Impact of anthropogenic induced nitrogen input and liming on phosphorus leaching in forest soils

Phosphorus (P) is essential for sustainable forest growth, yet the impact of anthropogenic impacts on P leaching losses from forest soils is hardly known. We conducted an irrigation experiment with 128 mesocosms from three forest sites representing a gradient of resin extractable P of the A‐horizon. On each site we selected a Fagus sylvatica and a Picea abies managed subsite. We simulated ambient rain (AR), anthropogenic nitrogen input (NI) of 100 kg (ha · a)^?1 and forest liming (FL) with a dolomite input of 0.3 Mg (ha · a)^?1. Soil solution was extracted from the organic layer, 10 cm depth and 20 cm depth of the mesocosms, and analyzed for molybdate reactive phosphorus (MRP) and molybdate unreactive phosphorus (MUP). Additionally, we separated colloids from the soil solution using Asymmetric Field Flow Fractionation for assessing the colloidal fraction of total element concentrations. NI increased MRP and MUP concentrations for all plots with one exception, while FL decreased MRP and MUP with the exception of another plot. While the irrigation treatments had little impact on the P‐richest site, MRP and MUP concentrations changed strongly at the poorer sites. The colloidal fraction of P in the soil solution equaled 38–47% of the total P load. Nitrogen input and liming also affected the Fe, Al, Ca, and Corg contents of the colloidal fraction.     

The determination of total phosphorus improves the accuracy of the bicarbonate extraction as an availability index

The efficient use of phosphorus (P) in agriculture should rely on accurate soil P tests (SPT). Organic P contributes to P supply to plants; however, it is not usually taken into account in assessing P fertilizer requirements. We hypothesized that there would be an increased accuracy of bicarbonate extraction as SPT in predicting P uptake by plants if total P (TP) in this soil extract is taken into account. We conducted a soil P depletion experiment with 36 soils involving four consecutive crops in pots. Molybdate‐reactive P (MRP) and total P were determined in extracts centrifuged at 19,000 g (Bic‐MRP_C and Bic‐TP_C) or not (Bic‐MRP and Bic‐TP). MRP in extracts explained <47% of the variance in the cumulative P uptake, while total P (centrifuged at 19,000 g or not) provided the most accurate estimation of P uptake (59% with Bic‐TP) and threshold values for fertilizer response (R² = 0.58 with Bic‐TPc). When soils were separated in two groups according to their Ca carbonate equivalent to clay ratio, the variance in the cumulative P uptake explained by Bic‐MRP was above 63%, and that explained by Bic‐TP was above 73%. This separation also enabled more realistic estimation of the threshold values for fertilizer response. It can be concluded that the use of total P instead of MRP in bicarbonate extraction was promising in terms of improving its accuracy in assessing P fertilizer requirements.     

Evaluation of leaching and runoff losses of selenium from seleniferous soils through simulated rainfall

Experiments were conducted to study drainage and runoff losses of selenium (Se) from two seleniferous soils (from Simbly containing total Se 850 μg [kg soil]^–1 and from Barwa containing 1310 μg [kg soil]^–1) under simulated rainfall (250–260 mm in three rainstorms) conditions. Rainfall intensities ranged from 56 to 120 mm h^–1 with uniformity coefficients ranging from 70.6% to 84.2%. Selenium lost through drainage (sum of drainage from initially saturated soil for 24 h and through dry and wet runs) was 0.15% and 0.11% of total Se content in the two soils. In soils having similar pH and organic‐C content, losses of Se through drainage as well as runoff were defined by total Se, water‐soluble Se, CaCO₃ content, and texture of the soils. The amount of runoff water was almost two times in the soil with fine texture and less infiltration rate than in the other and that same trend was observed with respect to loss of sediment. The soil with higher CaCO₃ content and water‐soluble Se lost more Se with moving water both through leaching and runoff, whereas the other soil with fine texture lost greater amount of Se with the sediment. Total Se lost through drainage as well as runoff was 0.29% of the native Se present in both the soils suggesting that significant amount of Se could be lost from seleniferous soils during irrigation and rainfall events.     

淹水条件下水稻田中磷的淋溶研究

采用地下垂直埋入钢管收集土壤淋溶液的方法，在江苏宜兴对水稻生长季节内稻田土壤中P向下迁移作了研究，重点主要集中在淋溶液中P的浓度、渗漏速度以及P的淋溶量测定几个方面。结果表明，在整个水稻生长季中淋溶液的溶解P与全P浓度均不高，溶解P的浓度维持在0．02mg／L以下，全P的浓度则在0．03-0．08mg／L之间；土壤直渗速度为0．53cm／天；本实验方法测得的淋溶量中，整个水稻生长季在施P量为30kg/hm^2的条件下，P的淋溶量为3．77kg/hm^2，其各土壤层次中土壤表层淋溶量所占比例最大，占各层总淋溶量的36％。     

Larger bioavailability of soil phosphorus for irrigated rice compared with rainfed rice in Madagascar: results from a soil and plant survey

Irrigated rice is less prone generally to phosphorus (P) deficiency than rainfed rice because redox reactions release P upon soil flooding. It is not known whether that is also true in highly weathered soils of Madagascar where the combination of high soil Fe and low P input may impede significant release of P. Soils and flag leaf samples were collected in 2010 in 38 irrigated rice and 46 rainfed rice fields belonging to private farmers. A critical flag leaf P content was derived from a P‐dosed pot trial study with three soils, and the results suggested 2.4 g P/kg as the critical value. Average flag leaf P was significantly larger in irrigated than in rainfed rice (2.2 compared with 1.7 g P/kg), and flag leaf P was below the critical value in 76% of irrigated rice fields while this fraction was 100% in rainfed rice. Nitrogen and K deficiencies were less prevalent. Flag leaf P increased with increasing soil pH and soil pH explained partially differences in leaf P between irrigated and rainfed rice. Flag leaf P was unrelated to soil organic matter, but increased with oxalate‐extractable soil P (P_o). Multiple regression analysis revealed greater leaf P at equal soil P_o and equal pH in irrigated compared with rainfed rice. Grain yield estimates (1‐m² squares) increased with flag leaf P but not with leaf N and K. In a regression model, about 42 % of the yield variance was explained with soil P_o and a rice‐growing system. The survey suggests that P is the main limiting nutrient for rice, and that soil P bioavailability is larger for irrigated than for rainfed rice in weathered soils of Madagascar.     

太湖地区渗育性水稻土径流中磷组分的研究

本试验于 2 0 0 2年在太湖地区渗育性水稻土上进行 ,研究不同施磷水平下 (P 0、30、70、15 0和30 0kghm-2 )麦稻轮作中土壤径流磷的损失。研究结果表明 :在麦稻轮作期间 ,除最高施磷处理P 30 0kghm-2的径流磷损失达到P 0 75kghm-2 外 ,其余各施肥处理与对照无显著差异。虽然径流损失的磷最多也不足施磷量的 0 1% ;但径流中溶解磷浓度均已超过水体富营养化磷浓度的阈值 ( 0 0 2mgL-1) ,故农田径流携带的磷长期进入水体也会加重水体富营养化。径流携带的磷以产生第一次径流时为最多 ;径流磷中以颗粒磷为主占总磷的 6 0 %以上 ;溶解磷则在 4 0 %以下 ,而溶解磷中以有机磷为主 ,除P 30 0kghm-2 处理外 ,其余处理的径流中溶解有机磷占总溶解磷的 5 2 0 %～ 76 2 %之间。因此 ,仅测定溶解的无机磷作为溶解磷组分 ,必将低估径流溶解磷的数量及其贡献 ;施肥未增加当季径流中溶解有机磷的浓度     

Hydrolysis of organic phosphorus in soil water suspensions after addition of phosphatase enzymes

Additions of enzymes involved in organic phosphorus (P) hydrolysis can be used to characterize the hydrolyzability of molybdate-unreactive P (MUP) in soil water extracts. Our aim was to test the feasibility of enzyme additions to soil water suspensions with respect to (1) suitable enzyme preparations and (2) recovery of molybdate-reactive P (MRP). To this end, we compared the substrate specificity of seven commercially available enzyme preparations (acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterase, phytase, and nuclease preparations) and optimized the assay conditions in microplates. We then measured MRP release after the addition of the enzymes to soil water suspensions and filtrates of two Swiss grassland soils (midland and alpine). In some cases, commercial preparations of the same enzyme differed in their specificity, presumably due to contamination with other enzymes, and also in their efficiency in soil suspensions. Addition of EDTA to the buffer was required to decrease sorption of released P in soil suspensions. Enzymatic release of P was consistently equal or higher in soil suspensions than in soil filtrates. However, also more dissolved MUP was present in soil suspensions than in filtrates, since the buffer interacted with the solid phase. Of the total dissolved MUP in soil suspensions, 94 and 61 % were hydrolyzable in midland and alpine soil, respectively. More specifically, 60 and 17 % of MUP were in nucleic acids, 6 and 39 % in simple monoesters, and 28 and 5 % in inositol hexakisphosphate in midland and alpine soil, respectively. Thus, we show that the characterization of hydrolyzable organic P in soil suspensions with hydrolytic enzyme preparations may be useful to better understand the availability of soil organic P to enzymatic hydrolysis, but that it requires soil-specific adaptation for optimum P recovery.     

潮土磷素累积流失风险及环境阈值

潮土是中国分布比较广、施肥强度大的典型耕作土壤,潮土中磷素累积与流失对区域水环境的污染风险不容忽视。该研究在潮土面积最大的河南省采集磷素水平不同的典型潮土作为供试土壤,采用人工模拟降雨及土柱模拟试验方法,通过测定土壤中Olsen-P和溶解态活性磷CaCl2-P含量以及径流或淋滤液中各形态磷浓度,研究了潮土中磷素随地表径流和下渗流失特征,并通过分段线性模型对潮土的磷素环境阈值进行拟合。结果表明：1）不同形态磷在潮土土壤剖面中均有一定程度的累积,土壤Olsen-P和CaCl2-P含量表现为高磷最大,中磷次之,低磷最小,而磷吸持指数值表现为低磷最大,中磷次之,高磷最小。从磷素的剖面分布来看,低磷和中磷水平潮土Olsen-P和CaCl2-P含量随着土壤深度的增加而降低,而高磷水平的潮土Olsen-P和CaCl2-P含量在20～40 cm土层含量最高。2）不同磷水平潮土径流中总磷（TP）、可溶性总磷（TDP）和颗粒磷（PP）浓度和流失量大小表现为高磷最高,中磷和低磷水平土壤次之,潮土径流流失以PP为主。3）低磷和中磷水平潮土淋滤液中的各形态磷浓度和流失量随着土层深度的增加而降低,而在高磷水平的潮土淋滤液中,20～40 cm土层淋滤液中磷浓度和流失量要显著高于其他土层,在整个土壤剖面磷素浓度随着土层深度的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,潮土淋滤流失以TDP为主,其中,高磷和低磷水平潮土以可溶性有机磷占主导,而中磷水平潮土以钼酸盐反应磷（MRP）占主导。4）通过分段回归模型将不同含磷水平潮土的水溶性磷与土壤中Olsen-P含量进行拟合,得出潮土土壤磷素环境阈值为24.65 mg/kg,研究还表明径流和渗漏液中TP浓度与土壤CaCl2-P含量呈显著正相关,因此可通过测定CaCl2-P来预测并判断土壤磷素流失风险。     

不同施肥模式对菜—稻轮作农田土壤磷素径流损失与表观平衡的影响

采用田间小区定位试验(2015—2016年)研究了自然降雨条件下农户习惯性施肥(T1)、减量施肥(T2)及优化施肥(T3)不同施肥模式对太湖流域菜—稻轮作农田土壤磷素径流流失特征和磷素表观平衡的影响。结果表明:菜—轮作农田地表径流排水主要分布于强降雨(梅雨季、台风季)集中的水稻生长季,与降雨量呈显著线性正相关关系。磷素径流流失也集中在水稻季,各处理条件下,其流失量占周年流失总量的比例达74.75%~81.46%。农户习惯性施肥模式(T1)处理条件下,蔬菜季径流总磷平均浓度(0.55mg/L)显著高于水稻季(0.29mg/L),但磷素径流流失量(0.49kg/hm^2)却显著低于水稻季(2.13kg/hm^2)。减量施肥(T2)和优化施肥(T3)模式处理可显著降低蔬菜季、水稻季径流磷素浓度和菜—稻周年磷素径流流失量。较T1处理,T2和T3处理显著降低菜—稻周年TP径流流失量分别达22.48%和45.66%。菜—稻轮作农田土壤磷素盈余量呈现显著的施肥模式差异和季节差异,周年盈余量高达260.90kg/hm^2,且主要集中在蔬菜生长季(70.63%)。较T1处理,T2、T3处理显著降低周年磷素盈余量达38.47%~64.87%(P<0.05)。同时,虽然蔬菜产量在T2、T3处理下均显著下降,但较T2处理,T3处理对蔬菜、水稻及周年产量均无显著影响。可见,菜—稻轮作种植模式下,蔬菜季施用适量生物炭,稻季不施磷具有磷素减排、维持作物稳产和磷素表观平衡的协同效应。     

中国云南滇池流域农田径流磷污染负荷影响因素研究

Effects of factors such as slope, surface soil texture, fertilization and crop cover with different rainfall intensities on phosphorus (P) losses in farmland runoff of the Dianchi Lake Watershed in Yunnan Province of China were studied through a rainfall simulation test using a red soil, one of the most widely distributed soils of the study area. Results showed that the runoff concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) and P losses differed with the slope, being highest when the slope was 18°. At two different rainfall intensities, the runoff TP and P losses had a similar decreasing trend as the surface soil texture became coarser, therefore applying the grit would decrease P in runoff from soils of farmland on slopes with heavier textures. With wheat as a crop cover the runoff TP concentrations and P losses were significantly lower than those of the bare soil. This showed that plant cover would greatly decrease P in runoff from the farmland of the study area. The TP concentration in runoff from the soil two days after fertilization doubled when compared with that from the non-fertilized soil, indicating that fertilization could mean a dramatic rise in P runoff if irrigation or heavy rainfall occurred immediately after application and that no fertilization before a rain and no irrigation immediately after fertilization would reduce runoff P loss from the farmland of the study area.     

Effect of legume incorporation on solubilization of Ogun phosphate rock on slightly acidic soils in SW Nigeria

Most soils in Nigeria are known to be slightly acidic and very low in plant‐available P. These soils need to be fertilized for optimal crop production but cost and scarcity of mineral P fertilizers shifted attention to making direct application of indigenous phosphate rock viable alternative. Laboratory and greenhouse studies were carried out to monitor the effect of the decomposition of legume biomass on the solubilization of Ogun phosphate rock (OPR) on slightly acidic soils. Surface soil samples collected from three experimental sites in SW Nigeria were used. The fertilizer treatments were four rates of P as OPR (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg ha^–1) and one rate of triple superphosphate (TSP, 40 kg P ha^–1). The legume treatments were cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L Walp) and mucuna (Mucuna puriens L). Rice (Oryza sativa) was used in the greenhouse study as the test crop. Soil samples were analyzed for soluble P and pH after 2, 4, 6, and 10 months of incubation in the laboratory while plant tissues collected from greenhouse study were analyzed for P. In the incubation study, significant increase in water‐soluble P was observed when legume biomass was incorporated with phosphate rock at p < 0.05. Highest value in rice dry‐matter yield was recorded with pots treated with mucuna and TSP, also treatment combination of cowpea and OPR significantly increased rice dry‐matter yield by 16% over pots treated with cowpea biomass alone and 42% over control pot (no legume biomass and OPR in the green house (p < 0.05). Thus incorporation of legume biomass significantly increased rate of OPR solubilization.     

Excessive application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers induces soil acidification and phosphorus enrichment during vegetable production in Yangtze River Delta,China

Intensive vegetable cultivation has developed very rapidly in China, and investigation of current soil nutrient problems in vegetable fields and their potential environmental risk is important for local soil nutrient management strategies. Three hundred and sixty‐six soil samples were collected from greenhouse vegetable fields, open vegetable fields and rice/wheat rotation fields in southern Jiangsu Province, the most intensive vegetable‐producing areas in Yangtze River Delta, China, for the analysis of their soil fertility status. Soil acidification and P enrichment were the main problems identified in this area of vegetable production, with about 20 and 17% of the open and greenhouse vegetable field soils, respectively, being extremely acid with soil pH values below 5.0. In contrast, no soils under rice/wheat rotation fields were as acidic. Percentages of sites with Olsen‐P concentrations < 90 mg/kg were 61, 85 and 0% for soils growing greenhouse vegetable, field vegetable and rice/wheat, respectively. The nitrogen (N) surplus for vegetable fields exceeded 170 kg/ha/crop, and the phosphorus (P) surplus exceeded 40 kg/ha/crop. Thus, current vegetable production leads to potential environmental risks of N and P pollution of nearby aquatic bodies. Insufficient supplementation with potassium fertilizers was found in some vegetable fields. Several ameliorative measures are proposed.     

灌溉水平对■土磷素淋失的影响

利用渗漏池设施,研究了3个灌溉水平（600、900和1200 m3/hm2）对土磷素淋失的影响。结果表明, 淋溶到120 cm土体的磷量随灌溉量而增加,尤其是在耕层土壤Olsen-P含量达到约70 mg/kg 时有明显增加,但渗滤液中磷浓度在高灌溉时较低。在施化肥和有机肥条件下,各灌溉水平磷淋失的形态均以可溶性磷为主,3个灌溉水平可溶性全磷分别占总淋失磷量的66%、72%和75%; 颗粒磷约为总磷的30%。可溶性磷中可溶性有机磷和钼酸盐反应磷贡献各占约50%。适量施肥,控制灌溉量是防止磷素淋失的有效手段。     

马唐牧草红壤氮肥的氨挥发、径流和淋溶损失

探讨了我国南方红壤上种植牧草马唐施不同量氮肥,施氮量与土壤氨挥发、径流和1 m深土壤淋溶损失氮量的关系。结果表明,在施用N 90、160、230 kg hm-2尿素处理下,土壤氨挥发损失量分别为N0.67、1.24和5.16 kg hm-2,分别占施氮量的0.74%0、.77%和2.24%,土壤氨挥发损失量(y)与施氮量(x)呈指数递增关系:y=0.156 3e0.014 6x;径流氮素损失量分别为N 1.05、0.88和1.01 kg hm-2,分别占施氮量的1.17%、0.55%和0.44%,径流损失的氮量与施氮量之间无明显相关性;淋溶损失总氮量为2.05、2.86和4.09kg hm-2,分别占施氮量的0.91%、1.02%和1.24%,土壤淋溶损失总氮量(y)与施氮量(x)呈线性递增关系:y=0.012 2x 1.087 7。     

土地利用方式对红枫湖入湖流域土壤团聚体磷含量及其形态的影响

以贵州省安顺市红枫湖入湖口4种典型土地利用方式（玉米地、菜园、林地及撂荒地）为研究对象,分别探讨了土地利用方式对0—15em和15～30cm两个层次土壤团聚体总磷含量及其形态的影响。结果表明,不同土地利用方式下,原状土壤及各粒级团聚体总磷含量均表现为玉米地〉菜园〉撂荒地〉林地。土壤各粒级团聚体磷形态含量以ResidualP、NaOH—P、NaHCO3-P为主,其中ResidualP在各土地利用方式中的含量均最高,变幅分别为玉米地28．3％～45．4％、林地61．1％-72．7％、菜园45．9％～53．0％、撂荒地52．1％-72．4％;玉米地和菜园土壤均表现为有机磷含量约为无机态含量的2倍;随团聚体粒径的减小,土壤对总磷含量的贡献率呈减少趋势,土壤团聚体对总磷含量贡献主要集中在5～2mm和2~0．5mm两个粒级中,贡献率均达77％以上,其中耕作土壤（玉米地、菜园）中5-2mm和2-0．5mm两个粒级团聚体中的磷是湖泊面源污染中磷素的主要贡献载体,也是造成湖泊富营养化的关键因素。     

绍兴平原水稻田表层及次表层的排水中磷的浓度及形态

Phosphorus (P) is the limiting factor for eutrophication in most freshwater ecosystems. In China, Ptransported from intensively cultivated land has been reported as an important source of P in surface waters.In this study, we investigated P concentration and forms in surface and subsurface drainage from wetland ricefields in the Shaoxing plain, Zhejiang Province, China. From selected rice fields, surface drainage sampleswere collected at rice-growing, non-growing and fertilization periods, and subsurface drainage samples atdrought and rewetting (irrigation or precipitation after 5～10 d drought period in the surface soils) and wet(drainage under long-term wet soil condition) periods. Water samples were characterized for their totalreactive P (TRP), dissolved reactive P (DRP) and particulate reactive P (PRP). Concentrations of the TRPand DRP in the surface drainage ranged from 0.08 to 1.50 and 0.06 to 1.27 mg L-1, respectively. The TRPand DRP were dependent on field operation activities, and decreased in the order of fertilization period ＞rice-growing period ＞ non-growing period. Phosphorus concentration of runoff receiving P fertilizer can bean environmental concern. The PRP concentration in the surface drainage, ranging from 0.01 to 0.57 mgL-1, accounted for 8%～78% of the TRP. Concentration of the TRP in the subsurface drainage was from0.026 to 0.090 mg L-1, consisting of 29%～90 % of the DRP and 10%～71% of the PRP. In the droughtand rewetting period, the PRP accounted for, on average, 63% of the TRP, much higher than in the wetperiod (23%), suggesting that there was transport of P in preferential flow during drainage events after ashort-term drought period in the surface soils. Therefore, P losses in particulate form may be importantin the subsurface drainage from rice fields when surface soils form cracks and favor rapid flow downwardthrough the soil profiles, suggesting the important role of water-dispersible colloid particles in mediating andco-transporting P in the subsurface drainage of rice fields.     

Phosphorus losses from arable land in England

Abstract. Concentrations and annual loadings of molyhdate reactive P (MRP) and total (including particulate) P (TP) are reported from field drainage, catchment and erosion experiments in England. Annual losses through field drains and in catchment runoff were 0.037-0.74 kg MRP/ha and 0.37-2.64 kg TP/ha, but those in surface runoff from experimental plots measuring erosion were generally much greater (often > 3 kg MRP/ha and up to 32 kg TP/ha in a wet year). Amounts of TP in drainflow and catchment runoff depended upon factors influencing soil dispersibility, such as particle size distribution and calcium carbonate content. The results to date suggest that P losses in surface runoff and erosion from arable fields to water are best limited by: (a) maximizing crop cover, using minimal cultivation practices and where possible planting crop rows across rather than up and down the slope, (b) avoiding cultivation practices that result in dispersion of soil particles, and (c) avoiding application of P fertilizer to wet soils when rainfall is likely soon after application. Consideration should he given to maintaining field drains below peak efficiency to reduce subsurface P losses.     

脱硫石膏对土壤磷流失的阻控效应及机制试验

研究脱硫石膏(flue-gas desulfurization gypsum,FGDG)对土壤磷流失的阻控效果,既有利于开拓FGDG资源化利用新途径,又有助于丰富农业面源磷流失控制工程技术。借助土柱淋溶试验和人工边坡降雨侵蚀模拟试验,针对上海某火电厂的FGDG,系统研究不同质量配比(0、1%、2.5%和5%)的FGDG对农田土壤的固磷效果及机理。结果表明:1)FGDG的Ca2+将溶解态P转化成难溶态P,并将土壤无机磷中的Ca2-P、Al-P转化成Ca8-P和Ca10-P,有效控制溶解态磷(total dissolved phosphorus,TDP)直接流失,与对照组相比,施加FGDG对淋洗土柱TDP流失的阻控率达到92.8%~94.8%,而添加FGDG的各处理间无显著差异(P0.05);2)添加FGDG后,土壤的渗透性能和抗侵蚀能力极显著提高(P0.05),1%~5%的FGDG可使土柱渗透性能提升近10倍,添加FGDG的各处理组间无显著差异(P0.05),1%FGDG对坡面径流量的最大削减率为37.5%,对土壤侵蚀(泥沙流失)的最大削减率为59.5%,有利于控制泥沙结合态磷的流失;3)各FGDG处理对土柱中总磷(total phosphorus,TP)流失的阻控率为23.6%~79.5%,且随着配比增加而上升,与对照组相比,1%FGDG对人工边坡土壤TP流失的阻控率为61.5%。土壤流失的TDP量占流失TP的比例只有0.6%~6.1%,反映出改善土壤渗透性能、削减地表径流冲刷是FGDG控制P流失的主要机制,而Ca与P之间的沉淀反应属于从属机制。     

滇池流域坡耕地土壤氮磷流失效应

为了揭示间作对坡耕地上不同类型土壤径流和侧渗氮(N)、磷(P)浓度的削减及作用机制,通过径流和淋溶模拟试验,设置不同类型土壤(红壤和紫色土)、坡度(8°和15°)和玉米(Zea mays L.)/大豆(Glycine max L.)间作及各自单作对照,比较分析了各因素影响下径流和侧渗N、P浓度的变化情况。结果表明:(1)径流总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)在红壤不同坡度条件下,与单作大豆处理相比较,间作处理对径流TN浓度有不同程度的削减作用,分别降低27.5%和30.8%,且间作处理下TN浓度在坡度为8°时最低为0.75mg/L;在紫色土8°条件下,与单作大豆、单作玉米相比,间作处理对径流TN浓度的削减效应更为明显,降幅分别为97.8%和89.8%,与单作玉米处理相比较,间作处理对径流TP浓度均有不同程度的削减作用;从8°至15°处理,径流TP浓度相应有所增加。(2)侧渗TN、TP在红壤8°和15°条件下,与单作玉米相比,间作处理对侧渗TN浓度也有较大的削减作用,分别降低87.9%和86.8%,且在8°时侧渗TN浓度最低为2.91mg/L;在紫色土8°和15°条件下,与单作玉米处理相比,间作处理对侧渗TN浓度有约50%和80%的降幅,与单作玉米处理相比较,间作处理对侧渗TP浓度亦有不同程度的削减作用;其中红壤8°条件间作处理下侧渗TP浓度最高为0.25mg/L,15°条件间作处理下TP浓度最低为0.07mg/L。不同坡度条件下,土壤中N、P的输出量不同,且随着坡度增大,径流或侧渗中N、P总体的流失量也呈一定的增加趋势。玉米/大豆间作体系对径流和侧渗中的N、P有一定的削减作用;对于红壤和紫色土,由于其自身理化性质的不同,对坡耕地土壤中N、P流失的削减效应也不尽相同。因此,控制坡耕地氮、磷流失应综合考虑各种因素,对于保护滇池流域水环境具有重要意义。     

Soil phosphorus mobilization in different taxonomic orders

Changes in P fractions using Hedley's sequential fractionation of organic and inorganic soil P, were studied in soils covering a wide range of developmental stages and original materials. A greenhouse experiment was performed in order to make an exhaustive P uptake by Lolium perenne and to study soil phosphorus mobilization from different fractions. Samples were obtained at 30, 60 and 90 days from sowing, with two fertilization rates added as KH₂PO₄. The exhaustion produced by plants resulted in different patterns of mobilization according to soil characteristics. For control soils the contents of inorganic labile fraction (LIP) decreased at the end of the experience in Mollisol (31%), Vertisol (24%) and Andisol (17%). The mobilization of organic P was greater for Ultisol and Andisol (77 and 75% respectively) than for the other soils. Fertilization affected mainly inorganic P, with a significant increase in contents of LIP in Entisol (46%) and moderately resistant inorganic P (MRIP) in Andisol (15%). Inorganic P/organic P relationship tended to increase during the experiment, while labile P/moderately resistant P increased in Entisol and Mollisol.