红壤施氮对玉米水分胁迫指数的影响

为了探讨干旱条件下红壤水氮管理措施,在田间遮雨小区设置连续0～32 d不灌水的7个干旱水平和N 0、140、280 kg/hm23个施氮水平的试验,研究了氮肥对夏玉米作物水分胁迫指数(Crop water stress index,CWSI)的影响。结果表明,CWSI可以指示红壤干旱时玉米水分胁迫状况,但增施氮肥后,CWSI与产量的关系发生了偏移。在CWSI低于0.20时,增施氮肥对CWSI无明显影响;在CWSI大于0.20时,增施氮肥使玉米产量下降,高量氮肥还使CWSI上升,作物受旱加剧。说明增施氮肥对CWSI的影响因玉米干旱胁迫程度和施氮量而异。     

ENHANCING NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY OF POTATO AND CEREAL CROPS BY OPTIMIZING TEMPERATURE,MOISTURE, BALANCED NUTRIENTS AND OXYGEN BIOAVAILABILITY

Enhancement of nutrient use efficiency is imperative for increasing economic returns and reducing environmental pollution caused by fertilizer use in crop production systems. In this paper, we have demonstrated at a given soil temperature and nitrogen (N) rate, N loss via ammonia emission at 80% field capacity (FC) soil water regime in potato production was decreased by 58 to 81% compared to that at 20% FC, in two soils. In another study, N uptake by flooded corn (genotype: FR27 × FRMO17) seedlings with oxygen fertilization was 8-fold greater than that without oxygen fertilization. Nitrogen utilization efficiency of wheat (cv. ‘Yanzhong 144’) seedlings grown in a complete nutrient solution was 10-fold greater than that of the seedlings under low-phosphorus stress. It is concluded that appropriate management of soil water, oxygen fertilization, and of well-balanced nutrients supply significantly enhance N uptake and utilization efficiencies of corn and wheat, and minimize N loss.     

膜下滴灌棉花的土壤干旱诊断指标与灌水决策

通过利用烘干法和中子仪法对膜下滴灌棉花和常规沟灌棉花的土壤干旱情况进行诊断试验,该文对所选的两种干旱诊断指标—作物适宜土壤含水率和作物缺水指标CWSI的特点进行了研究。试验和分析表明,两种灌水方式下的棉花生长对土壤水分环境的要求是一致的。另外,两种指标所反映出的规律也基本相同。但是,因膜下滴灌棉花的耐旱性弱,受旱风险大,在生产中进行灌水决策时,其干旱诊断指标应比常规灌时灌水量稍大     

Canopy-air temperature differential for potato under different irrigation regimes

Abstract

The main objective of this study was to determine canopy-air temperature differential, which can be used to quantify crop water stress index (CWSI) for potato. The crop was cultivated under furrow irrigation and subjected to three irrigation regimes in which irrigation was applied when 30, 50 and 70% of the available water holding capacity was consumed, and three irrigation levels (100, 50 and 0% replenishment of soil water depleted). The highest yield and water use was obtained under non-water-stressed treatments (100% replenishment of soil water depleted) for each irrigation regime. The lower (non-stressed) and upper (stressed) baselines were determined empirically from measurements of canopy temperatures, ambient air temperatures and vapour pressure deficit values and the CWSI was calculated with three irrigation levels for each irrigation regime. Trends in CWSI values were consistent with the soil water contents induced by the deficit irrigations. Average CWSI before irrigation values of 0.49 for irrigation when 30% of the available water holding capacity was consumed, 0.55 for irrigation when 50% of the available water holding capacity was consumed and 0.69 for irrigation when 70% of the available water holding capacity was consumed, produce maximum tuber yield. The yield was also directly correlated with seasonal CWSI values.     

作物干旱指数(CWSI)和土壤干旱指数(SWSI)

本文根据邯郸地区的大范围观测资料，对小麦的作物干旱指数（ＣＷＳＩ）和裸地的土壤干旱指数（ＳＷＳＩ）及其与土壤水发的关系进行了研究，并分析了了ＣＷＳＩ和ＳＷＳＩ的影响因素和在旱情监测中的实用性。     

保水剂构件的保水保肥效果研究

[目的]针对水土流失造成的肥料养分流失及部分地区干旱缺水的问题,进行节水保肥的系列研究,阐明保水构件的保水保肥效果及其应用前景。[方法]利用保水剂加工成各种形状的保水构件,并使其获得的保水保肥效果优于把保水剂和土混匀的常规方法。[结果]在同等淋水量的情况下使用保水构件可减少65%的水分流失,N,P,K养分流失可减少89%以上;盆栽试验中,在干旱胁迫情况下,保水构件可使玉米增产155%;大田试验显示,自然降雨条件下,保水构件可使玉米增产26%,甘蔗增产10.5%且糖度增加。同时N,P,K养分下渗流失减少而对养分的吸收增加。[结论]系列试验说明保水构件可提高作物产量、质量和对养分的吸收。     

红外遥感估算春小麦农田土壤含水率的试验研究

根据水分亏缺条件下作物蒸发蒸腾量计算公式及作物水分胁迫指标CWSI(Crop Water Stress Index)的定义，提出了基于遥感作物冠层温度和土壤水分修正系数的春小麦田土壤含水率估算公式，其中土壤水分修正系数采用了幂函数形式。用该公式对春小麦田土壤含水率在分蘖后-拔节抽穗期、抽穗开花-灌浆期和乳熟-黄熟期3个生育阶段进行了估算，并对估算值和实测值进行对比和误差分析，结果表明该模型估算春小麦根层土壤含水率误差保持在18%以内。     

施用等养分量有机肥和化肥对干旱胁迫下玉米生物量影响的比较

  目的  研究干旱胁迫条件下施用有机肥和与之等氮磷钾养分量化肥对玉米生物量的影响及其机制,为玉米抗旱技术措施的提出提供理论依据。  方法  通过温室盆栽模拟试验研究施肥（不施肥、施用牛粪和施用化肥）、微生物（不灭菌和灭菌）和水分（不干旱即田间持水量的70%和干旱即田间持水量的40%）三因素对苗期（45天后）玉米生长及土壤性质的影响。  结果  （1）与不施肥相比,施肥处理显著提高玉米生物量,其中地上部生物量提高了155% ~ 278%,根系提高了71% ~ 122%,总生物量提高了125% ~ 221%;在灭菌条件下,干旱后玉米生物量显著降低（30% ~ 34%）。（2）施肥后,未显著改变土壤无机氮的含量,显著提高了土壤速效磷和速效钾的含量;与正常水分处理相比,干旱仅在有机肥处理下显著降低了土壤速效钾含量,达43.8%;施肥对土壤微生物总生物量和细菌生物量均无显著影响,显著提高了真菌生物量以及真菌和细菌的比值;干旱后,土壤微生物总生物量、细菌和真菌生物量均未发生显著改变。（3）随土壤速效磷含量的增加,玉米总生物量显著增加。  结论  干旱显著降低了苗期玉米生物量,且这种干旱效应仅在灭菌土壤上出现,说明了土壤微生物能够增强植物对干旱胁迫的抗性;在干旱情况下,有机肥施用后玉米生物量显著高于化肥处理,土壤速效磷是主要的驱动因子。     

施氮水平对红壤区夏玉米水分胁迫指数下基线的影响

在南方红壤区,分阴、晴两种天气条件,分别模拟不同施氮水平(0、120和240kg·hm-2)的夏玉米水分胁迫指数( CWSI)下基线方程.结果表明,阴天时由于空气饱和差集中于1～1.25kPa,不适合模拟玉米CWSI下基线,而在晴天时,尽管空气饱和差在1 ～3kPa范围内变化,但是模拟建立的CWSI下基线回归检验效果极显著(P＜0.01);晴天条件下,在相同空气饱和差变动范围内,有氮素供给的夏玉米冠气温差低于不施氮的,而且随着施氮量的增多,冠气温差逐渐降低,从而导致不同施氮水平处理夏玉米CWSI下基线各不相同.试验结果表明,在南方红壤区亚热带季风气候条件下,可以在晴天时建立作物CWSI下基线;并且在使用CWSI时,要根据作物施肥水平建立相应的CWSI下基线.     

长期施肥下黑土有机肥替代率变化特征

探索长期施肥下黑土有机肥替代率与土壤肥力提升的关系,可为农田土壤培肥和有机替代提供理论依据。对吉林省公主岭黑土32年的长期肥力试验定位观测数据进行系统分析,基于作物氮素吸收量和土壤氮素供需方程探讨高产条件下施用不同量有机肥的黑土有机肥替代率的变化特征。研究表明,作物产量随着有机肥施用年限增加逐渐提高,32年的持续施肥,施用有机肥的作物产量趋同甚至高于NPK化肥处理的作物产量。基于作物氮素吸收量,高产条件下有机肥替代率与施肥年限呈极显著线性正相关(P0.01),高量有机肥处理(M2)的有机肥替代率高于常量有机肥处理(M1);且有机肥施用29年后,高量有机肥处理(M2)的有机肥替代率达到100%,并保持稳定不变。基于土壤氮素供需方程估测的常量和高量有机肥处理(M1和M2)的有机肥替代率与基于作物氮素吸收量得到的有机肥替代率相关系数(R2)达到0.78和0.84(P0.01),相对均方根误差(RMSE)均小于15%(分别为10.4%和14.6%),表明土壤氮素供需方程可以较好地估测土壤有机肥替代率。基于作物氮素吸收量和土壤氮素供需方程能够准确反映长期有机培肥下黑土有机肥替代率的变化规律。本研究结果表明,基于作物氮素吸收量和土壤氮素供需方程两种方法验证,高产条件下有机肥替代率是土壤肥力的函数;随着有机肥施肥年限的增加,土壤肥力提升,有机肥替代率逐渐增加。     

基于CWSI及干旱稀遇程度的农业干旱指数构建及应用

土壤湿度降低会使作物生长受到水分胁迫,严重时发生农业干旱,对粮食安全造成不利影响,准确识别和有效监测农业干旱具有重要的现实意义。前人研究中,通常仅根据当前水分亏缺程度识别干旱事件,而不考虑其稀遇特征。该文基于蒸散发构建了综合考虑当前水分亏缺程度和干旱事件稀遇程度的农业干旱指数IEDI(integrated evapotranspirationdeficitindex),并基于该指数分析了中国东北3省2000-2014年农业干旱演变规律,探讨了气象要素对农业干旱以及农业干旱发生时段对粮食产量的影响。结果表明:1)与仅考虑水分亏缺程度的指标相比,综合考虑干旱稀遇程度的IEDI能更加有效地识别干旱年际差异,历史干旱事件、旱灾成灾面积和粮食产量验证了该指数的合理性;2)东北三省旱灾成灾面积与IEDI的相关系数均大于0.75,其中,吉林省最大,为0.88;粮食产量与IEDI的相关系数均大于0.60,其中,辽宁省最大,为0.78;3)吉林西部、辽宁西部易发生严重农业干旱,对气象干旱敏感程度高;4)当干旱发生的起始月份固定时,随干旱持续时间增加,干旱指数与产量的相关性先增强后减弱;当干旱持续时间固定时,干旱指数与产量的相关性与干旱发生的起始月份显著相关。总之,结合了干旱事件稀遇程度的指数可以有效识别农业干旱,为农业干旱监测提供了合理依据。     

作物冠层表面温度诊断冬小麦水分胁迫的试验研究

利用红外测温装置能够观测获得作物的冠层表面温度,从而诊断作物是否遭受水分胁迫。基于这种技术,使用作物水分胁迫指数CWSI反映我国华北平原地区冬小麦的水分胁迫状况。研究比较了作物水分胁迫指数CWSI的经验模式和理论模式,根据它们的波动特征,可以看出用CWSI经验模式反映华北地区冬小麦水分胁迫不很理想。研究分析了作物水分胁迫指数理论模式与其他一些反映作物水分状况的指标,包括叶水势、叶片气孔阻力,叶片最大净光合速率以及土壤水分含量之间的关系,结果表面理论模式与上述这些指标关系良好,表明其很好地反映了作物的水分胁迫特征。该研究给出了适合于我国华北平原地区冬小麦的作物水分胁迫指数计算的主要参数。研究从实际田间应用的可能性出发,分析并提出了作物水分胁迫指数经验模式和理论模式应用的改进方向     

基于CWSI和土壤水分修正系数的冬小麦田土壤含水量估算

2000年10月～2001年7月在西北农林科技大学灌溉实验站冬小麦田内,进行了利用作物冠层温度定量估算冬小麦田土壤含水量的试验研究。根据水分亏缺条件下作物蒸发蒸腾量计算公式及作物水分胁迫指标(CWSI)的定义,得到了基于CWSI和土壤水分修正系数Ks的不同生育阶段冬小麦田土壤含水量估算公式,其中Ks采用了康绍忠的幂函数形式(KM)及Dooreboos的线性公式(DM)。用该公式对冬小麦田土壤含水量在4个生育阶段进行了估算,并对估算值和实测值进行对比和误差分析。分析结果表明:在出苗越冬期和越冬返青期KM和DM模型对土壤水分的估算偏高,其原因是由于麦田土地裸露导致CWSI观测中出现了较大误差;在返青抽穗开花期和灌浆成熟期KM模型估算冬小麦根层土壤含水量较适宜,误差在15%以内,DM模型误差较大达到30%。     

不同水肥条件对宁南旱地谷子产量、WUE及光合特性的影响

在宁南(海原)旱农试验区,通过谷子生育期补充灌水模拟当地不同降水年型,研究了不同水肥配合对谷子产量、水分利用效率(WUE)及旗叶光合特性的影响。结果表明:在欠水年型(不补灌)和平水年型(中补灌和高补灌)水分条件下,谷子产量和WUE的最高值均在中肥水平(N 120 kg/hm2,P2O5108 kg/hm2)时获得。然而,在欠水年型,从施肥增加当季作物产量和提高有限水分利用效率方面考虑,中肥水平的施肥量并不经济,而应适当减少施肥量,以节约农业生产成本,但从培肥地力的角度看,这种施肥水平是可取的。在丰水年型(高补灌)水分供应条件下,高肥水平(N 180 kg/hm2,P2O5162 kg/hm2)可使谷子产量达到最高,而中肥水平WUE却最高,因此,从提高旱作农田作物WUE和肥料利用效率角度看,施中等肥量更为合理。不同水肥条件通过改善土壤水分状况而改善作物净光合速率(P n)和蒸腾速率(T r),在水分亏缺的年份,作物受土壤水分胁迫严重,施肥对P n和T r的效应不明显;但当土壤水分供应状况较好时,P n和T r随施肥量的增加有增加趋势。     

Corn and soybean grain yield responses to soil amendments and cover crop in upland soils

A field study was conducted on upland soils for six years to determine interactive effects of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cover crop, organic and inorganic soil amendments on grain yields and nutrient utilizations in a no-till corn (Zea mays)-soybean (Glycine max) rotation. Experimental design was a split-plot arrangement with four replicates. Cover crops were the main plots and fertilization treatments used as sub-plot. Fertilization treatments included an unfertilized control, poultry litter, poultry litter (PL) plus flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and inorganic N fertilizer applied every other year to corn. Corn grain yield and grain N and P uptake were greater with PL than inorganic fertilizer in 2014 and 2016. Addition of FGD gypsum to PL significantly increased corn grain yield by 15% in 2016. Cover crop increased corn and soybean grain yields in a year with less seasonal rainfall possibly by conserving soil moisture.     

Effect of Incorporation of Crop Residues on a Maize–Groundnut Sequence in the Humid Tropics. II. Soil Physical and Chemical Properties

Abstract

A two‐year study (1997–1999) was conducted on a sandy clay loam (Typic Paleudult) at the experimental farm of the Universiti Putra to determine the effects of application of crop residues on changes of some soil properties in a maize (Zea mays L.)–groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) crop rotation system. Five crops of a rotation of sweet corn–groundnut–sweet corn–groundnut–sweet corn were sown with three treatments: recommended inorganic fertilizer [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)] with crop residue (T1), recommended inorganic fertilizer without crop residues (T2) or one‐half of the recommended inorganic fertilizer with crop residues combined with 10 t ha^?1 of chicken manure (T3). Soil organic carbon (OC), soil water content and soil bulk density were not significantly changed. Application of crop residues for two years increased cation exchange capacity (CEC) whereas supplementing crop residues with CM had significantly increased soil pH of the topsoil. Phosphorous in manure treatment had moved down the soil profile, which might cause eutriphication of under ground water, particularly during the rainy season. Based on this work, incorporation of crop residues could be a beneficial practice for improving the fertility of acid soils.     

土壤湿度驱动WOFOST模型及其适应性

WOFOST作物生长模型是以日降水量表征降水输入参数,通过推算土壤相对湿度实现作物生长模拟。由于日降水量随机性较大,很难通过控制日降水量实现不同土壤干旱等级情景设置,限制了WOFOST作物生长模型在不同水分胁迫下对作物生长的模拟,也影响了模拟试验的精度。本文提出以土壤相对湿度直接驱动WOFOST作物生长模型,并以Compaq Visual Fortran 6.5为开发平台,采用Fortran语言对WOFOST作物生长模型的源代码进行修改,将驱动模块中的日降水量文件替换为土壤相对湿度驱动文件。以2013年山东省夏津农业气象试验站玉米出苗-拔节期和抽雄-成熟期水分胁迫和整个生育期自然降水处理（对照）的试验数据为例,对修改后的WOFOST作物生长模型进行了模拟试验。结果显示,采用修订后的模型输出的实测鲜叶干重、鲜茎干重、营养器官干重、地上物质总重和叶面积指数等生物量指标均较原模型输出结果,不仅精度明显提高,而且,由于土壤湿度变化较平稳,较容易地实现了不同水分胁迫情景设置,进而实现不同土壤干旱等级条件下玉米生长的模拟,为分析不同程度干旱对玉米生长的影响及确定其生长发育指标提供了便利条件。     

Soil water content,absorption of nutrient elements,and responses to fertilization of sunflower: A case study

Sunflower is considered to be a drought tolerant crop due to its root system. In Argentina, water availability and mineral nutrition are the main factors determining yield. We evaluated the behavior of a sunflower hybrid subjected to fertilization in a period of drought. A trial with the hybrid Paraiso 5 was carried out on a Typic Hapludoll located in western Buenos Aires province. The six treatments were: control; 150 kg or 300 kg available nitrogen (N) ha^‐1 (Native N supplemented with fertilizer); 150 kg or 300 kg available N ha^‐1 (Native N supplemented with fertilizer) plus other macro‐ and micronutrients, and macro‐ and micronutrients without N. Leaf area, plant biomass, root biomass, and yield components were determined. Plant tops and grain were analyzed for N, phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn). Soil water content to a 1.2 m depth was measured periodically. At sowing, soil moisture was adequate, but during the first two months, the soil water content dropped to near the wilting point. Roots were largely located in the first 10 cm and dropped abruptly at deeper depths. The highest grain yield resulted from the highest N rates, but there were no effects from other nutrient elements. The oil content was not affected by these treatments. The chemical composition of the straw showed significant differences in N, P, S, and Mn concentration. In grain, only N increased as a response to N fertilization. This hybrid absorbed most nutrient elements during the first half of the life cycle and this corresponded to a time of drought conditions. Apparently roots are able to absorb water from the deep soil depths and still absorb nutrient elements from top soil. These traits might be crop strategies to respond to fertilization under drought.     

不同施肥措施对洞庭湖区旱地肥力及作物产量的影响

应用长期定位试验方法,研究了洞庭湖区非粮食作物棉花-油菜轮作下,农民习惯施肥(TF)、配方施肥(NPK)及有机肥和化肥不同配比模式[有机肥来源氮占配方肥总氮量的50%(50%OM)、30%(30%OM)和10%(10%OM)]的作物产量和土壤养分的变化,以期为相应作物种植制度下的合理施肥提供参考。研究结果表明:在本试验施肥量及有机无机肥配比下,有机肥和化肥配施显著提高了棉花和油菜的产量,且以50%OM处理产量最高,各处理产量的顺序为50%OM30%OM10%OMNPKTFCK(不施肥对照);当有机氮施用量占总氮量的50%时(50%OM处理),棉花和油菜产量分别比NPK处理高24.52%、29.57%,比习惯施肥(TF)处理分别高46.03%和49.07%。同时,施用有机肥各处理作物产量的年际变化均不到20%,明显小于NPK、TF和CK处理,即施用有机肥不仅能促进旱地作物高产,同时也能保证其稳产。有机肥与化肥配施能增加土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量,且以50%OM处理效果最好,与试验前比较的增加幅度分别达57.5%、38.2%、65.1%和48.1%;土壤有效磷含量有随施入磷素量的增加而增加趋势;而CK处理土壤有机质和养分含量则均呈逐年下降的趋势。各处理土壤有机质和养分含量(Y)随试验年限(X)的变化均可用方程式Y=a X+b来表示。在洞庭湖区肥力较高的旱地土壤中,合理的有机肥和化肥施用比例对保障非粮作物高产稳产和耕地地力提升尤为重要,且本试验条件下当有机肥来源氮占总施氮量的50%时能获得最佳效果。     

长期水分胁迫下氮、钾对夏玉米叶片光合特性的影响

采用2 种不同夏玉米基因型（陕单9号,抗旱品种;陕单911,不抗旱品种）的盆栽试验,研究了长期水分胁迫下氮、钾对各生育期叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间二氧化碳浓度和叶绿素含量的影响,旨在从光合生理特性揭示这些因子的抗旱机理。结果表明,长期水分胁迫下叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间二氧化碳浓度（除成熟期）和叶绿素含量显著降低,不抗旱品种降幅更甚。抗旱品种的净光合速率和叶绿素含量大于不抗旱品种,而蒸腾速率和胞间二氧化碳浓度则相反。两品种苗期光合作用较弱,净光合速率和叶绿素含量均较低,抽雄期达到高峰。施氮能不同程度降低水分胁迫下玉米叶片的蒸腾速率,增加叶绿素含量,提高净光合速率,从而减缓水分胁迫对光合作用的伤害。随氮肥用量增加,不抗旱品种净光合速率和叶绿素含量显著升高,蒸腾速率和胞间二氧化碳浓度明显降低,两种氮肥用量间有显著差异;抗旱品种在低氮用量时效果显著,但高低氮用量间无显著区别。钾对受水分胁迫的玉米表现出比氮肥更突出的效果。相反,在适量供水条件下,氮钾肥的作用明显下降。以上结果表明,适当用量的氮、钾肥,可以有效地改善水分胁迫下作物叶片的光合特性,从而增强作物的抗旱性。