Prediction of Soil Cadmium Bioavailability to Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) using Single-Step Extraction Procedures

In this study, complexation extractants ammonium bicarbonate diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA), diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and mild cation-exchange extractants calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) were used to evaluate the bioavailability of soil cadmium (Cd) to cacao in the field. Among the five extractants, the extractable Cd generally followed the order EDTA > DTPA > AB-DTPA > CaCl₂ > NH₄NO₃. Correlation analysis was done between the extractable Cd in soil and total Cd content of cacao tissues (nibs, shells, leaves, and pods). The Cd extracted by CaCl₂ and NH₄NO₃ was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with some of the tissues but their Pearson correlation coefficients were weak. In contrast, extractants AB-DTPA, DTPA, and EDTA showed stronger, significant correlations to the Cd concentration in all four tissues. Overall, regression analysis demonstrated that AB-DTPA, DTPA, or EDTA can be used to predict bioavailable Cd in soils for cacao. Of these, AB-DTPA and DTPA both showed the strongest correlations compared to EDTA. However, the ease of preparation and the superior shelf-life of DTPA over AB-DPTA make it the preferred reagent for Cd bioavailability extractions from cacao soils and is currently being used to develop cost-effective soil treatments to reduce bioavailable Cd to cacao plants.     

Growth,Cadmium and Zinc Accumulation of Ornamental Sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.)in Contaminated Soil with Different Amendments

Use of ornamental plants for phytoremediation of metal-contaminated soil is a new option. A pot experiment was carried out to assess the effect of application of amendments, i.e., swine manure, salicylic acid (SA) and potassium chloride (KCl), on the growth, uptake and translocation of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) of ornamental sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) grown on a contaminated soil. The three amendments increased sunflower height, flower diameter, and biomass. Manure significantly decreased Cd and Zn concentrations in sunflower, and thus decreased the bioaccumulation coeffcient (BCF) of Cd and Zn. However, using of KCl markedly increased Cd concentrations in sunflower and the BCF of Cd. Additionally, both swine manure and KCl application increased Cd and Zn translocation from root to aboveground part. Swine manure and salicylic acid reduced the Cd/Zn ratios in flower of sunflower, while KCl significantly increased the Cd/Zn ratios. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the Cd/Zn ratio in the root of sunflower was affected by K/Na ratio in root and soil available potassium (K) concentration. Ornamental sunflower could be grown as an alternative plant in the Cd- and Zn-contaminated soil with KCl application to get the balance between environmental and economic interests.     

重金属污染农田土壤修复效果评价指标体系分析

重金属污染农田土壤经修复后,是否达到了预期的目标,是否可以复垦为农田,生产的农作物是否达到了安全水平,这些问题均需要通过对修复后的效果进行评价来给出明确的答复。然而,目前,有关重金属污染农田土壤修复效果评价指标体系方面的研究还很少。从污染农田土壤修复效果评价的实际需求出发,本着全面性、客观性、易测性、可评性的原则,提出了一套推荐评价指标体系,并给出了各指标的分析方法及评价标准,以期为重金属污染农田土壤修复效果评价体系的建立及土壤修复标准的制定等提供参考依据。     

Soil metal immobilization and ryegrass uptake of lead, copper and zinc as affected by application of organic materials as soil amendments in a short-term greenhouse trial

Green waste compost, peat, coir and wood bark were applied to metal-contaminated mine waste at the rates of 1%, 10% and 20% on dry weight basis, and perennial ryegrass grown over a period of 6 weeks. Addition of amendments led to increased biomass yield in all soils when compared with the non-amended soil. EDTA extractable Pb, Cu and Zn was significantly reduced in amended soil, while leaf and root metal concentrations were also significantly reduced by the application of amendments, especially at applied rates of 10% and 20%. Coir, green waste compost and wood bark stood out as amendments which were consistent in reducing soil extractable and plant tissue Pb, Cu and Zn; while peat rates above 10% enhanced solubility of Cu and Zn because of a lowering of the soil pH.     

固定剂及其在重金属污染土壤修复中的应用

由于人类的过度开发,部分地区土壤重金属污染日趋严重。采用向污染土壤中施加各类固定化试剂,通过其对重金属的吸附、沉淀(共沉淀)、离子交换及络合作用等将重金属固定在土壤中,降低其在环境中的迁移性和生物可利用性,最终达到减少重金属污染环境风险的目标,是修复重金属污染土壤的有效手段之一。本文概述了近年来国内外报道的各种土壤固定剂及其在重金属污染土壤修复中的应用和修复机理,并从构效关系等角度出发,展望了固定剂在土壤修复应用中的未来发展。     

不同钝化剂配施硫酸锌对石灰性土壤中镉生物有效性的影响研究

为了降低轻度镉（Cd）污染土壤中Cd的生物有效性以确保农产品安全,以低吸收豆类蔬菜（豇豆）作为供试植物,通过田间试验研究了在轻度Cd污染（Cd1.5mg·kg-1）石灰性土壤中施加赤泥、油菜秸秆、玉米秸秆、赤泥＋油菜秸秆等钝化处理并配施硫酸锌肥料对土壤中Cd的生物有效性的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,不同钝化处理可显著（P〈0.05）降低豇豆豆角中Cd浓度和土壤中可溶态Cd浓度;钝化处理条件下豇豆豆角中Cd浓度降低了27%（玉米秸秆）~83%（赤泥＋油菜秸秆）。在施加钝化剂的基础上,配施硫酸锌肥料可进一步降低豇豆对Cd的吸收,各钝化处理在配施锌肥后,豇豆豆角中Cd平均浓度与未施锌肥相比降低了27%。对不同作物秸秆而言,富含巯基的油菜秸秆比富含纤维素的玉米秸秆钝化效果好。由此可见,在轻度Cd污染的石灰性土壤中,无机钝化剂赤泥和富含巯基的油菜秸秆复合使用是一种高效且环境友好的钝化手段。同时,合理施用锌肥可能会进一步降低作物对Cd的吸收。     

农田土壤砷、镉协同钝化修复的研究进展

由于砷和镉的化学行为不同,为使用化学法实现农田土壤中两元素协同钝化修复增加了难度。本文综述了近几年来砷、镉协同钝化修复的材料和使用效果,其中应用较多的是复合钝化剂和改性钝化剂。复合钝化剂在施加方式上略微复杂,但制备工艺较为简单,钝化效果比单一钝化剂更胜一筹;从钝化剂的性质上看,改性钝化剂效果好且施加量少,但其制备工艺比不改性钝化剂复杂,限制其大面积推广使用,因而简化改性材料的制备流程是砷、镉协同钝化修复的一大突破口。此外,文章从吸附、化学沉淀、络合、螯合作用等方面,归纳了砷、镉协同钝化的机理,并介绍了田间砷、镉协同钝化修复的案例;最后,对目前农田土壤砷、镉协同钝化修复研究提出了5个亟待解决的科学问题——钝化剂的有效性、持久性、安全性、普适性和经济性,并对该领域今后的发展趋势如深入研究如何提高钝化修复材料的普适性,重点关注钝化剂的施用量、持久性和对土壤生态系统的风险评价以及针对不同类型污染土壤的模式化、规范化和规程化钝化修复等方面进行了展望。     

腐殖质在工业污染场地土壤修复中的应用综述

随着城市化发展和产业结构调整,大量遗留的工业污染场地对生态环境和人类健康构成严重威胁,新的修复技术和修复材料亟待开发,腐殖质作为天然有机材料对污染场地土壤修复的作用已经引起研究人员的广泛关注。综述了土壤腐殖质的结构与性质、分离与纯化方法,在此基础上阐述了腐殖质在工业污染场地土壤修复,特别是有机污染物和重金属修复中的作用,并介绍了腐殖质作为有机修复剂在土壤修复工程实践中的应用现状,最后提出腐殖质在土壤修复中还需要重点研究的方向,以期为腐殖质作为新的工程材料在土壤修复中的开发利用提供理论基础和技术参考。     

城市土壤污染的磁学监测研究

对上海市典型工业区(宝山区淞南镇)与农业区(宝山区罗泾镇)土壤磁性特征和重金属含量进行研究,结果表明:工业区土壤磁化率(χlf)平均为271×10-8m3/kg,最高达1660×10-8m3/kg,频率磁化率(χfd)平均<2%;农业区土壤χlf平均为32.5×10-8m3/kg,变化范围为:(15~58.6)×10-8m3/kg。工业区土壤磁性异常增值,与工业活动与交通运输中含Fe磁性颗粒的排放有关;工业区土壤χlf与土壤Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Mn、Fe的含量存在极显著正相关性,表明土壤磁性可作为监测城市/工业土壤污染的有效手段。农业区土壤χlf接近土壤背景值,与土壤重金属的相关性不显著。     

水分调控和钝化剂处理对水稻土镉的钝化效应及其机理

采用盆栽试验,研究了水分管理和钝化剂处理对红壤性水稻土重金属镉的钝化效应及其作用机理。结果表明,在土壤镉含量为0．75mg·kg。下,添加海泡石复配磷肥可以显著提高土壤pH值,长期淹水、常规管理水分条件下,土壤交换态cd分别降低了20．4％和15．7％,碳酸盐结合态cd分别下降了15．5％和14．1％,糙米cd分别降低了52．3％和46．O％。未添加钝化剂条件下,长期淹水处理的根表Fe（Ⅱ）含量比常规处理增加了1．2倍,根表cd含量则是常规处理的82．6％。土壤经钝化处理后,长期淹水和常规管理水分条件下,根表Fe（Ⅱ）分别增加了40．1％和70．0％,而根表cd分别降低了35．3％和42．4％。糙米cd含量与根表Fe（Ⅱ）含量呈显著负相关,与根表cd含量呈显著正相关。土壤Fe“和cd“对水稻根表吸附点位的竞争以及土壤镉较低的生物有效性是钝化处理组糙米镉含量下降的主要原因。     

重金属铅镉对玉米生长及土壤微生物的影响

采用温室盆栽土培方法,研究了土壤中不同浓度重金属铅（Pb,0-800 mg.kg^-1）、镉（Cd,0-50 mg.kg^-1）单一及其复合处理对玉米（Zea mays L.）生长及土壤微生物（细菌、放线菌、真菌）数量的影响。结果表明,在重金属Pb、Cd单一及其复合处理下,玉米的株高、干重均低于对照,重金属Pb、Cd处理对玉米的生长存在负面影响。重金属Pb、Cd单一处理抑制细菌、真菌的生长,中低浓度Pb（≤300 mg.kg^-1）、Cd（≤10 mg.kg^-1）单一处理促进放线菌数量的增加,高浓度（Pb≥800 mg.kg^-1、Cd≥50 mg.kg^-1）则呈现抑制效应;Pb、Cd复合在高中低浓度下都抑制土壤微生物生长,减少微生物数量。玉米株高同土壤微生物之间相关性不显著;玉米干重同土壤细菌、真菌显著相关,同土壤放线菌之间相关性不显著。     

硝酸一次消解同时测定土壤中Cd、As、Hg的方法研究

硝酸在水浴中一次性消解土壤样品,用石墨炉原子吸收测定镉、原子荧光光谱法同时测定砷和汞。其检出限镉为0.053 ng m l-1、砷为0.011 ng m l-1、汞为0.008 ng m l-1,线性范围镉为0~4 ng m l-1、砷为0~40ng m l-1、汞为0~2 ngm l-1。回收率在93.0~104.0%。本方法简便了消煮过程,一次消解能同时测定土壤中的多种重金属。     

生物炭-凹凸棒土复合材料对水稻土锌镉的钝化及土壤养分和酶活性的影响研究

为了比较生物炭、凹凸棒土以及生物炭-凹凸棒土复合材料3种钝化剂对锌镉复合污染水稻土的钝化修复效果,本研究利用傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积表征(BET)和扫描电镜(SEM)等技术手段对稻壳生物炭和凹凸棒土样品进行表征,并采用土培试验研究稻壳生物炭、凹凸棒土及生物炭-凹凸棒土复合材料对实际重...     

Effects of Co-Application of Zeolites and Vermicompost on Speciation and Phytoavailability of Cadmium,Lead, and Zinc in a Contaminated Soil

In this study, we investigated, with pot experiments, whether combined application of zeolites and vermicompost is more effective than single application on plant growth and heavy metals’ uptake in a heavy metal contaminated soil. The results showed that co-application of these amendments decreased zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) availability by their redistribution from plant available forms to organic matter and metal oxide associated fractions. While, the addition of vermicompost and zeolites increased the lead (Pb) concentration significantly in the soluble/exchangeable form as compared with the control. Applying vermicompost individually or in combination with zeolites markedly increased plant biomass. Single zeolites and vermicompost reduced Zn and Pb contents of corn roots and shoots compared to un-treated soil, but less compared to the combined zeolite and vermicompost treatments. The results obtained suggest that co-application of zeolites and vermicompost could be an option for immobilizing Cd, Pb, and Zn in heavy metal contaminated soils.     

土壤重金属—有机物复合污染环境效应与修复技术研究进展

重金属-有机物复合污染已是土壤污染的一种普遍形式,其环境危害和治理难度远大于单一污染土壤,因此,重金属-有机物复合污染土壤修复治理是我国环保领域亟需解决的现实难题。基于此,本文首先介绍了重金属与有机污染物在土壤中的复合污染现状；其次,分析了土壤中重金属与有机污染物的交互作用及其环境效应；然后从物化修复、生物修复和联合修复这3方面,综述了不同技术手段对重金属-有机物复合污染土壤修复的研究进展；最后提出了重金属-有机物复合污染土壤修复研究的发展方向。     

Cadmium adsorption as influenced by poultry manure addition in soils of South-Western Nigeria

Soil contamination with heavy metals is of great concern worldwide because of its negative effects on human health and environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of poultry manure on cadmium (Cd) adsorption characteristics in soils from ten different land uses and to determine the effects of Cd adsorption on soil properties. Laboratory experiments were carried out using Cd concentrations ranging from 0 to 160 mg Cd L^?1 and poultry manure rates ranging from 0 to 8% w/w basis. Results showed that all the soils exhibited varying capacity to adsorb Cd with values ranging from 28.78 to 130.2 mgkg^?1; 126.2 to 153.5 mgkg^?1 and 126.2 to 156.1 mgkg^?1 for 0%, 4% and 8% poultry manure at 160 mgkg^?1 initial Cd concentrations, respectively. Lowest Cd adsorbed (28.78 mgkg^?1) was recorded in samples from 6 months fallow and highest (156.1 mgkg^?1) from vegetable field. On the average, capacity to adsorb Cd was 72.1%, 99.7% and 95.3% with 0%, 4% and 8% applied poultry manure, respectively. Organic carbon, CEC, pH were significantly correlated with Cd adsorption. Poultry manure use will increase Cd adsorption and decrease Cd in the environment.     

Estimation of Reference Values for Cadmium,Cobalt, Chromium,Copper, Nickel,Lead, and Zinc in Brazilian Soils

Abstract

The objectives of this study were 1) to recommend reference values (RVs) and tolerance limits (TLs) for representative Brazilian soils and 2) to propose a model to calculate natural contents of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in a soil from the silt, clay, manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) values. A set of 256 soil samples was classified by similarity in seven groups, and the concentrations corresponding to the upper quarter of data collected were then calculated. These concentrations are proposed as RVs for Brazilian soils. Additionally, TLs were obtained for each group from the antilog expression (m+2s), where m=mean value and s=standard deviation of data transformed in log₁₀. The classification functions of discriminant analysis proved to be suitable to allocate new samples in the established groups. Thus, it is possible to evaluate soils under anthropic activity and, by comparison with reference values, to be aware of pollution risks in a given area.     

扬中地区农田土壤重金属污染调查与评价

对扬中地区主要农田土壤进行了采样监测,按照国家无公害农产品产地的环境质量标准,采用单项污染指数法和尼梅罗综合指数法对土壤的8个重金属污染指标进行了环境质量评价。结果表明,扬中农田土壤均受到重金属轻污染,其中Cd、Hg污染主要与化肥、农药等大量施用有关;As、Pb、Cu、Zn污染可能与工厂废气及汽车尾气排放有关;而Cr、Ni污染主要与长江石灰性冲积母质特征有关。结合1990年的土壤数据,计算了重金属的累积速率,反映近年来重金属的不断输入。污染区的农产品生态效应研究表明,重金属污染已经威胁到农产品安全。     

分散固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用快速检测玉米及土壤中莠去津残留

采用分散固相萃取（QuEChERS）为样品前处理方法,建立了超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱快速检测玉米及土壤中莠去津残留分析方法。玉米及土壤样品经乙腈提取、乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷（PSA）分散固相（DSPE）净化后,应用超高效液相色谱/电喷雾串联四极杆质谱仪多离子反应监测（MRM）定量检测,分别以碎片离子m/z216〉146和m/z216〉174定性,以m/z216〉96进行外标法定量。结果表明,在0.005～0.5mg·kg^-1添加水平范围内莠去津的平均添加回收率在77.01%～112.62%之间,相对标准偏差在2.23%～8.43%之间,对莠去津的检出限（LOD）为0.39～0.91μg·kg^-1,定量检出限（LOQ）为1.33～3.02μg·kg^-1。该方法灵敏度高,操作简单,定量准确,测定浓度范围宽,可用于莠去津的残留分析。     

Effect of Zinc Application on Cadmium Uptake of Maize Grown in Alkaline Soil

The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of zinc (Zn) application on cadmium (Cd) uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) grown in alkaline soil. Four doses of cadmium (Cd; 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 ppm) in the form of cadmium chloride and four doses of Zn (0, 10, 20, and 40 ppm) in the form of zinc sulfate were applied to the soils. Plants were harvested at the 45th day of their developments. The Cd amounts in shoots and roots were analyzed separately. Significant differences between Cd amounts in shoots and roots are obtained with the application of different Zn doses (P < 0.01). In all Cd levels, Zn application increases Cd in both shoots and roots relative to Cd contents of plants grown in the pots that not applied Zn. It is also found that Cd content of the roots is greater than that of shoots.