Effect of nitrogen rates applying controlled-release and conventional urea blend in maize

Abstract

Blending polymer-sulfur coated urea (PSCU) and conventional urea (U) for maize (Zea mays L.) fertilization can supply nitrogen (N) during the crop cycle with a single application. Proper placement of PSCU?+?U (0.15?m below and 0.1?m to the side of seed row) in band application at sowing is necessary to reduce salt stress that can decrease dry weight (DU) and N uptake (NU) of maize plant compromising maize yield. It is not clear the proper N rate in the proper placement for band application of PSCU?+?U at maize sowing to avoid salt stress. In the current literature, reduction of N rates are being recommended using PSCU?+?U without consider the probably salt stress provided by high rates of PSCU?+?U. DW and NU in maize plant as well as soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were evaluated in a greenhouse pot trial. N treatments were equivalent to 0, 90, 180, 360 and 540?kg N ha^?1 applied incorporated in band in two contrasting soils (Rhodic Eutrustox and Typic Haplustox) using 70%PSCU + 30%U. At V10 (vegetative leaf stage 10), DW and NU of maize aerial part had quadratic behavior in response to increase N rates in the Typic Haplustox soil. In the Rhodic Eutrustox was not observed known behavior for DW and NU in response to increase N rates. Soil pH and EC was higher in the fertilizer row than sowing row. A N rate above of 180?kg N ha^?1 using 70%PSCU + 30%U incorporated in bands can reduce DW and NU in early maize plant growth associated with salt concentration of N fertilizer in a Typic Haplustox soil, which could compromise maize yield.     

Nitrogen use efficiency and nutrient partitioning in maize as affected by blends of controlled-release and conventional urea

ABSTRACT

Blends of controlled-release urea (CRU) and conventional urea can be an alternative to conventional fertilization to improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and reduce costs when applied as a single application to agricultural crops. Different indexes of NUE, grain yield, nutrient uptake and partitioning in maize (Zea mays L.) were investigated in field experiments. The treatments consisted of a single rate of 180 kg N ha^?1 with different proportions of polymer-sulfur coated urea (PSCU) and conventional urea (U) applied incorporated at sowing (0.05 m below and 0.1 m to the side of the seed row) at two tropical sites (Site 1, Typic Haplustox; Site 2, Rhodic Haplustox) in Brazil. A control treatment (without urea-N) and a treatment with conventional urea management (UCM: 20% of urea-N applied as basal fertilizer and 80% of N applied as top dressing) were also included. This study demonstrates that blends of PSCU and U are efficient in supplying N throughout the maize cycle at a Typic Haplustox site when applied in a single application incorporated at sowing, resulting in high yields and adequate macronutrient uptake. PSCU improved NUE index compared to U and UCM. There was not response for N fertilization in the Rhodic Haplustox site.     

Early Supplies of Available Nitrogen to Seed‐Row of a Canola Crop as Affected by Fertilizer Placement

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at Star City (legal location SW6‐45‐16‐W2); Saskatchewan, Canada from May 2000 to June 2000, to measure nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) supply rates from fertilizer bands to the seed‐row of canola crop. Ion exchange resin membrane probes (PRS^TM) were used to measure N and P supply rates in four treatments [80 kg N ha^?1 of urea as side‐row band, 80 kg N ha^?1 of urea as mid‐row band, check/no N (side‐row)/P side‐row, check/no N (mid‐row)/seed placed P]. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Two anion and cation exchange resin probes (PRS^TM) were placed in each plot in the seed‐row immediately after seeding and fertilizing. The probes were allowed to remain in the field for 2 days and replaced with another set of probes every 4 days for a total of 14 days until canola emerged. Ammonium‐N, nitrate‐N and P supply rates were calculated based on the ion accumulated on the probes. Urea side‐row band treatments (fertilizer N 2.5 cm to side of every seed‐row) had significantly higher cumulative available N supply rates than mid‐row band placement in which fertilizer N was placed 10 cm from the seed‐row in between every second seed‐row. No significant differences were observed in P supply rates. The higher N rates (120 kg N ha^?1) resulted in lower grain yield in side‐row banding than mid‐row banding possibly due to seedling damage. However, the earlier fluxes of N into the seed‐row observed with side‐row banding may be an advantage at lower N rates in N deficient soils.     

有机肥与化肥不同比例配施下水稻土铵态氮释放特征

采用淹水密闭培养-间歇淋洗法,研究了有机肥(猪粪和牛粪)与化肥(尿素)氮以不同比例配施后对水稻土铵态氮释放特征的影响。结果表明:与单施100%尿素处理相比,培养到28 d,配施有机肥处理(除80%尿素氮配施20%牛粪氮、70%尿素氮配施30%牛粪氮和50%尿素氮配施30%牛粪氮处理)显著降低土壤铵态氮的累积释放量,且随有机肥配施比例的增加降幅增大,降低幅度为5.78%~41.20%(P0.05);培养28~90 d,配施有机肥处理(50%尿素氮配施30%牛粪氮处理除外)的土壤铵态氮释放量显著提高;至培养90 d,50%尿素氮配施50%猪粪氮和80%尿素氮配施20%牛粪氮处理的土壤铵态氮累积释放量显著高于单施100%尿素处理,提高幅度分别为4.81%和9.32%(P0.05)。培养结束时,氮素减施20%(单施80%尿素氮、50%尿素氮配施30%猪粪氮和50%尿素氮配施30%牛粪氮)处理的土壤铵态氮累积释放量与单施100%尿素处理无显著差异。本研究表明,50%尿素氮配施30%猪粪氮既可以降低土壤铵态氮前期释放速率,又可以增加水稻土持续稳定的供氮能力,对减少氮肥损失维持作物生产具有重要意义。     

春玉米干物质积累和产量对播期调控下水热变化的响应

为探究春玉米(Zea mays L.)干物质积累和产量对播期调控下水热变化的响应,在河北科技师范学院试验基地,于2017—2020 年进行了4年的播期试验,以京农科728和MC812为材料,分析了播期(5月1日、5月10日、5月20日、5月30日)引起的春玉米干物质积累量、产量构成因素、产量以及水分利用率的变化。结果表明,受温度与降水影响,春玉米干物质积累量在生育前、中期随播期的推迟而下降,而灌浆后期至成熟期以5月30日播种春玉米干物质积累量最多。春玉米干物质积累动态符合Logistic模型,5月30日播种春玉米干物质积累的总持续时间和快增期持续时间均最长。有效穗数、穗粗、轴粗、穗行数和出籽率不受温度与降水的影响,但穗粒数、千粒重、穗长、行粒数受其影响显著,各指标随播期延迟先下降再上升,并以5月20日播种的春玉米最低。产量与千粒重呈显著正相关,5月30日播种的春玉米产量最高。另外,随播期的推迟,总耗水量减少,水分利用效率提高。综上可知,合理安排播期,重视降雨对春玉米生长发育及产量形成的影响,是冀东地区春玉米获得高产的重要措施。本研究为冀东地区春玉米播期选择提供了理论依据和技术支持。     

Untersuchungen zur Anpassung des Stickstoff-Angebots aus unterschiedlichen N-Quellen an den Verlauf der N-Aufnahme von Maisbeständen

Investigations on the adjustment of nitrogen supply from different N sources to the N uptake of maize A two years field experiment was conducted to study the effects of the nitrogen fertilizers: wheat swill, BASAMMON (NH₄ + nitrification inhibitor DCD) and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) applied at N rates of 0.60.120 or 180 kg N/ha on yield, N uptake and soil mineral N residues of maize for silage or grain production. CAN was either broadcast or placed in the maize rows, with or without the addition of an Azospirillum-biopreparation (AZOGREEN). Due to initially high soil mineral N contents (50–70 kg N/ha) and a high mineralization from the soil (unfertilized: 100–170 kg N/ha), neither effects of fertilizer type, nor interactions between fertilizer type and N rate on biomass production and N uptake of maize were observed. The economically optimum total dry matter production and grain yield were obtained with a fertilization of 60–120 kg N/ha. In contrast to the biomass production the soil mineral N was considerably influenced by fertilizer type and N rate. The nitrate content of the soil increased during the early developmental stages of maize after an early application of swill or BASAMMON, and also during the ripening period after a late high dose of CAN. Though the placement of CAN was reflected in the soil, the soil nitrogen content per unit area could not be much reduced by row fertilization. The effects of AZOGREEN were only small. The results were greatly influenced by the high mineralization potential at the experimental site.     

防堵和播深控制机构提高玉米免耕精量播种性能

免耕播种技术能够提高土壤的蓄水保墒能力、增加土壤有机质含量,因此在华北平原农作区被广为接受。该地区的耕作制度为小麦与玉米周年轮作,冬小麦在6月份收获,随后在小麦秸秆覆盖地上直接进行玉米免耕播种作业。受小麦秸秆的影响,播种后玉米种子的粒距均匀性和播种深度一致性很难保证,另外,玉米苗由于被小麦秸秆覆盖容易发生病虫害。为了解决以上问题,发明了一种安装防堵机构和播深控制单体的玉米免耕精量播种机,对该播种机和不带防堵机构和播深控制单体的普通播种机在4、6和8 km/h 3个播种速度下的播种性能进行了对比试验,测量并得出了拨草性能、播种深度、出苗率和粒距分布均匀性（合格率、重播率和漏播率）等指标参数。试验结果表明：防堵机构和播深控制单体能显著提高播种机的拨草性能、播种深度一致性、出苗率和粒距分布均匀性;防堵机构使播种机不易堵塞,播种速度为8 km/h时的凉籽率仅为1.8%;播深控制单体使播种机在所有播种速度下平均播深接近理论播深,播种速度为8 km/h时的播深变异系数仅为9.2%,使得出苗时间更集中,出苗整齐度高。以上结果说明：设计的安装防堵机构和播深控制单体的玉米免耕精量播种机能够满足小麦秸秆覆盖田玉米免耕精量播种的要求。     

不同耕作模式对小麦—玉米轮作下潮土养分和作物产量的影响

通过分析裂区设计下的6个处理,即小麦季深耕和旋耕2个主处理×玉米季免耕播种、行间深松和行内深松3个副处理:(1)旋耕+免耕播种(RT—NT);(2)旋耕+行间深松(RT—SBR);(3)旋耕+行内深松(RT—SIR);(4)深耕+免耕播种(DT—NT);(5)深耕+行间深松(DT—SBR);(6)深耕+行内深松(DT—SIR),对土壤养分含量和作物产量影响,筛选适宜于小麦—玉米轮作体系的耕作模式。结果表明,各处理土壤养分含量在小麦、玉米两季中均随土层深度增加而降低。小麦季,旋耕处理0—10cm土层土壤全氮、碱解氮、有效磷含量、硝态氮含量显著高于深耕处理;但深耕增加当季30—40cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、硝态氮、铵态氮含量。玉米季,DT—NT处理0—30cm土层有机质含量较RT—NT处理增加40.1%～64.3%。RT—SBR、RT—SIR处理显著提升土壤0—30cm全氮含量,其中RT—SBR处理0—10cm土层全氮含量最高,为1.4g/kg。RT—SIR处理显著增加0—20cm土壤碱解氮含量,较RT—NT显著增加15.0%～25.3%。在0—40cm土层,DT—SBR处理的有效磷含量最高,而RT—SBR处理的速效钾含量最高。DT—SIR处理显著提升20—50cm土层硝态氮和铵态氮含量,其中硝态氮含量为8.5～30.4mg/kg,铵态氮含量为2.6～8.9mg/kg。与小麦季相比,玉米季提升10—20cm土层有机质含量、0—50cm土层的碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量以及40—50cm土层的硝态氮、铵态氮含量。DT—SBR和DT—SIR处理穗长、百粒重、收获指数和产量显著高于其他处理,且二者产量较RT—NT处理显著增加6.4%～10.8%。玉米季DT—SIR处理的肥料偏利用率和经济效益最高。综上所述,深耕+行内深松处理有利于增加土壤养分含量,且增产效果较好,在本研究中最优。     

冀东地区晚播春玉米氮素积累、分配与转运特性

为明确冀东地区晚播春玉米氮素积累、分配与转运特性,2017—2018年以京农科728和MC812为供试材料进行了2年的田间试验,以常规播期(5月1日)为对照,分析了冀东地区晚播(5月30日)春玉米氮素积累动态和阶段积累特性及其在各器官中的分配和转运特性。结果表明,冀东地区春玉米氮素的积累动态符合Logistic模型,与常规播期比较,晚播春玉米氮素积累的渐增期和缓增期持续时间缩短,而快增期持续时间延长;氮素平均积累速率、渐增期和缓增期积累速率提高,氮素总积累量增加。晚播显著促进抽雄期-成熟期植株对氮素的吸收,此阶段京农科728和MC812氮素吸收量比常规播期分别增加72.56%和18.39%,阶段吸收百分率均达45%以上。晚播使春玉米茎鞘中氮素分配率提高,叶片的氮素分配率降低,同时还促进了叶片向籽粒转运氮素,使其转运量、转运率以及对籽粒的贡献率提高;成熟期晚播春玉米籽粒氮素分配比例达73.82%~77.41%。另外,晚播提高了春玉米产量,使氮素收获指数和氮素偏生产力同步提高;百公斤籽粒氮素吸收量基本不受播期的影响。综上可知,在晚播春玉米生产中,应注意增加氮肥施用量,选择基施肥效较长的缓释肥或在春玉米生长后期追施氮肥,以保证春玉米生育后期土壤有效氮的充足供应,保持叶片活力,维持叶片光合能力,促进春玉米增产。本研究对冀东地区晚播春玉米氮肥合理施用具有一定的指导意义。     

Influence of staggered sown Spring sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.) at varying intra–row spacing and applied–N on pre– and post–anthesis N dynamics and dry matter partitioning in Indo–Gangetic Plains Region

In current study, dry–matter accumulation (DMA), pre– and post–anthesis nitrogen (N) accumulation, N translocation (NT) and dry–matter partitioning by sunflower seeds was investigated under three sowing dates (January 20, February 10 & March 2), two intra–row spacings (30 & 24 cm) and four nitrogen doses (0, 45, 60 & 75 kg ha^–1) in two alluvial soils. Early sowing resulted in higher DMA and NT; leading to higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) that could be associated with higher pre–anthesis N accumulation. The closer intra–row spacing resulted in higher DMA by all plant parts except seed. Each graded N dose improved DMA, but improvement in dry–matter partitioning to seed was significant up to 60 and 75 kg N ha^–1 during 2014 and 2015, respectively owing to higher NT under respective treatments. NUE was highest at 60 kg N ha^–1 during both years.     

Yield and water use efficiency of hybrid Bt cotton as affected by methods of sowing and rates of nitrogen under surface drip irrigation

Field experiments were conducted for two years to find out the appropriate sowing configuration and rate of nitrogen (N) for sustained yield and improved water use efficiency of hybrid Bt cotton irrigated through surface drip irrigation. Drip irrigation under normal sowing, in which equal quantities of water and N were applied as check-basin irrigation, resulted in an increase of 389 and 155 kg ha^?1 in seed cotton yield compared with check-basin irrigation during the first and second year, respectively. Normal paired row sowing under a drip irrigation system, in which only 50% of irrigation water was applied compared with normal sowing, produced a yield similar to normal sowing under drip irrigation during both years, resulting in 22% higher water use efficiency. Dense paired row sowing under drip irrigation, in which only 75% irrigation water was applied compared with normal sowing, increased the mean seed cotton yield by 5% and water use efficiency by 19%. Decrease in the rate of nitrogen application (from 150 to 75 kg N ha^?1) caused a decline in seed cotton yield and water use efficiency under all the methods of sowing, but the reverse was true for agronomic efficiency of N.     

Effect of sowing methods and sowing rate in organic seed production of timothy (Phleum pratense L.), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

Different sowing methods and sowing rates were evaluated in organic seed production of timothy (two trials), meadow fescue (two trials) and red clover (one trial) in Southeast Norway, during 2010–2013. The plan included: (1) broadcast sowing of grass/clover, cover crop sown at 12 cm row distance; (2) sowing of cover and seed crop in crossed rows, both at 12 cm row distance; and (3) sowing of cover crop and seed crop in every other row. The three sowing rates were 5, 10 and 15 kg ha–1 in timothy and meadow fescue and 3, 6 and 9 kg ha–1 in red clover. On average for sowing rates and all trials with timothy, meadow fescue and red clover, first year’s seed yields were 5–6%, 20–25% and 19–25% higher on plots sown with cover crop and seed crop in every other row than on plots where seed crop had been broadcast or sown perpendicularly to the cover crop. The different sowing methods had no effect on weed coverage or weed contamination in the cleaned seed. Increasing sowing rate usually had a negative influence on seed yield, while weed coverage/contamination was not significantly affected. It is concluded that organic seed crops should be established with cover crop and seed crop in every other row at a low sowing rate. However, in an organic production system, even this favorable method will not always be sufficient to meet the requirement for seed crop purity.     

硫磺树脂包膜尿素氮素释放与小麦、玉米需氮规律的匹配性及最佳配施比例

  【目的】  研究小麦、玉米专用硫磺树脂包膜尿素 (SRCU) 在水中和土壤中的氮素释放规律及其与作物氮素吸收的匹配性,并研究现有条件下其与普通尿素的配施比例,为调整该产品的氮素释放特征、提高其利用效率提供依据。  【方法】  本研究包括氮素静水、土壤释放规律试验以及缓控释尿素与普通尿素最佳配比试验。供试缓控释肥料静水释放期分别为3个月 (SRCU3) 和2个月 (SRCU2)。静水氮素释放试验取10.00 g SRCU于孔径为0.15 mm的尼龙袋中,置于200 mL无离子水内,在25℃恒温培养,定期取样,测定水中氮素含量,直至80%以上氮素释放;土壤氮素释放规律试验在小麦、玉米播种后第1天,将 20.00 g SRCU装入尼龙网袋,埋入20 cm深土壤中,从第1天起,定期取出肥料袋,称量肥料袋质量,以相邻取样时期的质量差作为氮素释放量。肥料配比试验设不施氮肥 (CK)、普通尿素常规施用 (FP)、普通尿素全部基施 (100%U) 和100%、70%、50%、30% SRCU 分别与普通尿素配合一次性基施,共7个处理。在小麦、玉米收获期取植株和籽粒样品,测定氮素含量、产量,调查了小麦、玉米产量构成,计算氮肥表观利用率和经济效益。  【结果】  1) SRCU2和SRCU3在静水中第1天氮素累积释放率分别为9.29%和7.09%,28天的氮素累积释放率分别为63.45%和43.86%;SRCU2在64天的氮素累积释放率为89.77%,SRCU3在90天的氮素累积释放率为85.70%。2) 埋入土壤中的SRCU2在玉米苗期 (1—14天) 、拔节期 (14—42天)、大喇叭口期 (42—56天) 、开花期 (56—70天)、灌浆期 (70—94天) 的氮素累积释放率分别为8.96%、 25.28%、9.54%、 21.77%、15.82%;氮素日均释放率在拔节期较高,至开花期最高。埋入土壤中的SRCU3在小麦越冬期 (1—128天) 、返青期 (128—170天) 、拔节期 (170—201天)、开花—收获期 (201—239天)的氮素累积释放速率分别为 21.54%、7.60%、 26.96%、26.24%;氮素日均释放率在拔节期、灌浆期较高。3) 与常规施肥 (FP) 相比,100%SRCU和70%SRCU处理玉米产量显著升高,70%SRCU处理小麦产量显著升高;经济效益的增减与产量结果一致,施用100%SRCU、70%SRCU、50%SRCU处理玉米经济效益分别提高1107.82、1348.70、1065.80元/hm2,70%SRCU、50%SRCU处理小麦经济效益分别提高1609.98、683.71元/hm2,效益最高的均是70%SRCU处理。70%SRCU处理在玉米、小麦上的氮肥表现利用率分别提高8.97、7.10个百分点。  【结论】  小麦和玉米专用硫磺树脂包膜尿素的氮素释放率符合行业标准要求,但还需根据作物需求调整。目前SRCU3的氮素释放量在小麦返青期和拔节期不足,SRCU2需要增加玉米开花期后的释放量。本试验条件下,硫磺树脂包膜尿素在玉米和小麦上适宜的一次性配施比例为70%。     

不同播量与行距对小麦产量与辐射截获利用的影响

在田间试验条件下,设置了3个播种量(6 kg·667m 2、9 kg·667m 2和12 kg·667m 2)和3个种植行距(20 cm、25 cm和30 cm)共9个处理。通过测定小麦群体生长动态、辐射截获量和籽粒产量,研究分析不同行距和播种量对小麦产量形成和辐射利用效率的影响。结果表明:群体总茎数和叶面积指数表现为随播种量增大而增加;在相同播种量下,尽管20 cm行距的小麦分蘖数最高,但其有效成穗数却最低;叶面积指数与群体总茎数变化动态一致,而叶日积却表现为随行距和播量加大而增加。在相同播种量下,籽粒产量和辐射利用效率均随着种植行距增加呈递增趋势变化,在3个播种量下表现趋势一致。行距由20 cm增加到25 cm和30 cm,籽粒产量平均增加81.62 g·m 2和162.53 g·m 2,截获辐射利用效率平均增加0.18%和0.35%。产量和截获辐射利用率在行距间的差异均达到极显著水平,而播种量之间没有表现出显著差异,播种量和行距之间也没有明显互作效应。由此说明:调整行距对产量的影响作用大于调整播种量对产量的影响作用。因此,在水肥条件较好的黄淮海平原区小麦生产中,把传统种植行距15~20 cm调整为25~30 cm,播种量在常规播种量的基础上适量增加,可以提高小麦单产与辐射资源利用潜力。     

缓释肥一次性侧位深施对红壤旱地直播油菜产量形成和肥料利用的影响

为明确红壤旱地直播油菜(Brassica napus L.)缓释肥(N-P₂O₅-K₂O=25-7-8)一次性侧位深施效果及适宜用量,2017—2020年在典型的红壤丘陵区(江西进贤)开展缓释肥施用方式对比试验(不施肥、一次性土表撒施和一次性侧位深施)和施用量试验(0、300、450、600、750和900 kg·hm^-2),研究缓释肥一次性侧位深施及不同施用量对油菜产量形成和肥料利用率的影响。结果表明,相比传统土表撒施,侧位深施显著促进了N、P、K的吸收,同步提高了油菜产量和肥料利用率,且对晚熟油菜影响更为显著。菜籽产量与缓释肥用量呈线性加平台关系,适宜施肥量可保证较大的收获密度及较多的每株角果数和每角粒数,从而协同提高籽粒产量和经济效益,同时维持较高的肥料利用率。晚熟和早熟油菜缓释肥侧位深施的适宜用量分别为720和605 kg·hm^-2,产量潜力可分别达2 500和1 750 kg·hm^-2。因此,一次性侧位深施适量缓释肥可显著提高红壤旱地直播油菜生产力,建议结合机械化种植因地制宜地推广应用。     

Effect of Fish Silage on Yield and Chemical Composition of Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)

Seed production of spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) is positively affected by increasing the amounts of nitrogen (N); however, regulations restrict the application rate of N in Danish agriculture. The aim of our study was to test different N application strategies in spinach seed production and their effects on N concentration, seed yield, seed weight and germination. A total amount of 100–150 kg N ha^?1 was broadcast or placed at sowing or applied as a split application at sowing and pre-elongation at the Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, location Flakkebjerg. Seed yields were positively affected by the high N applications, but no difference was observed between 150 kg N ha^?1 broadcast at sowing, and 40 kg N ha^?1 broadcast at sowing with an additional late application at a rate based on soil mineral N analysis. No consistent pattern was observed between N management strategy and seed weight or N management strategy and germination. A high N concentration in the plants at the start of growth showed negative effects on final seed yield, whereas later in the season there was a significantly positive correlation between N concentration in the plants and seed yield. A soil mineral analysis can be used as a tool to adjust the N application rate when a split application strategy is chosen.     

Sources,Rates and Time of Nitrogen Application on Maize Crops under No-Tillage System

Quantitatively, nitrogen (N) is the foremost nutrient for maize crops (Zea mays L.), but the N source to increase the grain productivity still needs more investigation. Thus, the aim of this experiment was to study sources, rates and time of N application on the crop yield and agronomic characteristics of the maize under no-tillage system. The experiment was carried out during two growing seasons on an Oxisol under the factorial 5 × 3 × 3 scheme with five N rates (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha^?1) and three sources (ammonium-sulfate-nitrate as inhibitor of the nitrification (ASN+I), ammonium sulfate (AS) and urea); we applied them two times with four replicates: first time at the sowing or later under side dressing when the plants had the six leaves stage. In the first year, the sources of N had no influence on the number of grain line /ear (NGLE), grain number/line (GNL), total number of grain/ear (TNFE), biomass of 100 grain, plant height (PH), height of the first ear insertion (AFEI) and stalk diameter, in contrast with the foliar N content and the crop yield. Early fertilization with N at the sowing time can afford applications as well as the total side dressing. The increase of the rates had positive influence on the N foliar content, plant height and 100 grains biomass. The highest productivities were found with rates above the threshold of 150 kg ha^?1, no matter the sources and the fertilization time.     

Mechanized relay-cropping in an irrigated red-brown earth in south-eastern Australia

Abstract. Machinery was designed specifically for relay-cropping on permanent raised beds (150 mm high and 1.5 m wide) in northern Victoria. This machinery enabled maize ( Zea mays ) to be successfully sown at 2, 4 and 5 weeks before harvest, and 1 day after harvest (Control), of wheat ( Triticum aestivum ). The sowing equipment consisted of a four-row cultivator, behind which were four precision seeders. The wheels (250 mm in diameter) were spaced at 1.5 m to track along the base of the furrows. In one pass on each bed, the sowing equipment tilled two strips (each 50 mm wide, 30 mm deep and 50 mm from the outer row of wheat) and sowed maize, with little damage to the wheat crop. We extended the axle of the trailed harvester so that the wheels (250 mm in diameter) were 3 m apart, and moved the drawbar 300 mm to one side so that all wheels ran along the base of the furrows. There were no significant differences between treatments in yield (mean 2.9 t ha^-1) of dryland wheat, in final emergence percentage (mean 89%) or in early growth of irrigated maize. The maize yielded significantly less grain in the treatment sown at 5 weeks (9.6 t ha^-1), but not 2 or 4 weeks (mean 10.6 t ha^-1) before the wheat was harvested, than in the Control (10.8 t ha^-1). The wheat and maize yielded more grain than those grown traditionally as sole crops in northern Victoria.     

Foliar application of molybdenum in common bean. II. Nitrogenase and nitrate reductase activities in a soil of low fertility

Foliar application of molybdenum (Mo) at 40 g ha^‐1 25 days after plant emergence greatly enhanced nitrogenase and nitrate reductase activities of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), resulting in an increase in total nitrogen (N) accumulation in shoots. Application of 20 kg N ha^‐1 as ammonium sulfate [(NH₄)₂SO₄] at sowing decreased nodulation and nitrogenase activity. Rhizobium inoculation did not affect nitrogenase activity which demonstrated that Mo application increased the efficiency of native Rhizobia strains. Nitrogen amendment, either at planting (20 kg N ha^‐1) or as a side dressing (30 kg N ha^‐1) 25 days after plant emergence, did not affect the foliar nitrate reductase activity. Molybdenum foliar spray as ammonium molybdate [(NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄2H₂O] and N applied as a side dressing increased equally the total amount of N in the pods. A 10% increase in the seed N concentration was obtained with foliar application of Mo, while N applied as a side dressing had no effect on seed N concentration. An average increase of 41% in N export to the seeds was obtained by either Mo or N as side dressing. Nitrogen applied at sowing or Rhizobia inoculation had no effect on the characteristics evaluated 74 days after plant emergence. Plants that received either Mo as foliar spray or as side dressed N had similar yields. This demonstrated that, in certain soils, N fertilization may be replaced by a small amount of Mo as a foliar application.     

接触施用包膜控释肥对玉米产量、根系分布和土壤残留无机氮的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了习惯施肥与接触施用包膜控释肥料对夏玉米生长、产量、根系分布和土壤无机氮残留的影响。结果表明,接触施用包膜控释肥料没有抑制玉米的出苗和幼苗生长;减氮1/3的控释肥处理(N 120kg/hm2)与习惯施肥处理(N180 kg/hm2)的玉米产量没有差异。在0—30 cm土层,与对照和习惯施肥处理相比,接触施用控释肥增加了距茎基部0—10 cm区域内玉米根长密度的分布,占总根长的59%~64%;玉米收获后,减量控释肥处理土壤剖面各个土层Nmin含量与对照相比无显著增加,习惯施肥和全量控释肥处理(N 180 kg/hm2)在60—90、90—120 cm土层的Nmin累积显著高于对照。综合考虑玉米生长、产量以及根系分布和氮素淋失风险,本试验条件下,接触施用控释肥N120 kg/hm2是夏玉米季较为理想的选择。