Soil and Compost Type Affect Phosphorus Leaching from Inceptisol,Ultisol, and Andisol in a Column Experiment

A column leaching experiment using three soils (Inceptisol, Ultisol, and Andisol) and seven livestock manure composts that had different characteristics was conducted for 19 weeks to investigate the interactive effects of composts and soils on the phosphorus (P) leaching potential of compost-amended soils and to identify the principal variables that affect P leaching. Cumulative total P leaching (TP_cum) tended to increase with increasing total and available P concentration in the soils. Among various compost properties, total P concentration was positively correlated with TP_cum from the compost-amended soils, except for the Andisol, which has a high P-sorption capacity. There was no significant relationship between TP_cum and water-extractable P concentration of the composts, suggesting that total P rather than inorganic P concentration of composts may be successfully used in predicting P leaching potential from compost-amended soils except for soils that have a high P-sorption capacity, as in Andisol.     

Use of Industrial By-products to Sorb and Retain Phosphorus

The potential of six industrial by-products for use as phosphorus-sorbing materials (PSMs) in solutions was evaluated. These included two different acid mine drainage treatment residuals (AMDR1 and AMDR2), water treatment residual (WTR), fly ash, bauxite mining residual, and flue gas desulfurization product (FGD). Characterization of the by-products and their mechanisms for sorption and retention of inorganic phosphorus (P) from solution identified those PSMs that sorbed primarily by an iron and aluminum (Fe/Al) mechanism, those that sorbed primarily by a calcium and magnesium (Ca/Mg) mechanism, and those that sorbed by both mechanisms. Degree of P sorption and associated mechanisms were strongly influenced by the pH, buffer capacity, ionic strength, and common ion effects.     

Soil Phosphorus Fractions in a Sandy Typic Hapludaft as Affected by Phosphorus Fertilization and Grapevine Cultivation Period

The purpose of this study was to quantify the phosphorus (P) fractions in phosphate-fertilized sandy soils under grapevines. Soil was sampled from a grassland site and two vineyards (13 and 31 years old) in the State Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from the layers 0–5, 5–10, 10–15, 15–20, and 20–40 cm deep. The samples were prepared and P fractions were assessed by chemical fractionation. Phosphate fertilization of the vineyard soils increased P contents to a depth of 40 cm, especially in the more recalcitrant fractions but detectable in the more labile fractions as well, which are plant available and may increase the risk of environmental contamination. Phosphate fertilizers and the period of grapevine cultivation had little effect on the levels of organic P forms, whereas cover crops in vineyards could be an appropriate strategy to increase or maintain the levels of soil organic matter and the levels of organic P over the years.     

不同施肥条件下生物腐植酸对磷的转化效果分析

在实验室利用4个土槽分别施入复合化肥（CF）、普通有机肥（OF）、生物有机肥（BF）和不施肥（CK）来改变土壤中磷的基础含量,另取4个土槽在相应处理中配施相同的生物腐植酸,以15°角放入自制的降雨淋溶装置下进行试验,观测径流液中的全磷含量,以分析研究生物腐植酸对土壤和不同施肥条件下磷的转化效果.结果显示,施用复混肥、普通有机肥和生物有机肥降雨3h后,径流液中磷（P）流出量分别为不施肥处理（CK）的2.90、1.32和9.73倍,而相同处理配施生物腐植酸后,复混肥、普通有机肥、生物有机肥处理的径流液中P含量有增有减,分别为CK的7.09、2.32和5.00倍.表明在施用复混肥、普通有机肥的土样中加入生物腐植酸能够有效释放肥料中的磷素,使之转化为更利于植物吸收的可溶性磷,其转化率分别为0.76％和0.37％;而在施用生物有机肥的土样加入生物腐植酸反而抑制磷的转化,其转化率为-0.85％.不仅如此,加施生物腐植酸还能改变磷的转化进程,使CK和OF处理的磷含量峰值由出现在第3小时变为出现在第2小时,使CF处理的磷含量峰值由出现在第2小时变为出现在第1小时,加速了磷释放.由此可得,生物腐植酸能有效释放肥料中的磷素、使之转化为更利于植物吸收的可溶性磷并加速其转化进程.研究结果可作为推广生物腐植酸的依据和有关作物磷吸收研究的基础.     

Relationship between Soil Phosphorus Availability and Phosphorus Loss Potential in Runoff and Drainage

Abstract

Elevated soil phosphorus (P) content is common in the central coastal valleys of California, the result of decades of the intensive vegetable production. Undesirably high P concentration in surface water in this region stimulated interest in evaluating techniques to rank the potential for soil P loss to the environment. Phosphorus availability of 25 representative soils from fields in vegetable rotations were evaluated by the following techniques: bicarbonate‐extractable P (P_bc)–calcium chloride, extractable P (P_cc), P extractable by iron‐impregnated paper (P_Fe), P extractable by anion exchange resin (P_ae), and the degree of P saturation (P_sat). A column study was conducted in which these soils were evaluated for soluble P concentration in runoff and leachate from two simulated irrigation events. There were strong correlations among all measures of soil P availability (r=0.66–0.90). Runoff soluble P was most strongly correlated with P_cc, P_ae, and P_bc (r=0.98, 0.93, and 0.91, or 0.98, 0.90, and 0.85 in the first and second irrigation, respectively). The relationship of runoff soluble P to P_bc, P_ae, and P_cc was characterized by a change point; runoff soluble P from soils <50 mg kg^?1 P_bc was minimal, whereas at higher P_bc runoff P reached levels of environmental concern. Leachate soluble P was also correlated with P_cc, P_ae, and P_bc (r=0.84–0.99). Across soils, leachate soluble P averaged 1.4 mg L^?1, compared to 0.11 mg L^?1 for runoff P. We conclude that P_cc, P_ae, and P_bc are useful tests to rank the potential for P loss in irrigation runoff or drainage. Given the relative complexity of the P_ae technique, P_bc and P_cc appear to be the most practical soil tests for this purpose.     

Phosphorus Availability in Low-P and Acidic Soils as Affected by Liming and P Addition

Acidic soils typically suffer from high phosphorus (P) retention, a problem that can be dealt with using greater P fertilization, soil liming, or both. The aim of this work was to examine which of these practices bears the more beneficial result for Lolium perenne L. growth. In a pot experiment, five acidic soils were treated as follows: L0P0 (unamended control), L1P0 (liming only), L0P1 (P addition only), and L1P1 (both liming and P addition). We found that P amendment alone was sufficient to increase plant P levels when the initial soil P concentrations were low. Liming without P addition increased plant P satisfactorily only in the high-P soil. We conclude that P addition alone is a better practice than liming alone for improved plant growth conditions in acidic, low-P soils, unless there is relatively high P content in soil, in which case liming alone may be sufficient to increase P availability.     

Phosphorus and Carbon Fraction Concentrations in a Cambisol Soil as Affected by Tillage

Abstract: Changes of soil phosphorus parameters (SPP) and soil organic matter (SOM) fractions were investigated in a Cambisol of medium‐heavy texture. Soil sequential samples were taken from a minimum (MT) and conventional (CT) tillage field in Sitzenhof (Germany). For the CT soil, concentrations of available forms phosphorus (P) were stable to ～0.3‐m depth, below which they rapidly decreased to relatively low values. In contrast, the decrease in the MT soil profile was gradual from the surface layer; available forms of P concentrations were higher and sorption index values were lower than in the CT soil in corresponding depths. Concentrations of SOM fractions were higher in the MT than CT treatment soil along the whole soil profile, especially below the 0.3‐m depth. The correlations between SPP and SOM fraction concentrations were closer in the MT than in the CT, particularly below 0.3‐m depths.     

Zinc Tolerance in Wheat Cultivars as Affected by Varying Levels of Phosphorus

Abstract

The effect of zinc–phosphorus (Zn‐P) interaction on Zn efficiency of six wheat cultivars was studied. The higher dry matter yields were observed when Zn was applied at 5 µg g^?1 soil than with no Zn application. Phosphorus applications also increased dry matter yield up to the application of 25 µg P g^?1 soil. The dry matter yield was significantly lower at the P rate of 250 µg g^?1 soil. At the Zn‐deficient level, the Zn‐efficient cultivars had higher Zn concentrations in the shoots. Zinc concentrations in all cultivars increased when the P level in the soil was increased from 0 to 25 µg P g^?1 soil except for the cv. Durati, in which Zn concentrations decreased with increases in P levels. However, when Zn×P interactions were investigated, it was observed that at a Zn‐deficient level, Zn concentrations in the plant shoot decreased with each higher level of P, and more severe Zn deficiency was observed at P level of 250 µg g^?1 soil.     

不同利用方式对潮棕壤比表面影响的研究

对中国科学院沈阳生态实验站潮棕壤水稻田、玉米地、撂荒地和人工林地4种土地利用方式经过14年后在0~150 cm土体10个土层中土壤比表面的剖面分布进行比较研究的结果表明,不同土地利用方式及不同深度土层土壤比表面差异显著,除林地0~5 cm表层外,4种土地利用方式在80 cm以内深度的土层中土壤比表面随剖面深度增加呈渐次增大的趋势,说明林地表层高有机碳积累对土壤比表面增加可能产生了重要影响。150 cm深度土壤比表面平均值为林地>玉米地>撂荒地>水稻田。土壤比表面与土壤风干含水量及交换性盐基总量呈极显著正相关关系:水稻田、玉米地、撂荒地、林地中土壤比表面与风干含水量相关系数分别为0.767、0.911、0.943、0.953(n=30,P<0.001);与土壤交换性盐基总量的相关系数分别为0.877、0.978、0.673、0.780(n=30,P<0.001)。不同利用方式下土壤比表面与土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮呈显著负相关关系,与土壤pH、硫、磷之间的关系因土地利用方式不同而具有一定的差异。研究结果表明,土壤比表面可作为指征不同土地利用方式对土壤理化性质影响的可行的土壤物理学指标,测定不同土壤的比表面可以基本反映出土壤交换性能的差异。     

城市化过程中土壤肥力的时空变化分析

该文研究了郑州市城市化过程中土壤肥力质量时空变化及时空分布,结果表明:20多年来,随着土地利用集约度的不断提高,土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾含量都有所提高,仅有速效磷含量有所降低。土壤的综合肥力系数在东北西南方向较低,大面积处在差的水平,其中有少数零星分布的较高肥力。东南和西北方向的肥力较高,大部分处在良与中的水平。     

影响土壤磷有效性变化作用机理

土壤磷有效性对植物生长以及磷的生态系统生物循环过程具有重要意义,一直以来也是国内外磷素研究的重点之一,文章综合介绍了土壤环境中影响磷有效性的一些因子及其作用机理,以期为系统的认识土壤中磷的有效性的变化提供借鉴。     

Rhizosphere Phosphorus Solubility and Plant Uptake as Affected by Crop in a Clay Soil from the Central Plateau Region of Haiti

Phosphorus (P) is commonly a limiting nutrient affecting crop yields in tropical cultivated systems, and a high P-sorption capacity in many of these soils can decrease the effectiveness of fertilizer use. Smallholder farmers, such as those in rural Haiti who do not have sufficient access to P fertilizers, may benefit from crops that are efficient at scavenging for P. To evaluate commonly grown and potentially useful plants for this purpose, a pot study was conducted in a controlled-environment chamber set to approximate ambient May–June conditions in Haiti's Central Plateau with seven treatments (six legume and one grass species) using soil from an Ustalf taken in the region. Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens [L.] DC) produced the largest amount of biomass, though no difference in P uptake among treatments was observed. Phosphorus uptake and rhizosphere P were positively correlated, indicating plants with a larger capacity to solubilize P took up more P.     

Phosphorus Buffering Capacity Indices as Related to Soil Properties and Plant Uptake

ABSTRACT

Evaluation of the plant-available phosphorus (P) in calcareous soils is commonly performed by removing a portion of solid phase P using chemical extractants. Critical soil test values, however, may be affected by variation in sorption and buffering behavior of different soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate the importance of buffering capacity indices to predict P uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum). Eleven surface soil samples were assayed for a number of P intensity (CaCl₂-P) and quantity (Olsen-P, Colwell-P, and Resin-P) factors. Some phosphorus buffering indices were obtained from P sorption equations. A single-point index of buffering was also determined experimentally. In a greenhouse experiment, wheat was grown for 35 and 70 days on the same soils and P uptake was determined. Nonlinear and linear equations described the P sorption data (P < 0.001). Buffering indices derived from these equations were highly correlated with single-point index of capacity. Clay content was the most important soil property affecting the buffering capacity factor. The phosphorus intensity index (CaCl₂-P) was weakly related to P uptake (P < 0.05). Among the quantity factors only Resin-P was significantly correlated with P uptake. Buffering indices showed significant but inverse relationships with P uptake only at 70 days harvest (r = ?0.69 to ?0.71; P < 0.05). Combination of intensity or quantity factors with buffering capacity indices, such as intensity/capacity or quantity/capacity indicators, improved considerably the ability to account for variations in P uptake by wheat.     

Soil Inorganic Phosphorus Fractionation and Availability under Greenhouse Subsurface Irrigation

Inorganic phosphorus (P) fractions and their availability under subsurface irrigation were investigated in a greenhouse planted for 5 years with tomato. Irrigation was applied when soil water conditions reached the predefined maximum allowable depletion (MAD) for different treatments, e.g., ?10 kPa, ?16 kPa, ?25 kPa, ?40 kPa, and ?63 kPa. Concentrations of five inorganic P fractions, which include of soluble / loosely bound P, aluminum (Al) P, iron (Fe) P, calcium (Ca) P, and occluded P, were obtained by following a sequential chemical fractionation procedure. Results showed that the effect of subsurface irrigation and schedules on inorganic P fractions was more pronounced in topsoil layers than in deep soils. The concentrations of soluble / loosely bound P, Al P, and Fe P generally decreased with soil depth, having the largest values at the depths of 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm. In all the irrigation treatments, Al P and Fe P were the dominant fractions at the depths of 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm, whereas Ca P and occluded P were most predominant at the depths of 30–40 cm and 40–60 cm. Soluble or loosely bound P, Al P, and Fe P were the main sources contributing to plant-available P, whereas Fe P and Al P were the two most important sources for contribution to plant-available P. Frequent irrigation with small amounts of water (e.g., irrigation with MAD of ?16 kPa and ?25 kPa) yielded larger concentrations of soluble / loosely bound P, Al P, and Fe P, which are the main sources of plant-available P. However, infrequent irrigation with larger amounts of water in each irrigation event led to greater concentrations of Ca P and occluded P, which are relatively less available to plants.     

Phosphorus Availability in Soils Amended with Different Phosphate Fertilizers

Abstract

Accurate measurement and characterization of phosphate rock dissolution are important for a better understanding of phosphorus (P) availability in soils. An incubation study was carried out on two New Zealand topsoils (0–15 cm; high P buffering capacity Craigieburn and low P buffering capacity Templeton) amended with North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR) and water‐soluble phosphate (WSP) at 218 mg P kg^?1 (equivalent to 60 kg P ha^?1). Isotopic exchange kinetics was carried out after 12 h and 28 days of incubation to characterize P availability. This study showed that sensitivity of capacity factors (r₁/R, n) to explain changes in E_1min values was affected by the P buffering capacity of the soils. The recovery of applied P in the E pool (Rec_inE%) with extended incubation time was similar from the NCPR and WSP treatments (3.1–3.3%) in the Craigieburn soil compared with the Templeton soil in which Rec_inE% values were greater in WSP (9%) than NCPR (1.3%) treatment. The higher values of P derived from the applied P fertilizers in the E pool (Pdff_inE%>80%) suggested that the NCPR application in both soils would be efficient for increasing P availability to plants.     

Response of Maize (Zea Mays L.) to Phosphorus Fertilizers in Two Alfisols with Contrasting Phosphorus Availabilities and Sorption Capacities

Increase in phosphorus (P) availability with fertilizer addition is influenced by soil properties such as P sorption capacity. We investigated P availability changes and response of maize (Zea mays L) to four P fertilizers rates (0, 20, 30 and 40 kg ha^?1) in a two-site field experiment, having soils of contrastingly different available P (2.9 and 22.1 mg kg^?1) and P sorption capacities (171.9 and 54.2 mg kg^?1). Increase in available P was significantly greater in the soil with higher available P but lower P sorption capacity, than in the other; however, yield responses were similar in the two soils. Fertilizer P rates of 30 and 40 kg ha^?1 gave significantly greater maize yields than the unfertilized treatment in both soils. Results suggest the need to account for the P sorption capacity when deciding rates of P fertilizers to increase available P in soils.     

Soil Phosphorus Distribution as Affected by Manure Compost Phosphorus Concentration and Incorporation

Phosphorus (P) from manure can become an environmental pollutant if applied to soil at rates in excess of plant uptake. This research examined the effects of composted beef cattle manures from two feeding regimens on soil P storage and forms. Composted manures were applied in the spring before planting (preplant) with incorporation, in spring after planting (postplant) without incorporation, or in winter without incorporation. Soils were sampled following 1 and 2 years of treatment at depths to 15.0 cm. All P fractions from both composted manures increased over pre-amended levels. High-P composted manure increased total P (TP) and inorganic P (IP) more than low-P composted manure. Total P and IP were greater in soils receiving low-P composted manure postplant than in those receiving manure preplant. Accumulation of TP and IP in uppermost depths was greater in the second year of composted manure application than in the first year. Appropriately managing composted manure requires integrating P concentration, time of application, and incorporation.     

东平湖表层沉积物中磷的吸附容量及潜在释放风险分析

利用沉积物磷吸附指数（PSI）和磷吸附饱和度（DPS）研究了东平湖表层沉积物的磷吸附容量,并讨论了沉积物中磷的潜在释放风险。结果表明,表层沉积物的磷吸附指数变化范围为30.3～45.2[mg P·（100g）-1]·（μmol·L-1）-1,表现出从湖心、湖东向湖北、湖南逐渐增大的扇形特征;而磷吸附饱和度变化范围为6.5%～24.1%,与磷吸附指数变化趋势恰好相反。磷吸附指数与沉积物中草酸铵提取的铁（FeOX）含量呈极显著正相关,与草酸铵提取的铁铝总量呈显著正相关,磷吸附饱和度与沉积物中草酸铵提取的磷（POX）含量呈显著正相关。此外,磷释放风险指数（ERI）变化范围为14.9%～67.5%,表明东平湖表层沉积物中磷释放诱发富营养化的风险处于高度风险范围。     

Phosphorus-Sorption Characteristics and Phosphorus Buffer Coefficients of Some Important Soils in Lao PDR

An estimated 97 percent of the soils in Laos are characterized by low phosphorus (P). This characteristic, together with high acidity, constrains food crop production. The P status, sorption, and associated properties were evaluated for fifteen important agricultural soils from the uplands. Soil pH values ranged from 4.5 to 5.9. Soil organic carbon (C) varied from 7.0 to 22.9 g kg^?1. Soil clay varied from 179 to 709 g kg^?1. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) also varied from 4.30 to 32.1 cmol_c kg^?1. Extractable P levels of thirteen of the fifteen soils were P deficient with medium to very high P sorption, indicating substantial fertilizer P requirements. Dithionite and oxalate aluminum and iron predicted P sorbed at 0.2 mg P L^?1. The extractable P increase per unit added P, P buffer coefficient (PBC), was low, also indicating high P sorption. Field studies are needed to confirm predictions of P requirements.     

Iron Availability as Affected by Soil Moisture in Intercropped Peanut and Maize

Abstract

Pot and rhizobox experiments were carried out to investigate the iron availability in intercropped peanut and maize as affected by soil moisture. Results from pot experiment showed that the root growth of peanuts were significantly inhibited at 25% soil water content compared to those at 15% soil water content. The chlorophyll content in the new leaves of intercropped peanut decreased and leaves became chlorotic at 25% soil water content. There were no significant differences in the active iron concentration in new leaves of peanut between 15% and 25% soil water content. The soil pH were higher in peanut rhizosphere than in bulk soil at the early, middle, and harvest stages for both 15% and 25% soil water content. The soil bicarbonate content was also higher in peanut rhizosphere than in bulk soil for both 15% and 25% soil water content. There was significant difference in soil bicarbonate of peanut rhizosphere between 15% and 25% soil water content at the harvest stage. The available iron content in both rhizosphere soil and bulk soil were lower than 3.5 mg kg^?1 in all growth stages at both 15% and 25% soil water content. Results from rhizobox experiment showed that citric acid, maleic acid, and fumaric acid in exudates of peanuts significantly increased at 25% soil water content compared to that at 15% soil water content. The apoplastic iron content of peanut roots decreased by 0.216 and 0.409 µmol g^?1 fresh weight^?1 (FW) from the 28th growth day to 42nd growth day at 25% and 15% soil water content, respectively. The mobilizing ability of apoplastic iron in intercropped peanuts at 15% soil water content was 20.1% higher compared to that at 25% soil water content. It is concluded that improvement of iron nutrition of peanuts with intercropping with maize could be affected by soil moisture condition.