Microbial and Enzyme Activities of Saline and Sodic Soils

Salinization and sodication are abiotic soil factors, important hazards to soil fertility and consequently affect the crop production. Soil salinization is of great concern for irrigated agriculture in arid and semi‐arid regions of the world; sodicity is characterized by an excessively high concentration of sodium (Na) in their cation exchange system. In recent times, attention has been turned to study the impacts of these factors (salinity and sodicity) on soil microbial activities. Microbial activities play central role in degradation and decomposition of soil organic matter, mineralization of nutrients and stabilization of soil aggregates. To understand the ecology of soil system, therefore, it is important to be conversant with the soil microbial activities, which show quick response to little change in the soil environment. Microbial activities (generally measured as C–N dynamics, soil respiration–basal respiration, or CO₂ emission), microbial abundance, microbial biomass, quotients (microbial and metabolic) and microbial community structure, and soil enzymes have been considered as potential indicators to assess the severity of the land degradation and the effectiveness of land use management. Therefore, it is important to synthesize the available information regarding microbial activities in use and management of salt‐affected soils. The reclamation and management of such soils and their physico‐chemical properties have been reviewed well in the literature. In this review, an attempt has been made to compile the current knowledge about the effects of soil salinization and sodication on microbial and enzyme activities and identify research gaps for future research. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同利用方式对潮棕壤交换性钾钠及盐基总量的影响

为深刻认识土地利用变化对土壤交换性离子的影响,本文对潮棕壤水稻田、玉米地、撂荒地和人工林地4种土地利用方式经过14年后,在0～150cm剖面中土壤交换性钾、钠、交换性盐基总量的剖面分布及交换性钾钠比值变化进行了比较研究。结果表明,林地和撂荒地各土层交换性K含量及土体中交换性K储量具有高于水稻田和玉米地的趋势;水稻田和撂荒地0～20cm各土层的交换性Na含量显著高于林地和玉米地;林地0～150cm深度土壤交换性Na储量显著高于其他三种利用方式(P<0.05);0～150cm深度内土壤交换性盐基总储量大小依次为林地、玉米地、撂荒地、水稻田;水稻田剖面土壤交换性K/Na随土层深度增加而增大,其他3种土地利用方式则是随土层深度增加而降低。土壤管理和植物自身的特性在土壤剖面中交换性离子的构成以及土壤交换性盐基库的重建等方面可能起到重要作用。     

过碳酰胺对土壤pH和5种交换态金属离子含量的影响

用过碳酰胺溶液(与尿素溶液作对照)对中国南方3种酸性土壤和中国北方3种碱性土壤进行室内土培试验,研究氮肥施用对土壤pH和5种交换态金属(Mn、Cu、Zn、Ca、Mg)离子含量的影响。结果表明:酸性土壤pH在短期内随过碳酰胺浓度增大而急剧上升,碱性土壤pH则随过碳酰胺浓度增加呈先增加再减少然后又增加,且其变化幅度小于酸性土壤;动态试验表明,pH上升的现象是短期的,6种土壤pH达到最大值后缓慢下降,9d后3种碱性土壤的pH均降到比原来更低的程度。酸性土壤中交换性Mn、Cu、Zn的整体变化趋势表现为随过碳酰胺施用时间延长呈先降低再逐步上升,与土壤pH呈负相关;而碱性土壤中交换态Mn、Cu、Zn的含量变化不明显。6种土壤中交换态金属Ca、Mg离子含量的变化与土壤pH变化基本呈正相关。研究表明,与施用普通尿素相比,作为一种新型氮肥,施用过碳酰胺对土壤中金属元素活性不会产生新的负影响。     

侵蚀黑土容重空间分异与地形和土地利用的关系

以黑土侵蚀和重点治理的典型流域——黑龙江省拜泉县通双小流域为案例，通过田间取样和测定、数字高程模型（DEM）导出、遥感影像（Landsat-7ETM＋）解译分别获得容重、地形因子和土地类型数据。运用经典统计和地统计学方法，结合地理信息系统（GIS），探讨侵蚀黑土表层土壤容重空间分异与地形和土地利用的关系。结果表明：小流域尺度上，黑土土壤容重变异（14％）和空间自相关性（块金值／基台值。Co／Co＋C=41．18％，变程2402m）均属于中等强度。坡位和土地利用是影响容重变异的最突出因素。地形是控制空间白相关性的主要结构因素。土地垦殖、耕作方式和管理措施等随机因素强烈地影响了土壤容重的空间自相关性，有48．3％的农田耕层土壤容重过大，结构不良。目前黑土小流域的侵蚀治理方式是适合的，也是很成功的。但在保证土壤不再移位的前提下．如何提高土壤的质量和生产力．即培肥土壤是又一严峻的挑战。     

利用有机质和pH值估算中国西北和东北退耕还林土壤容重

Regression models for predicting soil bulk density (BD) have usually been related to organic matter content,but it remains unknown whether soil acidity modifies this relationship,particularly for afforested/reforested soils.We measured soil BD along with organic matter content and pH in an afforested/reforested area in Northwest and Northeast China.Using these measurements,we parameterized and validated three BD models:the Adams equation,and exponential and radical models.Model validation showed that the Adams equation failed to predict the BD of the afforested/reforested soils,producing a large overestimation.Incorporation of soil pH into the Adams equation significantly improved its performance.The exponential and radical models parameterized by the measured data simulated soil BD quite well,particularly when soil pH was incorporated.However,incorporation of soil texture variables into these models did not improve model performance compared with the pH-modified models.This led to the conclusion that the Adams equation,exponential,and radical models with pH modification are applicable to afforested/reforested soils with various acidities.