不同前茬下放线菌制剂对番茄与辣椒产量和品质的影响

采用田间试验和实验室分析相结合的方法,以辣椒(Capsicum frutescens L.)和番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Miller)为研究对象,选择青笋(Lactuca sativa)、大蒜(Allium sativum L.)和小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)为前茬,在每个前茬下设不施放线菌制剂和施放线菌制剂2个处理,通过测定不同处理番茄和辣椒的产量及品质,研究了不同前茬下施放线菌制剂对其产量及品质的影响,为番茄和辣椒选择适宜前茬及改善品质提供科学依据.结果表明,施放线菌制剂辣椒各营养品质指标均显著高于不施放线菌(p＜0.05),其中Vc含量小麦茬显著高于青笋茬、大蒜茬,分别提高了39.4％,45.3％;施放线菌后辣椒可溶性糖、辣椒素含量分别提高了9.4％,33.3％.小麦茬施放线菌制剂番茄果实Vc、蛋白质、可溶性糖、有机酸含量均比不施放线菌制剂分别提高了12.1％,14.0％,9.5％,39.8％.大蒜茬施放线菌制辣椒和番茄产量均显著高于不施放线菌制剂,分别提高了9.4％,13.7％.施放线菌制剂显著改善了小麦茬番茄和辣椒品质,并显著提高了大蒜茬番茄和辣椒产量.     

新型植物生长调节剂ZST─1在番茄上的应用效果

本试验首次研究了ＺＳＴ－１在中棚番茄上的使用效果和适宜浓度。结果表明，在第一花序开花期喷施一次ＺＳＴ－１，对植株营养生长表现一定的抑制作用，但使开花座果期提前，果实发育和成熟提早，经济系数、早期产量和纯收入提高，果实含糖量增加，酸度降低。综合考虑，ＺＳＴ－１浓度以１５００μｇ·Ｌ－１为宜，处理比ＣＫ早期产量和纯收入分别提高７４．９％和２９．０％。     

FA旱地龙对温室辣椒节水效应及产量品质的影响

通过抗早节水剂FA早地龙在辣椒应用中的温室小区试验，分析抗早节水剂对土壤含水率、辣椒产量、辣椒品质的影响。试验设置5个处理区，早地龙喷施浓度分别为250和350倍液，早地龙随水浇灌量为30kg／hm^2和60kg／hm^2。结果表明：早地龙起到了蓄水保墒的作用，随着早地龙喷施浓度增加，土壤含水率提高0．38％～2．12％，土壤含水量变化幅度减小；施用早地龙的辣椒产量明显增加，产量增幅为5．0％～11．7％，同时叶面喷施FA早地龙能明显优化辣椒单果性状，平均单果质量增加7．6％～24．3％；辣椒的Vc和辣椒寨含量均随施用早地龙的浓度增大而增加，果实品质得到显著改善。早地龙对提高土壤含水率及辣椒的品质和产量起着积极作用。     

不同用量专用生物炭基肥对贵州朝天椒提质增效的影响

为探究生物炭基肥对贵州黄壤朝天椒的施用效果,采用大田试验,以自制生物炭基肥为供试材料,研究不同生物炭基肥施用量[1 758(BCF1)、2 167.5(BCF2)、2 550(BCF3)、2 932.5(BCF4)和3 315 kg·hm^-2(BCF5)]对贵州朝天椒产量、品质、养分积累、肥料利用率和经济效益的影响。结果表明,与习惯施肥(FP)处理相比,施用生物炭基肥可以显著提高朝天椒产量,其中鲜椒增产12.0%~32.8%、干椒增产12.6%~31.6%,且以BCF2处理效果最佳;施用生物炭基肥对朝天椒的硝酸盐和Vc含量影响显著,其中硝酸盐含量降低了3.9%~14.4%、Vc含量提高了1.0%~19.3%,但对还原糖和游离氨基酸含量无影响;与FP处理相比,施用生物炭基肥使氮、磷、钾肥的农学效率分别提高了4.97~13.93、8.49~26.41 kg·kg^-1,BCF1、BCF2 和 BCF3 处理的钾肥农学效率提高了3.12~8.32 kg·kg^-1,以BCF1处理为最高,氮、磷、钾肥的表观利用率分别提高了24.11~43.90、2.63~7.76、7.50~44.60个百分点,其中BCF2处理的氮肥表观利用率和钾肥表观利用率最高,分别为55.0%和74.1%,BCF1和BCF2处理的磷肥表观利用率最高,均为10.3%;与FP处理相比,施用生物炭基肥后的朝天椒纯收入提高了19.4%~74.8%,以BCF2效果最佳。综上,本试验条件下生物炭基肥施用量为2 167.5 kg·hm^-2时朝天椒生物效应和经济效益最好,可作为贵州朝天椒种植的最佳施用量。本研究结果为生物炭基肥在贵州黄壤朝天椒高产栽培技术中的应用提供了理论依据。     

生物有机肥与减量配施化肥对连作黄瓜养分利用率及产量的影响

为了探讨生物有机肥与减量配施化肥对连作黄瓜养分利用率和产量的影响,采用田间小区试验,以黄瓜为供试作物,共设9个处理(T1~T9),将9个处理分为3个处理组:生物有机肥添加量为0t/hm^2的CK处理组(T1减肥0%,T2减肥10%,T3减肥20%);生物有机肥添加量为10t/hm^2的Y1处理组(T4减肥0%,T5减肥10%,T6减肥20%);生物有机肥添加量为20t/hm^2的Y2处理组(T7减肥0%,T8减肥10%,T9减肥20%)。结果表明:Y1处理组和Y2处理组与CK处理组相比,黄瓜产量的提高范围分别为1.48%~38.88%和15.31%~50.91%,氮肥利用率提高1.51~10.07个百分点和6.41~18.71个百分点,磷肥利用率提高2.07~5.38个百分点和5.67~8.90个百分点,钾肥利用率的提高范围分别为9.50~16.31个百分点和16.95~28.43个百分点;在施用相同量的生物有机肥条件下,随着化肥施用量的减少,CK组内各处理(T1、T2和T3)黄瓜产量差异显著,Y1组内的T4和T5与T6相比黄瓜产量差异明显,Y2组内T8与T9相比黄瓜产量差异显著。在9个处理中,T8黄瓜产量最高;Y1组内各处理(T4、T5和T6)和Y2组内各处理(T7、T8和T9)的氮肥利用率、磷肥利用率和钾肥利用率均呈上升趋势。研究结果可为提高养分利用率和减轻作物连作障碍提供科学依据。     

减施化肥配施有机肥对荔枝生长、产量品质及肥料利用率的影响

针对我国荔枝园化肥施用量过高而存在的土壤质量下降、酸碱失衡和产量下降等问题,综合考虑荔枝养分投入量与带走量,研究减施化肥配施有机肥对荔枝生长、产量品质及肥料利用率的影响,旨在为荔枝提质增效提供施肥指导.以妃子笑荔枝为研究对象,设置单施化肥(CF)、减施化肥30％分别配施普通商品有机肥5 kg/株(OF5)和10 kg/...     

不同施肥处理对番茄产量品质及土壤有效态重金属含量的影响

以露地番茄（Solanum lycopersicom L.）为试材,进行了施用有机肥、无机肥及有机无机肥配施对番茄产量、品质和土壤有效态重金属含量的影响研究。结果表明,在施氮量相同条件下,有机肥与无机肥配施番茄产量增幅较大,以6∶4养分配施比例产量最高,总产量比对照提高了15.6%。施用无机肥番茄果实可溶性糖含量和可滴定酸含量较高,维生素C含量以施用有机肥处理的最高;番茄果实的营养品质和口感以施用有机肥处理的最佳。番茄果实中可溶性糖、酸和维生素C含量的变化规律与肥料施用无相关性,可能是受番茄产量高低的影响。施用有机肥番茄果实硝酸盐含量明显低于施用无机肥和有机无机肥配施处理,亚硝酸盐含量则以施用无机肥和低有机肥配施量处理的含量较低。施肥有明显降低番茄果实Hg含量的作用,但却提高了Pb和As含量,对Cu、Zn和Cd含量的影响较小;施用有机肥可显著降低番茄果实Cr含量。施肥提高了土壤有效态Zn和Cd含量,降低了土壤有效态Pb含量,对土壤有效态Cr和As含量的影响较小;施用有机肥使土壤有效态Cu含量显著降低,而使土壤有效态Hg的含量提高;施用无机肥可提高土壤有效态Cu的含量。不同施肥处理番茄果实重金属含量变化与土壤有效态重金属含量变化不一致的主要原因,可能是由于施肥改变了番茄的生物产量,从而产生对植株吸收重金属元素的生物稀释作用造成。各试验处理番茄果实硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐及重金属含量均远低于国家蔬菜或食品中污染物限量标准,说明合理施用有机肥、无机肥和有机无机肥配施不会造成番茄果实硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐以及重金属污染。     

不同配比的控释肥对日光温室袋培番茄基质养分及其生长、产量和品质的影响

控释肥料由于可控的释放养分,一次性使用便可以满足作物4个多月生育期间对养分的需求,实现了肥料的高效利用,在大田中得到重视和应用。在课题组前期袋培番茄营养基质研究的基础上,根据日光温室番茄养分吸收规律,在基质中添加不同用量的控释尿素和控释氯化钾,氮钾比例为1∶1.5,呈4倍关系递增,设置4个全生育期营养基质配方处理(A、B、C、D),以不施肥(CK)和常规施肥(CKT)为对照,研究了不同处理的袋培基质养分变化及其对番茄植株生长、产量和品质的影响。结果表明:随着控释肥用量的增大,番茄植株的长势与产量呈现先增加后降低的趋势,其中,处理C的应用效果最佳,基质EC值稳定,试验末期速效氮磷钾含量略低于初始值;与CK比较,处理C株高提高21.75%、茎粗提高59.46%、生物量提高75.12%、产量提高226.36%,可溶性糖、可溶性固形物含量较高,果实品质提高;与CKT相比,处理C的肥料用量少,基质养分残留少,养分损失少,产量提高24.48%,肥料利用率高。结果说明,在生产中,控释肥不仅可以提高日光温室基质袋培番茄养分利用效率,而且增加产量,实现轻简化管理。     

Effects of Application of Boron on Growth,Yields, and Quality of Red Bayberry

ABSTRACT

Three field experiments at three sites in east Zhejiang Province were conducted to determine the influence of applications of boron (B) on growth, yield, and quality of the red bayberry trees (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zuca) with a manure species of “Buqizhong” in Linhai city. Ground B application or foliar B spraying significantly improved length and incidence rates of spring and summer shoots and increased fruit set rates, which resulted in the increases in fruit yield (13.7–17.5% for ground B application or 13.2–27.3% for foliar B spraying) and in improvement of fruit quality. The optimum yields were recorded with the treatments of ground B application of 40 g tree^?1 of borax or foliar B spraying of 2.0 g L^?1 of borax. Spring shoot incidents for the treatment of ground application of 50 g borax tree^?1 every year during the experiment (4B₅₀) were significantly higher than that for the treatment of ground application of 50 g borax tree^?1 only in the first year of the experiment (B₅₀), but the yield difference between them was not significant at P = 0.05. The increased yield effect of ground B application could last for 3 years. Boron application of red bayberry trees can be carried out by foliar-spraying 2.0 g borax L^?1 every year or ground application of 50 g borax tree^?1 every 3 years. The results of this study showed that application B could significantly improve the growth and increased fruit yield and quality of the red bayberry trees not exhibiting any vegetative symptoms of B deficiency.     

生物质炭施用对潮土理化性状、酶活性及黄瓜产量的影响

分析生物质炭施用对潮土理化性状、酶活性及黄瓜产量的影响,为生物质炭在农业中的推广应用提供科学依据。以如皋市农业科学研究所大棚示范区为试验基地,通过田间小区试验,研究了不同生物质炭施用量(0,5,10,20,30,40t/hm~2)条件下土壤理化性状、酶活性及黄瓜产量变化。结果表明:生物质炭施用对土壤理化性状及土壤酶活性有显著的影响。高施用量(40t/hm~2)处理对土壤物理性状的改良效果最好,当生物质炭施用量为30t/hm~2时对土壤养分含量提升效果最好。与对照相比,施用生物质炭各处理土壤容重降幅为0.88%~10.52%,而土壤孔隙度、饱和含水量、田间持水量、饱和导水率、有机质、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和速效磷含量的增幅分别为3.68%~7.53%,27.96%~119.25%,30.73~55.05%,1.89%~224.61%,10.39%~54.56%,6.06%~22.58%,2.33%~45.63%,235.71%~414.29%和19.37%~77.76%。土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性及黄瓜产量随着生物质炭施用量的增加均呈先增加后降低的趋势,两种酶的活性分别在生物质炭施用量为30t/hm~2和20t/hm~2时最大,较对照分别提高了104.57%和15.38%;生物质炭施用量为30t/hm~2时对黄瓜增产效果最好,该处理下黄瓜产量较对照提高了21.80%。主成分分析结果表明,不同生物质炭施用量处理下的土壤质量次序为C4C5C3C2C1CK。在土壤中施用生物质炭不仅可以促进黄瓜增产,改善土壤理化性状,提高土壤养分含量,还可以改良土壤生物学性质,提升土壤酶活性。     

Integrated Use of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Fish Manure: Effects on the Growth and Chemical Composition of Spinach

ABSTRACT

Combinations of inorganic nitrogen and biological fertilizers are currently advised for integrated nutrient management. To prevent agricultural fish waste from polluting water sources, recycling of the organic waste of fish manure is advised. This study was conducted to determine effect of combinations of ammonium nitrate and fish manure on yield and spinach content under greenhouse conditions. Treatments consisted of fish manure (FM), ammonium nitrate (N) and the combination of fish manure and commercial fertilizer, with four doses of nitrogen (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg N ha^?1). Applications significantly affected leaf and root fresh and dry weights, nutrient element, antioxidant enzymes and the flavonoid content of spinach. Plant growth, chemical composition and yield were superior in treatments with 150–200 kg ha^?1 nitrogen doses with the combination of FM and N. FM application with N treatment provided maximum spinach yield and plant growth by reducing the use of commercial N fertilizer.     

减施化肥和配施有机肥对酿酒葡萄梅鹿辄产量和品质的影响

[目的]针对河西灌区土壤肥力贫瘠,酿酒葡萄产量与品质低下及无机氮肥过量施用造成的环境问题,通过探究有机氮替代部分无机氮肥对酿酒葡萄生长、产量及品质的影响,以确定酿酒葡萄适宜的有机无机氮肥配施用量.[方法]于2018年在甘肃省张掖市临泽县进行田间试验,采用随机区组设计,设6个处理:单施化肥(C),单施有机肥(O),70％...     

富硒有机肥、复合肥和灌水量对番茄产量和品质的影响

以樱桃番茄"千禧"为供试材料,采用大田小区试验的方法,研究了膜下滴灌条件下富硒高钙有机肥和复合肥配比(每667 m2分别施50 kg复合肥(F1),500 kg富硒高钙有机肥+25 kg复合肥(F2),1 000 kg富硒高钙有机肥(F3))和灌水量(100%灌水量(W1)和80%灌水量(W2))对番茄产量和品质的影响。结果表明:(1)富硒高钙有机肥和复合肥配施,比使用同量氮磷钾的富硒高钙有机肥或复合肥,产量都显著提高;(2)随着富硒高钙有机肥施肥量比例的增加,番茄果实中硒含量、番茄红素含量、维生素C含量和可溶性糖含量均显著增加;(3)滴灌可以有效提高水分利用效率,80%灌水量在产量降低不显著的情况下,番茄果实中硒的含量和果实品质均有不同程度的提高。因此,膜下滴灌80%灌水量时,富硒高钙有机肥和复合肥配施(各占50%)在保证果实品质和硒含量达到富硒农产品标准的同时,产量达到最佳。     

Influence of Composted Biodiesel Cake on Growth,Yield, and Micronutrient Composition of Tomato

There has been growing interest in commercial plantations of Jatropha curcas and Pongamia pinnata because of their ability to produce biodiesel fuel. A substantial portion of the by-product of the biodiesel extraction process is the de-oiled cake. Prior research has demonstrated its potential to be gainfully utilized as organic fertilizer in composted form. The commercial utilization, however, is still a distant dream as more research is required to obtain optimal proportions and demonstrate their efficacy on specific crops.

The present study was conducted to assess the influence of composted de-oiled cakes of Jatropha curcas and Pongamia pinnata wastes on the growth, yield, color, and macronutrient and micronutrient composition of Lycopersicon esculentum (cultivar Bezosheetal) fruits. The composted cake was added to soil in various proportions.

The results indicate that addition of the composted organic wastes improve availability of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca), as well as key micronutrients such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) in soil. Consequently, a significant improvement in yield and protein was observed in the tomato crops grown in the soil applied with specific composted proportions. The availability of micronutrients in the fruit was also enhanced, although there was reduction in color parameters. Thus, Jatropha- and Pongamia-based composted fertilizers have demonstrated their utility as commercially viable alternative to chemical fertilizers.     

有机无机肥料配合施用对设施番茄产量、品质及土壤硝态氮淋失的影响

利用田间小区试验,研究了有机无机肥配合施用模式对番茄产量、品质及氮素在土壤中累积和淋失的影响。结果表明：（1）与肥料用量较高的习惯施肥处理相比,大幅减少肥料施用的不同有机无机肥配合施用模式均能保证番茄产量稳定,显著提高经济效益,平均增收19127元·hm^-2其中（3／4）化肥N＋（1／4）猪粪N模式处理经济效益最高。（2）施用有机肥的3个有机无机肥配合施用模式处理可降低番茄果实中的硝酸盐含量,较全部施用化肥处理和习惯施肥处理的分别降低5．4％和7．0％;施用有机肥的3个有机无机肥料配合施用模式处理可提高番茄果实中Vc的含量,较全部施用化肥处理的提高9．4％。（3）与番茄种植前相比,番茄收获后土壤硝态氮含量总体上表现出表层增加、深层降低的趋势;大幅减施肥料的有机无机肥配合施用模式处理各土层硝态氮含量均低于习惯施肥处理相应土层硝态氮含量。（4）有机无机肥配合施用模式可显著降低渗漏水中硝态氮渗漏量,较全部施用化肥处理和习惯施肥处理的平均分别降低35．5％和55．1％。在试验条件下,综合考虑产量、经济效益和环境效益的适宜有机无机肥料配合施用模式为（3／4）化肥N＋（1／4）猪粪N模式处理。     

栽培方式与土壤水分对黄瓜产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响

以津春四号黄瓜为试验材料,研究了不同栽培方式﹝日光温室(G),遮雨棚(S)﹞及土壤水分条件﹝土壤含水率分别为田间持水量的60%~70%(W1)和90%~100%(W2)﹞对黄瓜产量、品质和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明:(1)低水条件下,植株根冠比较大,但生物量、产量较低。耗水量随土壤含水率上升而增加,含水率较低的土壤有利于WUE提高幅度较大;日光温室内植株根冠比较小,生物量和产量高于遮雨棚;(2)较低的土壤含水率利于果实品质提高,其维生素C(Vc)、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和可溶性固形物含量较高;遮雨棚内黄瓜营养品质优于日光温室内的黄瓜。     

Effects of Sodium and Potassium Application on Water Content and Yield of Tomato in Southwestern Nigeria

The effects of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) application on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum (L.) Mill) were studied in soil culture. The study was a 4 × 4 factorial, arranged into a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and replicated four times. Sodium was applied at 0, 5, 10, and 20 mg Na/kg soil as NaCl and K as KCl at 0, 20, 40, and 80 mg K/kg soil. Records of dry matter yields, water content, mineral nutrient, and number of fruits were taken. The application of 10 to 20 mg Na/kg soil and 80 mg K/kg soil depressed the water contents and the fruit yield. The application of 5 mg Na/kg soil and 40 mg K/kg soil produced the highest number of fruits, indicating a Na and K ratio of 1:8. A Na: K ratio of 0.45 up to 0.60 and 1.44 up to 1.80 for shoot and root, respectively, maintained good shoot water balance, resulted in lower floral abortion, and markedly enhanced the fruit yield. A complimentary relationship between Na and K was observed at Na: K ratios between 1:4 and 1:8.     

施用生物有机肥对黄瓜不同生育期土壤肥力特征及酶活性的影响

为了探讨生物有机肥对潮土土壤肥力特征及酶活性的影响,采用田间小区试验,以黄瓜为试验作物,研究了生物有机肥对黄瓜不同生育期潮土0—15cm和15—30cm土层肥力特征及酶活性的影响,其中生物有机肥施用量分别为0t/hm~2(CK),10t/hm~2(Y1),20t/hm~2(Y2)。结果表明:(1)在黄瓜同一生育期,不同土层中土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷和有机质含量均随着生物有机肥施用量的增加呈上升趋势。在黄瓜成熟期,Y1和Y2处理0—15cm土层中土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷、土壤有机质含量与CK相比,分别增加了5.99%,11.21%,17.48%,5.98%,39.30%和6.59%,25.86%,21.99%,10.78%,61.76%,其中土壤铵态氮和有机质含量在各处理中的差异达到显著水平(P0.05),而Y1和Y2处理15—30cm土层中土壤硝态氮和速效磷较CK分别增长了18.83%~23.27%和39.30%~61.76%。(2)在黄瓜同一生育期,随着生物有机肥施用量的增加,不同土层中土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性均逐渐增强。在黄瓜成熟期,施用生物有机肥的Y1和Y2处理0—15cm土层中土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性与CK相比分别增加了47.02%~62.08%和14.41%~23.73%,且不同处理之间差异显著(P0.05),而15—30cm土层中土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性与CK相比,分别增加了49.17%~67.75%和40.01%~63.33%,且Y1和Y2处理与CK差异达到显著水平(P0.05)。(3)随黄瓜生育期的延长,不同土层中各肥力指标和土壤脲酶活性均呈下降趋势,而土壤过氧化氢酶活性呈先增加后降低的趋势,且0—15cm土层土壤各肥力指标和酶活性均高于15—30cm土层。综上所述,施用生物有机肥可提高潮土不同土层的土壤肥力水平和土壤酶活性,且土壤肥力和酶活性随生物有机肥施用量的增加而增加。     

壳寡糖和油菜素甾醇处理对番茄产量和品质的影响

为了探究壳寡糖与油菜素甾醇处理对番茄(Solanum lycopersicum L.)果实产量、感官品质、营养品质和风味品质的影响,本试验设置4个处理：对照组(CK)、壳寡糖处理组(0.5 g·L^-1COS)、油菜素甾醇处理组(0.5 g·L^-1BR)、复合处理组(0.5 g·L^-1COS+0.5 g·L^-1BR),对开花结果期的番茄植株进行叶面喷施。结果表明,壳寡糖与油菜素甾醇复合处理可以显著提高番茄产量;促进果实着色和软化;协同促进番茄中番茄红素、总胡萝卜素和维生素C的积累,相比CK分别提高88.3%、76.3%和28.6%。此外,二者复合处理可有效提高番茄中可溶性糖(葡萄糖和果糖)的含量,并降低有机酸(苹果酸和柠檬酸)的水平,从而提高番茄糖酸比。本研究结果为设施栽培下番茄产量和品质的提升提供了理论依据。     

番茄日光温室膜下滴灌水肥耦合效应研究

采用二因素二次通用旋转组合设计,研究了日光温室中膜下滴灌水肥耦合技术对番茄植株生长发育、果实品质和产量的影响。结果表明：灌水定额、施肥定额二因素与番茄植株生长发育、果实品质和产量之间存在极显著的回归关系,F回〉F 0.01（5,7）=6.1088,回归可靠;二因素的影响程度为施肥定额>灌水定额,由此提出了最优水肥组合方案,灌水定额为2704.5~2836.95m3/hm2,施肥定额为265.5~309.64kg/hm2。本研究为日光温室番茄膜下滴灌栽培生产提供了借鉴。