改造措施,以马尾松纯林为对照,分析3种模式土壤有机碳(SOC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)、全氮(TN)、碳氮比(C/N)以及Kos变化。结果表明:(1)SOC、TN、ROC含量均表现出随土层深度的增加而降低的趋势。(2)0—40cm土层,SOC、TN、ROC含量均表现为对照林高于皆伐团状混交和林窗改造,0—20cm土层均表现出对照林小林窗大林窗皆伐团状混交,表明表层SOC、TN、ROC含量随人工干扰面积的增大而减少。(3)人工改造对土壤TN的影响主要表现在0—20cm土层,林窗改造与皆伐团状混交改造改变了土壤C/N的格局,0—20cm土层对照林高于林窗和皆伐团状混交,季节变化不同,林窗与皆伐块状混交含量变化不同。(4)0—20cm土层Kos表现为皆伐团状混交林窗对照,整个生长季节对照林Kos最低,稳定性最差。20—40cm土层有机碳氧化稳定性较0—20cm土层高,呈现由上到下稳定性增加的趋势,表明下层有机碳稳定性高于上层。     

开垦对黑土有机碳在有机无机复合体分配的影响

本文研究了不同开垦年限黑土粘粒、粉砂和细砂级复合体中有机碳的分布特征及其变化规律,结果表明,黑土有机无机复合体组成以细砂级复合体为主,粘粒及粉砂级复合体次之。随着开垦年限的延长,黑土耕层和犁底层土壤粒粘级复合体的含量均有不同程度的增加,而粉粒及细砂级复合体的含量相应减少;黑土耕层各复合体中有机碳含量均明显减少,犁底层亦表现出降低的趋势。犁底层各复合体中有机碳含量占土壤有机碳含量的百分数表现各异,在粘粒级复合体中随着开垦年限延长趋于增加,而在粉粒和细砂级复合体中趋于减少。黑土耕层土壤粘粒级复合体中有机碳含量与粘粒级复合体含量呈明显的负相关,粉砂和细砂级复合体中有机碳含量与粉砂和细砂级复合体含量则呈明显的正相关。     

Determining soil organic carbon for agricultural soils: a comparison between the Walkley & Black and the dry combustion methods (north Belgium)

Mapping soil organic carbon (SOC) and establishing any change over time are important because of CO₂ fluxes between soil and atmosphere and cropland decreases in SOC. The latter is one of the main causes of soil fertility decline and increased erodibility. As most analytical methods underestimate total SOC content, correction factors are needed to avoid methodological bias when comparing SOC data from sampling campaigns using different analytical procedures. The traditional method for SOC analysis used to be, and in most cases still is wet oxidation in potassium dichromate, better known as the Walkley & Black method. In this study, we aim to estimate correction factors for the classic and modified version of the Walkley & Black method for different land use and soil type combinations for agricultural soils in north Belgium. General correction factors of 1.47 for the classic Walkley & Black method and 1.20 for the modified Walkley & Black method are proposed. The results show that sandy grassland soils are characterised by lower recoveries than silt loam grassland soils. Furthermore, the correction factor appears to increase with soil wetness.     

燕山北部山地典型植物群落土壤有机碳贮量及其分布特征

基于36个土壤剖面的实测数据,对燕山北部地区由于不同的人类活动所形成的4种典型群落类型的土壤有机碳含量及其分布规律进行了研究。研究结果表明,处于频繁人畜干扰条件下的绣线菊灌丛各土层有机碳含量都明显低于处于封育状态下的三种群落类型(榛子灌丛、次生杨桦林、人工落叶松林)(p0.05),而后三者之间没有显著差异(p0.05);土壤总有机碳密度的变化也有类似的趋势,榛子灌丛、天然次生杨桦林和人工落叶松林分别为绣线菊灌丛的2.60,2.97,3.10倍;在几种群落类型中,土壤有机碳含量随土层深度的增加而呈现逐渐递减的趋势,二者之间的关系可用指数函数加以描述(p0.01),大约40cm的土层深度是土壤有机碳含量变化的拐点;燕山北部各群落类型(绣线菊灌丛除外)土壤有机碳含量及碳密度明显高于我国相应群落类型的平均水平,也高于燕山南部及太行山中部和南部的各群落类型,但低于东北部山地。由研究结果可得出结论,燕山北部地区森林土壤具有较高的有机碳贮量,人畜干扰对土壤有机碳含量及碳贮量具有明显影响,而且影响不仅限于浅层;在排除外来干扰的情况下,不同群落类型土壤有机碳贮量差异不大,排除人畜干扰是维持该地区土壤有机碳贮量的关键因素。     

黄土丘陵区几种退耕还林地土壤固存碳氮效应

探讨了黄土丘陵区退耕10 a和30 a的柠条、刺槐、油松及侧柏林地0～60 cm不同土层有机碳、氮数量和分布的变化特征。结果表明：相比坡耕地,退耕还林10 a后,仅侧柏与油松林地各土层有机碳、氮含量和密度显著提升。退耕还林30 a与10 a相比,各土层有机碳含量增幅表现为侧柏＞油松＞刺槐＞柠条,总体0～60 cm土层碳固存速率分别达到1.06、0.71、0.43、0.36 mgC·hm-2·a-1;氮固存速率以刺槐最高,达到0.051 mgN·hm-2·a-1,其他还林地固存氮速率接近,为0.014～0.026 mgN·hm-2·a-1。30 a还林有机碳的增加主要来自0～20 cm土层,平均贡献达51.9%,而全氮增加除刺槐林地外,主要来自40～60 cm土层,平均贡献达42.5%。各还林地C/N仅在0～20 cm表层均有显著提高,但有机碳与氮均表现出显著的回归相关性。综上,长期退耕还林地能够固存碳氮,且以侧柏林地提升有机碳库较佳,而刺槐林地提升氮库较好。     

Quantification of Organic Carbon in Soils: A Comparison of Methodologies and Assessment of the Carbon Content of Organic Matter

Abstract

Renewed interest in temporal soil organic carbon (SOC) stock changes has stressed the importance of reliable methods for quantitative assessment of organic compound (OC) content. Particularly with the establishment of modern dry‐combustion analyzers, which are replacing the traditional wet‐oxidation methods, the need for correct relationships between both is of crucial importance for comparison of past and current SOC data in long‐term SOC stock change studies. Dry combustion with a Variomax CNS‐analyzer was the standard to evaluate three other methods for Belgian agricultural soils. Excellent linear relationships were found with the Walkey and Black method and the Springer and Klee method, whereas a Shimadzu TOC‐analyzer slightly underestimated the OC content. Precision of the investigated methods was comparable and tended to be dependent on the sample size used for measurement. The OC oxidation efficiency of the most widely applied method of Walkey and Black for the soils in this study was very close to the generally accepted 75%. Mass loss on ignition at 800°C could be very well related to the soil OC content and the clay content. The traditional factor of 1.724 used to convert OC measurements to organic matter percentages is not valid for the investigated soils, which demonstrates that rather regional‐specific factors (in this study 1.911) should be determined and adopted.     

Soil Aggregate and Organic Carbon Stability under Different Land Uses in the North China Plain

Soil aggregates and organic matter are considered to be important indicators of soil quality. The objective of this study was to determine land-use effects on the distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) associated with aggregate-size fractions. Bulk soil samples were collected from incremental soil depths (0–10, 10–20 20–40, 40–70, and 70–100 cm) under three land-use types: fruit tree orchards established in 1987, cropland, and forage field. Soil samples collected from these plots were analyzed for aggregate stability after wet sieving into four aggregate-size classes (>2000, 250–2000, 53–250, and <53 μm), and the concentration of SOC was determined in each size fraction. Cropland and forage field soils were significantly more alkaline than the fruit tree soil. Bulk densities were greater in cropland and forage field (1.40–1.52 g cm^?3) than in fruit tree orchards (1.33–1.37 g cm^?3). The total weight of soil aggregates varied in the order of forage field > cropland > fruit tree orchard. Aggregate stability was greater in cropland and forage field than under fruit tree orchards. Soil organic C decreased with increasing soil depth but was greater under fruit tree orchards than others and was mainly concentrated in the topsoil layer (0–20 cm). Sieved fraction (<53 μm) had a greater SOC concentration, regardless of soil depth or land use. Our data supported the hypothesis that perennial vegetation (fruit tree orchard) and the proportion of aggregates with diameter <53 μm are suitable indicators of SOC accumulation and may therefore have a greater potential for SOC sequestration than the cropland.     

冻融交替对水稻土水溶性有机碳含量及有机碳矿化的影响

冻融交替影响土壤水分的有效性及土壤团聚体稳定性,进而影响土壤中微生物的活性及土壤有机碳的矿化。通过室内冻融模拟(即分别在-7℃和28℃下处理土壤)及培养实验,研究了不同冻融交替循环处理下土壤水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、微生物生物量及土壤有机碳矿化的变化规律。结果表明,1到3次冻融交替处理会增加土壤中水溶性有机碳的含量,其中经过1次冻融交替处理的2种土壤其WSOC含量分别增加了25%,20%;但在本实验条件下如果继续增加冻融交替次数则会使土壤水溶性有机碳含量减少。冻融交替处理降低土壤微生物生物量,因此也会影响土壤有机碳的矿化。冻融交替处理对培养第1天的土壤有机碳矿化具有激发效应,激发能力:1次冻融交替>3次冻融交替>6次冻融交替,经过1次冻融交替处理后的土壤其呼吸速率与对照相比增加了17%～40%;其后,冻融交替处理土壤呼吸速率迅速下降,在培养后期甚至低于对照处理。     

区域绿洲农田土壤有机碳分布及其影响因子研究

以干旱区典型绿洲农田区——玛纳斯县中部农田为研究区,以土壤有机碳为研究对象,结合野外土壤调查及实验室分析数据研究了土壤有机碳的垂直分布特征,并分析土壤质地、地形、土地利用、作物类型等不同因子对农田土壤有机碳的影响。结果表明:玛纳斯县中部农田土壤有机碳是自然环境综合因素的结果,土壤有机碳含量随着土壤深度的增加不断减小;不同土壤质地土壤有机碳含量的特征为:粘壤土粉壤土沙壤土;不同地形因子中坡向与农田0~30、30~60 cm层的土壤有机碳含量呈显著正相关,海拔与农田60~100 cm层的土壤有机碳含量呈显著正相关;不同土地利用方式下土壤有机碳含量有较大差异,果园的土壤有机碳含量最高,荒地的土壤有机碳含量最低;不同作物类型土壤有机碳含量特征为:玉米地酒葡萄地棉花地,且差异显著。