不同镁肥在中国南方三种缺镁土壤中的迁移和淋洗特征

镁淋溶是导致南方土壤缺镁的关键因素之一。通过室内土柱模拟实验探究了四种镁肥(氧化镁、改性硫酸镁、钙镁磷肥和硫酸钾镁)在中国南方三种酸性缺镁土壤(黄壤、紫色土、红壤)中的有效性、迁移和淋洗特征以及土壤对镁素的固持,以期为南方缺镁土壤科学施用镁肥提供依据。结果表明,施用镁肥(折合MgO 100 mg·kg~(-1))后,三种土壤施镁土层(0～15 cm)交换性镁含量提高了2倍～15倍。氧化镁、改性硫酸镁和硫酸钾镁在三种土壤中均表现出较强的迁移能力,经过60 d淋洗(模拟降雨量1 000 mm),未施用镁肥土层(15～50 cm)中有效镁含量均较对照增加17.9～105.4mg·kg~(-1)。黄壤上不同镁肥处理镁累积淋失量在104.9～243.8 kg·hm-2,与紫色土接近,但较红壤高2倍～3倍。实验结束后,黄壤和紫色土上施用氧化镁、改性硫酸镁和硫酸钾镁的淋失率均超过三分之一,而红壤中均低于7%;施用钙镁磷肥增加了土壤对镁的固持,减缓了镁向下淋洗,淋失率在三种土壤中均为负值。综合四种镁肥在土壤中的有效性、土壤对镁素的固持、镁在土壤中的淋洗特征以及土壤酸化阻控,钙镁磷肥在三种酸性缺镁土壤中施用效果均较好。     

镁肥与添加剂施用后土壤镁迁移与淋洗特征研究

通过室内土柱试验,模拟了镁肥及不同用量添加剂包括生物质炭、有机肥、石灰施用土壤后镁素的有效性及迁移淋溶特征.结果表明:施用添加剂后均不同程度提高施肥土层(0～15 cm)土壤pH.施用镁肥、生物质炭、50％需求量石灰与3.3、6.6 g/kg有机肥后,施肥土层交换性镁含量显著增加,而10 g/kg有机肥与100％、20...     

山西省主要类型土壤镁素供应状况及镁肥施用效果

采用田间调查、土壤盆栽和大田试验相结合的方法,研究山西省主要类型土壤镁素供应状况及镁肥施用效果.结果表明,山西省主要类型土壤耕层(0-20 cm)交换性镁含量在78.1～641.8 mg/kg范围内.平均含量为255.1 mg/kg.不同类型土壤交换性镁含量高低依次为潮土>褐土>栗褐土>石灰性褐土>黄绵土>褐土性土.土壤交换性镁含量与土壤主要化学性质密切相关.生物消耗试验表明,褐土和石灰性褐土的镁生物有效性较高,其次是褐土性土和黄绵土,栗褐土和潮土的镁生物有效性最低.与不施镁肥相比,施镁大豆增产2.77%～9.04%,玉米增产2.98%～10.21%;大豆籽粒粗蛋白含量提高4.56%～7.52%,玉米籽粒粗蛋白、总淀粉和总糖含量分别提高9.96%～15.36%,2.41%～6.42%和8.52～12.50%.相关分析表明,大豆籽粒中镁含量与籽粒产量、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量呈显著线性正相关;玉米籽粒中镁含量与籽粒产量呈显著线性正相关,与粗蛋白含量呈曲线关系,而与粗脂肪含量呈现显著线性负相关.研究表明,山西省主要类型土壤交换性镁含量处于较高水平,不同类型土壤交换性镁含量及生物有效性存在显著差异,籽粒中镁与籽粒蛋白质和脂肪含量密切相关,适量施用镁肥可提高农作物产量、改善营养品质.     

Magnesium availability from kieserite and calcined magnesite on five soils of different pH

Abstract. Five soils from the South of England were incubated with additions of magnesium fertilizers; two also received magnesian limestone. After two years, the recovery of the added magnesium by 0.5 h extraction with 1 m ammonium nitrate was 75–89% for kieserite granules, 64–84% for calcined magnesite powder (< 1 mm), but only 20–41% for calcined magnesite granules (1–3 mm) and 26–32% for ground magnesian limestone. These were all much greater than the Mg dissolved by extracting the fertilizers directly in 1 m ammonium nitrate.
In calcareous soils, recovery of Mg was less from the calcined magnesite but most of this reduction was due to its particle size rather than to soil pH.
The four magnesium sources are evaluated as fertilizers for agriculture. Kieserite is the most reliable means of raising low soil Mg status.     

Effects of Curtailment of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Biological Properties and Tea Leaf Yield in Acid Tea Field Soils

In Japan, the soils in tea fields are further acidified by heavy application of nitrogen fertilizer. In the long-term fertilizer application fields, available P, total carbon and nitrogen contents had the highest in the Multi-F plot, followed by the 98-D.F plot and the smallest in the 95-D.F plot. Soil enzymes activity had the highest the Multi-F plot. It was estimated that all of the enzyme activity were often corresponded with the results of the organic matter and the available P contents. The number of fungi under acidic condition had the close relation since change of these enzymes activity. It was evident that fungi were participated in carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism in acid tea field soils. It became clear that the number of fungi and enzymes activity decreased corresponding well with the available P and the organic matter contents depend on fertilization management. Moreover in case of qualities of green tea, generally difference between experimental plots and Multi-F plot were to be small. It was indicated that influence to the yields by curtailment of the amount of nitrogen fertilization was small.     

秸秆还田下施镁对土壤交换镁及春玉米镁素积累和产量的影响

于2017—2019年在吉林省农安县设置大田试验,采用双因素裂区设计,主区为秸秆还田J(12000 kg/hm^2)、秸秆不还田W,副区为施镁M3(施纯镁10 kg/hm^2)、不施镁M0,包含JM3(秸秆+镁肥)、JM0(秸秆+无镁肥)、WM3(无秸秆+镁肥)、WM0(常规)4个处理。结果表明:玉米生育期,土壤交换镁含量逐渐降低,至成熟期,JM3处理土壤交换镁含量比WM3、JM0、WM0分别提高6.59%,8.47%,14.09%。施用镁肥促进玉米植株对镁素养分的吸收,秸秆还田配施镁肥进一步增加了玉米植株对镁素养分的吸收,WM3处理玉米镁素积累量比WM0平均提高12.30%;JM3处理的镁素积累量比WM3、JM0、WM0处理分别提高9.79%,15.99%,23.28%。春玉米干物质积累量随着生育期的进行逐渐增加,施镁肥能提高干物质积累量与春玉米产量,在成熟期WM3(无秸秆+镁肥)的干物质积累量与产量分别比WM0(常规)提高5.30%与4.38%,JM3(秸秆+镁肥)的干物质积累量与产量比WM0(常规)分别提高11.50%与5.52%。综上可以得出,施用镁肥可以显著提高土壤交换镁含量,促进春玉米植株对镁素养分的吸收,增加干物质积累量及提高春玉米产量。秸秆还田配施镁肥不但可以提高土壤交换镁含量,保持土壤镁素在整个玉米生育期的持续有效供应,还进一步促进春玉米植株对镁素的吸收,提高了干物质积累量及春玉米产量。     

基于土壤钙镁比的毕节植烟区镁肥施用分区研究

当前植烟区土壤镁肥施用主要依据土壤有效镁含量水平及其空间分布特征确定,但很少考虑到土壤钙镁比(有效钙含量/有效镁含量)对土壤镁素供应的现实影响,这必然对镁肥施用效果产生不利影响。本研究以毕节植烟区为例,基于大样本土壤采样数据,综合考虑土壤有效镁含量水平、土壤钙镁比及两者的空间分布特征,通过图形叠加和栅格运算,科学划定植烟区土壤镁肥宜施等级及分区。研究表明,毕节植烟区土壤有效镁平均含量为278.1 mg·kg^-1,土壤钙镁比均值为14.5,空间上均呈现较强的波动性。从空间插值图看,土壤有效镁含量以适宜等级为主,占到毕节植烟区面积的69%,土壤钙镁比分布以10～20和5～10两等级为主,且各等级交错分布。基于土壤有效镁含量和钙镁比获得的土壤镁肥宜施等级图中,适宜和较适宜施用镁肥面积分别为69.0%和10.5%,不适宜施用面积为19.0%,而极适宜和极不适宜面积比例仅分别为1.3%和0.2%。若仅考虑土壤有效镁含量得到的宜施等级分布与考虑钙镁比的宜施等级分布存在很大差异,这说明在制定镁肥施用方案时,若不考虑钙镁比对土壤镁素供应的影响,得到的镁肥宜施等级分区会产生较大的偏...     

Analysis of Phosphate Rock Dissolution Determining Factors Using Principal Component Analysis in Some Acid Indonesian Soils

Abstract

Dissolution of phosphate rock (PR) materials and its subsequent phosphorus (P) availability to plants depend upon soil characteristics, PR characteristics, type of crops, and environmental conditions. Agronomic effectiveness of the PR sources has frequently been investigated in the field or in the greenhouse. This is time consuming and not cost‐effective. Therefore, identification of the soil characteristics influencing the dissolution of PR is very important for direct application of P sources. The principal component analysis was used to summarize the characteristics of acid soils in an incubation system into a number of factors that may affect PR dissolution. Three major factors were selected in this study: 1) soil texture, 2) soil acidity, and 3) fertilization. Using the scores of the individual factors as independent variables, a stepwise regression analysis was performed to derive a PR dissolution function. The coefficient of determination (R²) reached 0.91**, and the magnitude of the different factors affect PR dissolution following the order of soil texture (54%)>soil acidity (43%)>fertilizer (3%). Fertilizer was not significant as a PR dissolution factor.     

Comparison of Prewashing Procedures for the Assessment of Phosphate Rock Dissolution in Soils

When evaluating phosphate rock (PR) dissolution, previous to the extraction with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), dry soil samples with PR were extracted with three solutions to remove exchangeable and solution calcium (Ca) [sodium chloride (NaCl) 1 M, buffered NaCl with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (NaCl–EDTA), and NaCl buffered at pH 7 with triethanolamine (TEA) (NaCl–TEA)] for comparison with the extraction of soil samples without any prewash. In acidic soils, up to 51% of applied P was recovered during the NaCl extraction because of the high exchangeable acidity released during the extraction. In soils with exchangeable Ca>2 cmol₍₊₎kg^?1, high EDTA quantities also promoted PR dissolution. The NaCl–TEA solution efficiently removed Ca, avoiding PR dissolution and P retention by calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)₂] during the NaOH extraction. Thus, when evaluating PR dissolution we recommend the use of NaCl–TEA to remove Ca. We also recommend the same procedure when applying the Chang and Jackson fractionation to calcareous soils and soils submitted to PR application.     

岩溶山区土壤性质及其对土下溶蚀速率的影响

以重庆中梁山岩溶山区为例,通过野外溶蚀试片法和测量土壤孔隙度、容重、水分、有机碳含量和pH值的方法,探讨雨季和全年不同土地利用方式下土壤性质变化及其对土下岩石溶蚀速率的影响。结果表明:不同季节不同土地利用方式下土下岩石溶蚀速率差异显著,雨季溶蚀速率要大于全年溶蚀速率,雨季溶蚀量对全年溶蚀量贡献较大,雨热同期有利于岩溶作用的进行。总体上,不同土地利用方式下土下岩石溶蚀速率大小顺序为:林地>草地>菜地>耕地,其中林地最大,耕地最小。土壤有机碳、pH值、孔隙度和水分等相互联系,相互作用共同影响土下岩石溶蚀速率。人类活动能够改变土壤理化性质,促进或抑制岩溶作用的进行。林地利于碳酸盐岩石的溶蚀,促进石灰岩地区溶蚀成土速率,在岩溶区提高植被覆盖率是防治石漠化的有效措施。     

Soil Quality Changes Resulting from Long-Term Fertilizer Application Under Intensive Cropping System in Alluvial Soils

Soil quality is one of the most important factors which reveal the soil–environment functionality for identifying whether soil quality is improving, remain constant, or declining. This paper evaluated change in soil quality after 40 years of chemical fertilizer use and continuous cultivation of multiple crops (jute–rice–wheat) on alluvial soils. The concepts of relative soil quality index (RSQI) and Cumulative Rating Index (CRI) were used in the evaluation. It was observed that soil of class III reduced to class II after 20 years and to class I after 40 years of fertilizer application with manure, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK_100+FYM). There was a strong correlation between SQI and CRI (r = 0.82**) which showed more promising effects on soil sustainability. Significant positive relationship between ?RSQI and crop yield of jute (r = 0.89**) and wheat (r = 0.90**) was found. However, rice yield declined up to 44% of its initial yield (r = 0.20).     

有机肥替代化肥氮素对麦田土壤碳氮迁移特征的影响

利用小麦田间试验,设置控释尿素(CRU)、有机肥(OF)替代30%,50%,70%控释尿素氮量处理,并以普通尿素(Urea)为对照,研究等氮条件下有机肥替代不同比例化肥氮素对土壤碳氮迁移特征及小麦产量的影响。结果表明:有机肥处理小麦总生物量较Urea显著增加13.83%～17.57%,籽粒产量增加1.6%～10.5%,随有机肥替代化肥氮素比例增加,籽粒增产效应降低,70%OF与Urea无显著差异,但显著低于CRU处理。CRU、30%OF和50%OF处理氮素农学效率较Urea显著提高90.2%～124.4%,70%OF与Urea相比差异不显著。有机肥比例增加,土壤总碳含量呈上升趋势,且高于CRU和Urea;全氮含量大致呈下降趋势,整个生育期先增加后降低,30%OF自灌浆期至成熟期含量高于其他施氮处理。随土层深度增加,硝态氮和铵态氮含量减少,有机肥比例增加,各层土壤硝态氮减少,铵态氮增加(尤以返青期最为显著);整个生育期土壤无机氮呈下降趋势,但与Urea相比,有机肥处理的硝态氮主要集中在0—40 cm土层,且0—100 cm土壤铵态氮含量高于Urea和CRU(苗期除外)。因此,用30%～50%有机肥替代化肥氮素,配合控释尿素施用,可显著增加土壤总碳和铵态氮含量,减少60—100 cm土壤硝态氮淋溶,提高小麦氮素利用率和籽粒产量。     

不同土壤氮钾肥配施对莴笋产量和品质的效应研究

选择重庆地区适宜栽种的莴笋品种,采用田间试验研究酸性和碱性土壤氮钾肥配施对莴笋产量和品质的影响,为重庆地区发展高产优质莴笋生产和合理利用土壤氮钾养分资源提供科学依据。结果表明:氮钾肥配施处理较N1K0处理(无钾)显著提高2种土壤莴笋产量,其中酸性土增产10.0%~18.1%,碱性土增产11.9%~19.6%,增产率均以碱性土酸性土。2种土壤上莴笋氮肥增产效应在K1(钾肥适量)时较高,钾肥增产效应在N1(氮肥适量)时较高;在N1K1处理(适氮适钾)基础上,N2K2处理(增施氮钾肥)对莴笋产量提高有明显负交互作用。2种土壤氮钾肥配施显著降低莴笋叶和茎硝酸盐含量,莴笋硝酸盐含量以酸性土碱性土,且以莴笋茎莴笋叶。氮钾肥配施对酸性土莴笋叶和茎维生素C含量的影响规律不明显,对碱性土莴笋叶和茎维生素C含量有提高作用,但差异不显著,2种土壤均以N2K1处理提高作用大;莴笋叶维生素C含量以碱性土酸性土,莴笋茎维生素C含量以酸性土碱性土。酸性土氮钾肥配施以N2K1处理显著提高莴笋叶片蔗糖和总糖含量,以及莴笋茎果糖、还原糖、蔗糖和总糖含量,大大提高莴笋的食用风味品质;碱性土壤氮钾肥配施以N2K1处理显著提高莴笋叶片葡萄糖、果糖、还原糖、蔗糖和总糖含量,N1K1处理显著提高莴笋茎葡萄糖、果糖、还原糖和总糖含量,改善莴笋风味和营养品质。氮钾肥配施各处理在酸性土以N2K1处理、碱性土以N1K2处理显著提高莴笋叶和茎各种必需氨基酸含量;酸性土N1K2处理显著提高莴笋叶甜味氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸和氨基酸总量,N2K1处理显著提高莴笋茎甜味氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸和氨基酸总量;碱性土氮钾肥配施以N1K2处理显著提高莴笋叶和莴笋茎甜味氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸和氨基酸总量,改善莴笋氨基酸品质性状。综合考虑莴笋产量和品质效应,高氮适钾处理(N2K1)为供试酸性土和碱性土适宜的氮钾肥配施组合。     

硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾对土壤酶活性及桃幼树生长的影响

为探究硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾对桃树生长的效应,以盆栽一年生瑞蟠21号毛桃(Amygdalus persica Linn.)为试验材料,设置3种不同施肥方式(T1:硅钙钾镁;T2:硅钙钾镁+黄腐酸钾;CK:空白对照),在桃幼树生长季进行追肥处理,研究硅钙钾镁肥及硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾对土壤酶活性、土壤养分状况及桃幼树根系构型和植株生长的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,T1、T2均显著提高了桃幼树生长季各时期土壤酸性磷酸酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性,以及土壤中碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有效硅等含量,且配施黄腐酸钾后作用更明显。与CK相比,T1、T2细根比重分别提高了11.2%和26.2%,根系活力分别提高了12.2%和18.1%,根系总长度分别增加了28.1%和61.9%,且有效延缓了根系衰老;T1、T2植株总干重分别提高了1.2倍和2.0倍,根冠比分别提高了9.4%和17.0%,且差异显著。与CK相比,T1、T2各器官中全氮、全磷、全钾含量均显著增加,地上部硅含量分别提高了61.3%和91.9%,地下部硅含量分别提高了62.3%和102.5%,且差异显著。同时,T1、T2桃幼树叶片叶绿素含量和净光...     

Crop Nutrient Status and Nitrogen,Phosphorus, and Potassium Balances Obtained in Field Trials Evaluating Different Fertilizer Recommendation Systems on Various Soils and Crops in Hungary

Based on correlations calculated from the database of long-term fertilization experiments carried out in Hungary between 1960 and 2000, a new, cost-saving, and environmentally friendly fertilizer recommendation system was developed. The aim of the new system is to apply the lowest possible nitrogen (N)–phosphorus (P)–potassium (K) rates required to achieve good yields and maximum income per unit area. The World Phosphorus Institute (IMPHOS) agreed to finance a 3-year program to test various Hungarian fertilizer recommendation systems (the new RISSAC-RIA [Research for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry‐Research Institute for Agriculture] system, the Talajer?gazdálkodás integrated soil fertility management system, and the intensive MÉM NAK [Department of Plant Protection and Agricultural Chemistry of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture] system) when applied to three major crops grown on three characteristic Hungarian soils. The first five treatments in the experiment represented a classical deficiency experiment, aimed at checking the correctness of the NPK supply categories determined by the various systems. On all three soils and for all three crops the IMPHOS experiments confirmed the basic principles of the new cost-saving, environmentally friendly fertilizer recommendation system and the correctness of the methods used for calculating fertilizer rates. In this article, diagnostic plant analysis, soil analysis data, and NPK balances obtained in the different recommendations are discussed. In most cases the plant NPK contents of all the recommendations exceeded the lower limits of the good NPK supply category for wheat and barley shoot as well as for corn leaf. Crop NPK contents in Talajer?gazdálkodás and MÉM NAK treatments (with greater recommended NPK doses) were most cases better than in the RISSAC-RIA treatments; however, the better crop NPK status did not result in extra grain yield in the former treatments. Taking into account that similarly high yields were obtained using the RISSAC-RIA system and the Talajer?gazdálkodás integrated system with much smaller NPK doses than those recommended by the intensive MÉM NAK system, it was more advantageous from agronomic, environmental protection, and economic points of view. Differences in PK balances correlated well with the differences in the measured soil ammonium lactate (AL)–PK contents after the third year of the experiment.     

Mineralization and Nutrient Release of an Organic Fertilizer Made by Flour,Meat, and Crop Residues in Two Vineyard Soils with Different pH Levels

The mineralization and nutrient evolution of an organic fertilizer compost of flour, meat, and crop residues was evaluated in two vineyard soils. A lysimetric testing, using 2.2-L Büchner funnels, was carried out to study the evolution of pH, electrical conductivity, and nutrients during the 400-day experiment. The net mineralization for two different doses of the fertilizer mixed with the soils was compared with an unfertilized control. The pH value of the acidic soil decreased to values less than 4.5 because of the yield of hydrogen (H⁺) in the organic fertilizer mineralization, whereas the soluble aluminium (Al³⁺) increased quickly in the leachates. The mineralization process was quicker in the alkaline soil (with a maximum mineralization rate of 0.83 mg nitrogen (N) kg^?1 day^?1 for the 8 Mg ha^?1 dose and 0.43 mg N kg^?1 day^?1 for the 4 Mg ha^?1 dose) in comparison with the acidic soil, which reduced these rates up to 50%. The N-nitrate (NO₃) amounts yielded in a year were 150 and 79 kg N ha^?1 for the 8 and 4 Mg ha^?1 doses respectively in the alkaline soil, enough to cover the vineyard N demand. These values were reduced to 50% and 60% of N-NO₃ for the acidic soil, indicating the important effect of pH in the mineralization.     

酸性和中性水田土壤施用硅肥的效应研究 Ⅱ.对水稻吸收硅素及产量的影响

分别选取酸性和中性水田土壤进行盆栽试验,研究施用硅肥对水稻不同生育期硅素吸收状况及产量的影响,以期揭示施用硅肥提高不同类型土壤供硅能力、改善植株硅素营养及增加产量的作用机制。结果表明,从拔节期到抽穗期水稻植株体内硅的含量有较大幅度的降低,而后又逐渐升高。施用硅肥可明显提高水稻植株体内硅的含量,尤以高炉渣与葡萄糖配合施用和单施高炉渣两个处理效果最好,极显著高于对照及其他处理。在酸性水田土壤上施用硅肥的增产效果较为明显,高炉渣与葡萄糖配施处理的增产率高达16.99%,且成熟期水稻植株含硅量与稻谷产量间存在显著的直线正相关关系;在中性水田土壤上施硅则无显著增产效果。总之,高炉渣与葡萄糖配合施用能更有效地改善土壤的供硅能力,进而提高水稻产量,其在酸性水田土壤上的施用效果尤为显著。     

广东省土壤磷素状况及磷肥需求预测

阐明了广东省不同耕作制下 ,土壤速效磷含量差异很大 ,大致为菜地土壤 >水稻田 >果园土壤 ;预测广东省年磷肥需求量应在 2 0 0 0年的基础上增加 3 0 %～ 44.4%。指出磷肥使用中存在的问题 ,建议加强磷肥领域的研究 ,促进因土因作物适量配施磷肥。     

Assessment of Potential Nutrient Release from Phosphate Rock and Dolostone for Application in Acid Soils

Finding alternative local sources of plant nutrients is a practical, low-cost, and long-term strategy. In this study, laboratory column experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design to evaluate the feasibility of using phosphate rock and dolostone as fertilizers or acid-neutralizing agents for application in tropical acid soils. The dissolution rates of different particle-size fractions(0.063–0.25, 0.25–0.5, and 0.5–2 mm) of both rocks were studied by citric acid solution at p H 4 and 2 and water, with extraction times of 1, 3, 5, 7, 12, 24, 72, 144, 240, and 360 h. The results showed that the dissolution of both rocks depended on the particle size,leaching solution, and extraction time. The dissolution rate of rock-forming minerals increased as the specific surface area increased,corresponding to a decrease in particle size. In all cases, the release kinetics was characterized by two phases: 1) a first stage of rapid release that lasted 24 h and would ensure short-term nutrient release, and 2) a second stage of slow release after 24 h, representing the long-term nutrient release efficiency. Both rocks were suitable as slow-release fertilizers in strongly acid soils and would ensure the replenishment of P, Ca, and Mg. A combination of fine and medium particle-size fractions should be used to ensure high nutrient-release efficiency. Much work could remain to determine the overall impact of considerable amounts of fresh rocks in soils.     

减氮配施缓释氮肥对棉田土壤酶活性和氮素吸收利用的影响

为探明减氮配施缓释氮肥对棉田土壤酶活性和氮素吸收利用的影响,通过试验研究减氮、配施不同比例缓释氮肥对棉花土壤理化性质、酶活性、无机氮含量、氮肥利用率及棉花产量的影响。试验选用新陆早64号棉花品种,设置2种施氮方式,分别为常规全施尿素(T2)和缓释氮肥与尿素不同比例配施(US),配施处理按照施氮量设3个水平,分别为不减氮U_0.8S_0.2(T3)、U_0.6S_0.4(T4),减氮20% U_0.6S_0.2(T5)、U_0.4S_0.4(T6),减氮40% U_0.4S_0.2(T7)、U_0.2S_0.4(T8),不施氮肥(T1)为对照,共8个处理。对棉花不同生育期内土壤的理化性质、酶活性、无机氮含量及成熟期棉花氮素含量和产量进行测定与分析,并计算氮肥利用率。结果表明:与常规全施尿素相比,配施缓释氮肥能显著提高土壤含水量和全氮含量,其中,以缓释氮肥与尿素4∶6配施(T4)处理的土壤含水量最大,较常规全施尿素(T2)在棉花苗期、蕾期、花期、铃期和吐絮期分别提高了14.07%,11.05%,7.58%,6.22%,6.65%;T4处理的土壤全氮在花期显著高于常规全施尿素(T2)处理,达到1.24 g/kg。减氮20%配施缓释氮肥(T5、T6)处理各生育时期的土壤脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性和铵硝态氮含量与常规全施尿素(T2)间无显著差异,减氮20%配施缓释氮肥(T5、T6)处理成熟期土壤脲酶活性与硝态氮含量较不减氮T4处理分别减少了28.20%,26.40%和11.13%,8.32%。此外,减氮20%(T5、T6)处理的氮肥利用率显著高于常规全施尿素(T2)处理,分别为62.09%和62.43%,产量及其构成因素与常规全施尿素(T2)间无显著差异。综上,减氮20%配施缓释氮肥(T5、T6)处理与常规全施尿素(T2)处理相比土壤酶活性、无机氮含量及产量差异不显著,氮肥利用率显著高于T2处理,可以确保棉花全生育期的氮素供给,避免[JP]氮素的大量浪费,达到棉花高产及氮肥高效利用的目的。