Impacts of Acid Rain on Base Cations,Aluminum, and Acidity Development in Highly Weathered Soils of Thailand

The impacts of simulated acid rain on leachability of major plant nutrients, toxic element [aluminum (Al)], and acidity development in highly weathered tropical soils of Thailand were studied. Leaching experiments were conducted on soil columns with acidic solutions of pH 5.0, 4.0, 3.0, 2.0, and with water of pH 7.0 as a control treatment. Leaching losses of base cations from all soils increased with the decrease in pH associated with simulated acid rain (SAR) additions, and were found to be quite high under SAR with pH 2.0. The leaching removal of these cations was lesser at pH 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 but greater than that in pH 7.0. The leaching of base cation from the soils depended not only on acid rain pH but also on soil properties, especially cation exchange capacity, soil texture, and initial base content. The significant losses of major plant nutrients [such as potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), and magnesium (Mg²⁺)] from the plant root zone over extended periods could cause nutrient imbalance and lower soil productivity.     

不同土壤类型对硫酸钾镁肥中钾、镁、硫吸附特性研究

在水稻土、红壤、潮土中分别加入不同浓度的硫酸钾镁肥溶液,研究3种土壤在不同浓度硫酸钾镁肥下pH值的变化及对K、Mg、S吸附的能力。结果表明:在3种土壤中加入硫酸钾镁肥都使土壤pH值下降,下降速度是红壤>水稻土>潮土。3种土壤对K的吸附能力较强,可用一元线性方程拟合,在0~354 mg kg-1的K加入量范围内,吸附率在50.4%~74.1%;对S的相对吸附率居中,可用一元二次方程拟合,在0~311 mg kg-1的S加入量范围内,吸附率在35.6%~88.1%;对Mg的吸附能力极弱。3种土壤对K、S吸附能力大小顺序为:潮土>红壤>水稻,对镁吸附能力大小顺序为:潮土>水稻土>红壤。土壤田间施用硫酸钾镁肥量应根据不同土壤对养分的吸附能力大小进行相应的调整。     

长期定位施肥对黄绵土酶活性及土壤养分状况的影响

本研究以25年的肥料长期定位试验为平台,探讨了长期不同施肥处理对土壤活性有机质、氮磷养分及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:长期施肥土壤活性有机质、全氮、碱解氮及速效磷含量显著提高,土壤转化酶和碱性磷酸酶活性增强,其中有机肥化肥配施(NPM)的作用明显大于施用化肥(N、NP);长期施肥不能增强土壤过氧化氢酶活性。相关分析表明,土壤脲酶、转化酶及碱性磷酸酶活性与土壤活性有机质、氮磷养分含量呈显著正相关,且三种酶活性间呈极显著正相关关系。综合土壤养分与土壤主要酶活性的密切关系,认为将土壤酶与土壤养分相结合进行土壤肥力研究,对该区培肥土壤具有重要的指导意义。     

采煤沉陷区不同土地利用类型土壤水分、有机质 和质地的空间变异性

探索采煤沉陷区坡面微地形上土壤水分、养分和颗粒迁移转化的作用机理,为促进矿区生态环境综合整治的科学决策提供重要的理论和实践价值。以焦作九里山矿典型平原型采煤沉陷坑内的耕地和林地为研究对象,对比分析了土壤含水率、有机质含量和质地在不同土地利用类型（耕地和林地）、沉陷坡位（中心、坡底、坡中、坡顶和对照）和剖面深度（0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm、30~40 cm、40~50 cm）上的空间变异性。结果表明,耕地土壤含水率和黏粒含量较林地显著降低（p<0.05）,而砂粒含量则显著增加（p<0.01）。坡中或坡底处的土壤含水率、有机质和粉粒含量最小,而砂粒和黏粒含量则最大,成为整个沉陷坡面上的极值点。在剖面深度上,土壤含水率、有机质、砂粒含量表现为显著的表层聚集,黏粒含量则为显著深层聚集的特点。通过对土壤含水率、有机质含量和土壤质地在沉陷区坡面微地形空间变异作用机理的分析,建议平原型采煤沉陷区的土地复垦方向应以耕地为主,林地为辅的基本原则,在坡中到坡底的等高段复垦为林灌地,能起到对沉陷区土壤水分与养分流失控制和生态环境效益改善的关键作用。     

Changes in Extractable Si,Fe, and Mn as Affected by Silicon,Salinity, and Waterlogging in a Sandy Loam Soil

Silicon (Si) is one of the most abundant elements in the earth's crust, although its availability may be affected by some edaphic and abiotic factors such as soil moisture and salinity. In a laboratory experiment, effects of silicon (Si), salinity, and soil moisture on changes of extractable Si, iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) concentrations were investigated on a sandy loam calcareous soil. The experiment was arranged as a factorial completely randomized design with three replications. Two levels of Si (8 and 200 mg per kg of soil), three salinity levels [0.46 dS m^?1, 8 dS m^?1 as sodium chloride (NaCl), and 8 dS m^?1 as four-salt combination], two soil moisture regimes (–20 kPa and waterlogged), and four incubation times (0, 7, 30, and 45 days) were applied. Salt composition consisted of sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, calcium chloride, and magnesium sulfate at a molar ratio of 4:2:2:1. Acetic acid–extractable Si, Fe, and Mn were determined after 0, 7, 30, and 45 days of incubation. Waterlogging caused significant increase in the extractable Si, Fe, and Mn. Soil salinity of 8 dS m^?1, only in the form of sodium chloride, resulted in a marked decrease in extractable Si, Fe, and Mn. Silicon addition enhanced the soil Si concentration, with no effect on Fe and Mn. Equilibrium time for Si and Fe was 30 days, whereas Mn concentration reached to a constant level after 1 week of waterlogging. It was concluded that Si, Fe, and Mn fertilizers should be applied in sufficient amounts to the saline soils to prevent their deficiencies in plants. Meanwhile, overfertilization in waterlogged conditions must be avoided, because of the probability of nutrient imbalance or toxicity.