Changes in ultraviolet-B and visible optical properties and absorbing pigment concentrations in pecan leaves during a growing season

UV-B (280–320 nm) and visible (400–760 nm) spectral reflectance, transmittance, and absorptance; chlorophyll content; UV-B absorbing compound concentration; and leaf thickness were measured for pecan (Carya illinoensis) leaves over a growing season (April–October). Leaf samples were collected monthly from a pecan plantation located on the Southern University Horticultural Farm, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The leaf spectral reflectance and transmittance were measured from 280 to 760 nm using a high-accuracy UV-Vis spectroradiometer with an integrating sphere. The spectral absorptance was calculated based on the reflectance and transmittance percentages. Total UV-B absorbing compounds concentration (A_{280–320 nm} (cm⁻²)), chlorophyll content, and leaf thickness were related to the leaf optical properties. The patterns of the spectral distributions of optical properties over the growing season, effects of leaf age on the measured parameters, and their relationships were determined. Leaf optical properties were significantly affected by leaf age and the effects were more dramatic in the visible spectral region than in the UV-B region. Within the UV-B spectral region, leaf reflectance ranged between 4.27% (April) and 8.29% (July), transmittance between 0.01% (June) and 0.05% (April), and absorptance between 91.70% (July) and 95.68% (April). Within the visible spectral region, leaf optical properties changed significantly with the wavelength and leaf development. The visible spectral reflectance and transmittance had maxima at 555 nm and minima at 680 nm, and increased sharply afterwards. The highest visible spectral reflectance and transmittance occurred in the newly developed leaves, whereas the visible spectral absorptance increased with leaf maturation. Leaf chlorophyll content, thickness, and UV-B absorbing compound concentration significantly increased during leaf development (April–July). Correlation and regression analyses indicated that leaf chlorophyll content was a strong predictor of the green light reflectance, transmittance, and absorptance. The strongest predictors of UV-B reflectance were leaf thickness and leaf UV-B absorbing compound concentrations.     

Leaf and canopy optical characteristics as crop‐N‐status indicators for field nitrogen management in corn

The primary constraint of predicting the economic optimum nitrogen rate (EONR) for corn (Zea mays L.) is the high variability of soil nitrogen (N) supply due to environments, soil types, manure, and cropping histories. Portable instruments have been developed to measure leaf and canopy optical characteristics for determining plant N status. The objectives of this field study were to: (1) evaluate leaf and canopy optical properties including transmittance, reflectance, and fluorescence as indicators of corn N status with soil types, developmental stages, and N‐application rates, (2) compare the efficiency of two commercial radiometers that are designed to measure canopy reflectance, and (3) assess the constraints of these crop‐based indicators as a possible guide for real‐time N sidedressing in corn. Field experiments with different levels of N, soil types, and corn hybrids were conducted at three sites in Ottawa, ON, Canada, in 2004 and 2005. Leaf chlorophyll concentrations (SPAD chlorophyll meter), chlorophyll fluorescence (OS‐30), leaf area, and canopy reflectance (NDVI measured by CropScan and GreenSeeker radiometers) were simultaneously measured at several growth stages, while grain yield was determined at harvest. Our results show that canopy reflectance (NDVI) displayed similar efficiency as an indicator of N status on both soil types and corn hybrids in the two consecutive years. The chlorophyll readings often differentiated N‐deficient from N‐sufficient plots and therefore were a promising indicator for predicting corn N requirements. The fluorometer device evaluated in this study was unable to characterize corn N status.     

应用叶绿素计诊断烤烟氮素营养状况

为探讨叶绿素计在估测烤烟叶绿素和氮浓度上的应用价值,进行了3个田间试验。即:郑州点2003年设施N.51.0.kg/hm2与4个品种NC89、RG17、85048、541;2004年设5个氮肥用量:N.30.04、0.5、51.0、61.5、75.0.kg/hm2与2个品种中烟101、云烟85;玉溪点于2005年设5个氮肥用量:N.02、7.0、54.5、81.8、109.0.kg/hm2与K326品种的试验。测定了不同试验条件下烤烟叶片的叶绿素计(SPAD-502和CCM-200)值和实际叶绿素浓度、全氮浓度,并进行了三者关系分析。结果表明,应用叶绿素计监测烤烟叶片最佳测定部位为完全展开叶的中部。叶绿素计测定值因年份、地点、氮肥水平、叶位、同一叶片不同的部位而异。叶绿素计值与叶绿素浓度、叶片全氮浓度之间有稳定的极显著相关性。叶绿素计SPAD-502的SPAD值和CCM-200的CCI值与叶绿素浓度之间的决定系数分别为0.8755(P0.001)和0.9499(P0.001)。SPAD计值(SPAD)与全氮浓度(N)之间回归方程为N=0.0265SPAD+0.9601(R2=0.7649,P0.001),经检验该模型具有较好的精确性和普适性,利用叶绿素计进行烤烟氮素营养监测是可行的。     

遮荫对水稻冠层叶片SPAD值及光合、 形态特性参数的影响

SPAD（soil-plant analysis and development）计是一种快速、 方便、 非破坏性的诊断植物叶片相对叶绿素或氮含量的仪器,与传统的氮营养诊断方法相比,此仪器节省时间、 劳力和资源。本试验通过未遮荫和遮荫的方法观察水稻冠层叶片SPAD值、 叶绿素含量、 叶绿素荧光、 光合参数、 叶片厚度和比叶重（叶片干重除以叶片的面积）等生理形态指标的变化,建立SPAD值与光系统II（PSII）最大量子产量（Fv/Fm）之间的回归关系。结果表明,遮荫条件下,甬优9号(YY9)和丙9363(B9363)冠层叶片变薄、 SPAD值、 叶绿素a/b、 比叶重、 电子传递速率（ETR）降低,但快速光曲线的初始斜率无明显变化; 同时, 遮荫导致了叶片的呼吸速率、 最大净光合(Pmax)、 量子效率、 光补偿点和饱和点降低,表明水稻叶片为适应弱光环境, 降低光合能力、 减少呼吸消耗, 以增加对有限光能的利用。不同光照条件下,水稻冠层叶片SPAD值与PSII的Fv/Fm的回归方程呈指数式关系（YY9 R2=0.896; B9363 R2=0.833）, 表明SPAD计可以快速、 无损、 有效地评估水稻冠层叶片的光合作用进程,当SPAD值小于35时,其光合过程可能处于受损状态。     

氮磷调控及紫云英配施提高早稻冠层特性和产量

为揭示不同氮、磷施用量及配合翻压适量紫云英入田对早稻冠层特性和产量的影响,在7个施氮、3个施磷及2个不施氮/磷水平下,开展早稻全生育期叶面积指数LAI、冠层光合有效辐射PAR传输特性、叶片叶绿素SPAD值、生育后期剑叶净光合速率Pn及产量的试验观测。结果表明,氮磷调控可显著影响早稻LAI、叶片叶绿素含量和叶片光合速率,进而通过调节LAI影响冠层PAR传输特性,最终表现为产量上的差异。缺氮对早稻的影响显著高于缺磷,但在施肥充足时,磷肥对产量的影响比氮肥更加显著。早稻冠层特性和产量随氮、磷施用量的增加表现出边际递减效应,当施用量超过某一值时出现拐点,最终表现为产量的下降。在赣抚平原灌区,187.5~225 kg/hm2施氮量和60~120 kg/hm2施磷量以及翻压15 000 kg/hm2紫云英鲜草入田可有效提高早稻LAI和冠层PAR截获率In以及叶片叶绿素含量,维持剑叶生长期内较高的净光合速率Pn,获得高产。     

Estimation of Chlorophyll Contents by Correlations between SPAD‐502 Meter and Chroma Meter in Butterhead Lettuce

Abstract

Chlorophyll content of butterhead lettuce leaves was estimated by correlations between the Minolta SPAD‐502 and Minolta chroma meter CR 300. The SPAD‐502 readings and extractable chlorophyll (Chl a, Chl b, and total Chlorophyll) contents were related. High linear correlations were obtained for chlorophyll a (R²=0.90), chlorophyll b (R²=0.85), and total chlorophyll (R²=0.92). After that, during the growth cycle of butterhead lettuce grown in soilless culture, leaves were selected and SPAD‐502 and chroma meter readings were made. Finally, correlations between SPAD‐502 readings and leaf color (L*, a*, b*, C*, and hue angle) determined by the chroma meter were calculated. Hue angle (H°; R²=0.75) and lightness index (L*; R²=0.68) were the parameters that better relate with SPAD‐502 readings, so these parameters can also be used for rapid and nondestructive estimates of leaf chlorophyll in situ.     

Correlation of leaf chlorophyll readings and stem nitrate concentrations in peppermint

Abstract

The SPAD chlorophyll meter appears promising for rapid, on‐farm analysis of crop nitrogen (N) status. Leaf SPAD chlorophyll levels have been correlated with total leaf N concentrations, but it has not been determined how they relate to other widely applied N diagnoses such as petiole or stem nitrate (NO₃) analysis. Our objective was to examine the relationship between leaf SPAD readings and stem NO₃ levels in peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Upper canopy SPAD chlorophyll and stem NO₃ concentrations were determined weekly during two seasons for peppermint grown with variable N inputs. Leaf SPAD levels exhibited significant linear‐plateau responses with respect to stem NO₃, indicating that SPAD readings do not respond to luxury N consumption. The meter is therefore promising for the detection of crop N deficiencies by comparison of production fields to well fertilized plots or strips. Break‐points in the linear‐plateau regressions describe saturation concentrations of stem NO₃ with respect to leaf SPAD levels peaking at 12,000 mg NO₃‐N/kg in mid to late July and declining later in the season. The SPAD meter may be applied directly to N management by use of reference plots or it may be used as a tool to aid in determination of criteria for other diagnoses such as tissue NO₃.     

Leaf Chlorophyll Readings as an Indicator for Spinach Yield and Nutritional Quality with Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Applications

The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of predicting the concentrations of total nitrogen (N), nitrate-nitrogen, and ascorbic acid in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves using the pocket chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 (Minolta, Japan) in a pot experiment in a greenhouse. Spinach plants were grown in plastic pots filled with 0.5 kg of brown soil per pot with urea as N fertilizer at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 mg N/kg soil. SPAD readings of the two uppermost fully expanded leaves were recorded 18, 25, and 32 d after sowing and at harvesting (34 d). Dry-matter biomass and total N concentrations in leaves and roots, and NO₃-N, and ascorbic acid concentrations in leaves, were measured after harvesting. SPAD readings showed continuous reduction with increasing growth period irrespective of N applications. SPAD readings at harvest were significantly correlated with total N, leaf dry weight (DW), and NO₃-N concentration. However, this correlation did not exist between SPAD readings and ascorbic acid concentrations in leaves. The above results suggest that it is possible to apply SPAD readings to estimate NO₃-N concentrations in spinach plants, and that they may be applied for field assessments in decision-making and operational nutrient-management programs for the plant. Furthermore, the SPAD method may also be useful for ascertaining the harvest time. The results suggest that treatment with 120 mg N/kg significantly improved both leaf yields and leaf quality (i.e., leaf nitrate-N concentration and ascorbic acid). Too little and too much N fertilizer was not good for yield or spinach quality.     

Photosynthesis,Chlorophylls, and SPAD Readings in Coffee Leaves in Relation to Nitrogen Supply

The export of nitrogen (N) from senescent plant parts is important for the efficient use of this macronutrient. The objective of this study was to establish correlations among the photosynthetic pigment content, total N, and the photosynthetic variables with the SPAD‐502 readings in Coffea arabica leaves. Correlations were established among the chlorophyll content, N content, and chlorophyll a and b with SPAD‐502 readings taken on coffee leaves at different months. The results show that all variables decreased with time. However, correlation increased linearly with N doses. Total chlorophyll presented a direct linear correlation with readings of the portable chlorophyll meter. The SPAD readings have shown to be a good tool to diagnose the integrity of the photosynthetic system in coffee leaves. Thus, the portable chlorophyll SPAD‐502 instrument can be used to evaluate the N status and can also help to evaluate the photosynthetic process in coffee plants.     

Ammonium concentration in solution affects chlorophyll meter readings in tomato leaves

Abstract

Combinations of NH₄‐N:NO₃‐N usually result in higher tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) yields than when either form of nitrogen (N) was used alone. Leaf chlorophyll content is closely related to leaf N content, but the effect of the NH₄‐N:NO₃‐N ratio on leaf greenness was not clear. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of NH₄‐N:NO₃‐N ratios on chlorophyll meter (SPAD) readings, and evaluate the meter as a N status estimator and tomato yield predictor in greenhouse production systems. Fruit yield and SPAD readings increased as the amount of NH₄‐N in solution increased up to 25%, while higher ratios of NH₄‐N resulted in a decline in both. The N concentration in tomato leaves increased as concentration of NH₄‐N in solution increased. Fruit yield increased as chlorophyll readings increased. SPAD readings, total N in leaves, fresh weight of shoots, and fruit yield all showed a quadratic response to NH₄‐N, reaching a peak at 25 or 50% of N as NH₄‐N. SPAD readings taken at the vegetative and flowering stages of growth had the highest correlation (r²=0.54) with N concentration in leaves, but this could not be used as a reliable estimate of N status and fruit yield. Lack of correspondence between high N concentration values and fruit yield indicated a detrimental effect of NH₄‐N on chlorophyll molecules or chloroplast structure. The SPAD readings, however, may be used to determine the optimum NH₄‐N concentration in solution to maximize fruit yield.     

Relationship between chlorophyll meter readings and nitrogen in poinsettia leaves

Chlorophyll meters are used for non-destructive estimation of leaf nitrogen (N). The objective of this study was to evaluate the readings with several chlorophyll meters (SPAD-502, atLEAF, and CCM-300), different sampling sites on leaves, number of leaves used for sampling, and different types of leaf N sampling on estimation of N in leaves of potted poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) “Prestige Red.” Results showed that all meters gave readings that were correlated for N determination and also were correlated with each other. SPAD and atLEAF showed interaction between different N treatments and different sampling sites on the leaves, while CCM readings were affected by different sampling sites on the leaf. atLEAF readings showed interaction between number of leaves sampled and different N treatments. Thus, during sensor-based leaf N estimation, sampling site on leaf, number of leaves sampled, and stage of plant development should be considered to minimize error.     

Use of Minolta SPAD‐502 chlorophyll meter to quantify the effectiveness of mid‐summer trunk injection of iron on chlorotic pear trees

The severity of leaf chlorosis in iron (Fe)‐deficient fruit trees is often characterized using a semi‐quantitative visual rating index that is subject to evaluator bias. Analytical instruments are now available that provide a quantitative measure of leaf green color that could substitute for visual ratings. We injected limbs of mature chlorotic pear trees (Pyrus communis L. cv. Bartlett) with distilled water or a solution of 0.1% Fe (w/v) as FeSO₄‐7H₂O on 17 July 1995. Treatments were replicated eight‐fold. On 18 August 1995, a Minolta SPAD‐502 chlorophyll meter was used to measure the green color of 30 randomly sampled leaves located above the point of injection on each injected limb. Average leaf green color was higher in the Fe‐injected tree than in the water‐injected tree of each experimental block. Leaf green color (mean±SD) averaged 34.7±3.8 SPAD units for the Fe‐injected trees and 27.3±3.8 SPAD units for the water‐injected trees. The absolute increase in mean leaf color of 7.4 SPAD units was equivalent to a relative increase of 27%. Iron injection also induced more negative skewness and increased kurtosis in the frequency distribution curve for leaf SPAD meter readings. These results suggest that the SPAD meter can provide an unbiased quantitative measure of the severity of leaf chlorosis associated with Fe deficiency, and confirm that mid‐summer trunk injection of Fe can partially ameliorate Fe‐chlorosis symptoms.     

Assessing Variations in SPAD‐502 Chlorophyll Meter Measurements and Their Relationships with Nutrient Content of Trembling Aspen Foliage

Abstract

The relative chlorophyll content in leaves estimated by the SPAD‐502 chlorophyll meter can be an efficient way to evaluate plant nitrogen (N) status in many crops and some tree species. In this study, the SPAD meter was used to look for relationships between relative leaf chlorophyll content and leaf nutrient concentration in trembling aspen. The variations in leaf chlorophyll measurements were also evaluated by using three sampling times and three measurement techniques. Hypothetical experimental designs were created to achieve better design efficiency. The best representation of overall leaf chlorophyll was found when six SPAD readings were taken at different locations on each leaf. There was a positive correlation between overall leaf N and estimated chlorophyll content, especially in the top part of the trees. Overall, this study suggested that the SPAD meter can give an estimation of trembling aspen nutritional status, especially if the differential partitioning of N within trees is considered.     

Tomato leaf chlorophyll meter readings as affected by variety,nitrogen form,and nighttime nutrient solution strength

Leaf chlorophyll content is closely related to leaf nitrogen (N) content, so it is reasonable to assume that ammonium‐N (NH₄‐N): nitrate‐N (NO₃‐N) ratio in the nutrient solution used to grow tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) hydroponically may affect leaf greenness, and consequently chlorophyll meter (SPAD) readings. It has also been shown that increasing nutrient solution strength (NSS) increases tomato productivity, but there are no reports regarding how NSS affects SPAD readings under greenhouse conditions. Genotype may also influence SPAD readings, and standardization for cultivar and sampling time may be needed. The objective of this study was to characterize SPAD readings for five tomato cultivars and SPAD reading response to a combination of two NSS (1X and 4X Steiner solution strength daily applied 18 days after transplanting at 7 p.m.) and two concentrations of NH₄‐N in solution (0 and 25%) in order to evaluate the potential of SPAD readings as a tomato yield predictor in greenhouse production systems. The SPAD readings were not uniform across tomato varieties tested, being consistently higher for ‘Max’ and lower for the other varieties. Initially, SPAD readings for tomato varieties used in this study were low at the vegetative stage, and increased up to 40 DAT, but subsequently decreased at 49 DAT, or the fruit set of the first and second clusters. After this time, SPAD readings showed no variation. Chlorophyll meter readings for ‘Max’ were higher in the top plant layers, but decreased in the top plant layer of the other tomato varieties. The SPAD readings were higher for plants supplied with 25% NH₄‐N than those without NH₄‐N in solution, but the use of a nighttime nutrient solution did not affect SPAD readings. None of the possible interactions among tomato variety, NH₄‐N: NO₃‐N ratio, and NSS were consistently significant.     

The crop as indicator for sidedress nitrogen demand in sugar beet production — limitations and perspectives

In 2‐years field experiments near Nienstädt (60 km west of Hannover, northern Germany), the effects of rate and timing of nitrogen (N) application on leaf N‐concentration, leaf greenness (SPAD chlorophyll meter readings), canopy greenness (canopy light reflectance), leaf area development, photosynthetic activity of leaves, and yield and quality of sugar beet were studied. In 1999 (pre‐planting soil mineral N: 15 kg ha^—1), N fertilizer was applied at rates of 0, 105, 125, 145, 165 and 205 kg N ha^—1. In 2000 (pre‐planting soil mineral N: 60 kg ha^—1), an N rate of 100 kg ha^—1 was applied at planting (100/0/0/0) or split applied at planting and 8 (60/40/0/0), 12 (60/0/40/0), and 16 (60/0/0/40) weeks after planting (WAP), respectively. In both years, canopy greenness as indicated by ”︁sensor values” (a combination of the reflectance of visible and near infrared light) changed with crop age. However, at each time of measurement, sensor values precisely reflected the different N application treatments and were significantly correlated with leaf N‐concentrations and SPAD chlorophyll meter readings. Beet yield and processed white sugar yield increased up to an N supply (fertilizer N + pre‐planting soil mineral N) of 160 kg ha^—1. Split N application slightly retarded leaf growth but had no effect on photosynthetic activity per unit leaf area. Beet yield and beet quality were not systematically affected by the timing of N application. Certain application schemes tended to favor either beet yield or beet quality, resulting in similar processed white sugar yields. Our data suggest that moderate N topdressing can be integrated in site‐specific N management systems in sugar beet production. Canopy light reflectance might serve as a useful diagnostic tool to assess the N status and sidedress N demand of sugar beets. However, due to changing sensor values over time, on‐site calibration (using established standard methods or reference plots receiving extra N at planting) will be necessary. The applicability of this approach has to be tested in further field studies.<?show $6#>     

TOMATO LEAF CHLOROPHYLL METER READINGS AS AFFECTED BY VARIETY,NITROGEN FORM,AND NIGHTTIME NUTRIENT SOLUTION STRENGTH

ABSTRACT

Leaf chlorophyll content is closely related to leaf nitrogen (N) content, so it is reasonable to assume that NH₄–N:NO₃–N ratio in the nutrient solution used to grow tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) hydroponically may affect leaf greenness, and consequently chlorophyll meter (SPAD) readings. It has also been shown that increasing nutrient solution strength (NSS) increases tomato productivity, but there are no reports regarding how NSS affects SPAD readings under greenhouse conditions. Genotype may also influence SPAD readings, and standardization for cultivar and sampling time may be needed. The objective of this study was to characterize SPAD readings for five tomato cultivars, and SPAD reading response to a combination of two nutrient solutions strength (NSS) (1X and 4X Steiner solution strength daily applied 18 days after transplanting at 7 p.m.) and two concentrations of NH₄–N in solution (0 and 25%) in order to evaluate the potential of SPAD readings as a tomato yield predictor in greenhouse production systems. The SPAD readings were not uniform across tomato varieties tested, being consistently higher for “Max” and lower for the other varieties. Initially, SPAD readings for tomato varieties used in this study were low at the vegetative stage, and increased up to 40 days after transplant (DAT), but subsequently decreased at 49 DAT, or the fruit set of the first and second clusters. After this time, SPAD readings showed no variation. Chlorophyll meter readings for Max were higher in the top plant layers, but decreased in the top plant layer of the other tomato varieties. The SPAD readings were higher for plants supplied with 25% NH₄–N than those without NH₄–N in solution, but the use of a nighttime nutrient solution did not affect SPAD readings. None of the possible interactions among tomato variety, NH₄–N:NO₃–N ratio, and NSS were consistently significant. SAPD readings may be useful in monitoring low or high supply of N in greenhouse grown tomato plants.     

基于机器视觉技术的尖椒冠层SPAD值测定仪的开发

为了快速准确地测量尖椒的冠层植被指数值,该文在理论分析的基础之上,开发了一套基于机器视觉技术的用于测量尖椒冠层SPAD(soil and plant analyzer development,SPAD)值的仪器。该仪器利用步进电机控制载有绿波段和近红外波段两片滤光片的转台,实现滤光片在CCD相机镜头前的切换,从而得到冠层的绿色波段图像和近红外波段图像。制作了近红外反射率在尖椒冠层和土壤背景之间的参照板,并以其为阈值结合冠层的近红外图像来分离尖椒冠层和土壤背景。通过建立图像灰度值和反射率之间的动态模型,计算作物冠层在相应波段的反射率,得到冠层植被指数,将作物冠层的SPAD值作为对比进行分析。经过试验建立该仪器测得的冠层植被指数GNDVI(green normalized difference vegetation index,GNDVI)值和冠层实际SPAD值之间的模型,结果表明两者之间具有较高的相关性,决定系数R2=0.8768。表明该仪器适用于尖椒冠层SPAD值的测定。     

EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT IRON SOURCES FOR IRON CHLOROSIS RECOVERY IN LOW-CHILL PEACH CULTIVARS

An experiment was conducted with iron chlorosis affected low-chill peach cultivars such as ‘Shaharanpur Prabhat’, ‘Shan-e-Punjab’, and ‘Pratap’ to examine the recovery upon foliar application of three iron sources namely iron (Fe)-sulfate, Fe-citrate and Fe ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). All the iron sources significantly increased the SPAD meter value, physiologically active (Fe²⁺) iron and total iron content of the leaves over control. However, highest values were noted with foliar spray of 1.0% Fe-sulfate. The low-chill peach cultivar ‘Saharanpur Prabhat’ responded best with iron resupply treatment. Significant correlations (at P ≤ 0.01) were obtained between SPAD meter readings with both physiologically active iron (Fe²⁺) and total iron content of leaves in all peach cultivars. Among the sources, the correlations between SPAD meter readings, physiologically active iron (Fe²⁺) and total iron contents were significant at P ≤ 0.01 for only Fe-sulfate and Fe-citrate. The regression analysis showed that the SPAD meter reading accounted 78.2 to 88.0% variation in physiologically active iron (Fe²⁺) and 65.0 to 73.7% variation in the total iron content in the low-chill peach cultivars. The SPAD readings could be used for management of iron chlorosis in peach orchard.     

柑橘病害近红外光谱判别模型及病害对理化指标影响

柑橘病害严重影响柑橘产量与品质,为进一步寻找叶片光谱与其理化指标变化规律,故将近红外光谱技术与化学计量学相结合探索柑橘病害光谱判别及病害对理化指标影响的可行性。利用便携式近红外光谱仪,获取柑橘正常、溃疡病和砂皮病3类叶片光谱并测量理化指标值,开展光谱特性与理化指标规律分析,进行SPA(successive projections algorithm)与PCA（principal component analysis）变量筛选,结合RF （random forest）与LWPLS（locally weighted partial least squares）分别建立柑橘病害定性模型及理化指标定量模型。对比分析模型结果,发现基于原始光谱变量的LWPLS定性模型效果最佳,其判别准确率为94.03%。用401个光谱变量为输入,基于LWPLS的正常叶片SPAD值模型分析结果最优;虽正常、溃疡病和砂皮病3类叶片综合的LWPLS定量模型RMSEP较大为4.46%,但模型对叶片SPAD值具有较好的预测精度,R²和RPD分别为0.93、2.19。研究表明,近红外光谱技术结合化学计量学判别柑橘病害及分析病害对叶片理化指标的影响具有一定可行性,可为柑橘病害实时现场检测提供重要科学参考。     

利用高光谱指数进行冬小麦条锈病严重度的反演研究

通过选取不同条锈病抗性品种(高抗、高感、中间)进行田间不同梯度(对照、轻度、中度、重度)的接种试验,在接种后每隔7 d左右,同步测定了不同品种、不同处理的冠层光谱、单叶光谱和对应目标的病情指数以及叶面积指数、叶倾角等生物物理参数和叶绿素、SPAD数值等生物化学参数。通过对获取的光谱数据和生物物理参数和生物化学参数进行统计分析。研究结果表明,小麦被条锈病感染以后,叶片叶绿素含量急剧下降,通过研究叶片绿度值(SPAFD)值与叶绿素含量之间的关系,建立了叶片叶绿素含量和叶片SPAD数值之间的线性关系方程。通过在借鉴前人研究结果的基础上,通过筛选光谱指数,在冠层水平上构建作物冠层结构不敏感色素反演指数(CCII=TCARI/OSAVI)来反演全生育期不同处理的SPAD数值,此反演结果受品种类型、冠层结构和土壤背景的影响较小,线性方程的决定系数达到极显著的水平。在单叶水平选取归一化的光化学指数(NPRI)来反演单叶的病情指数(DI),线性方程的决定系数达到极显著的水平。所以该文通过选取适当的高光谱指数进行冬小麦条锈病严重度的反演的理论和方法是可行的。且反演结果受不同品种、不同叶面积指数和土壤背景等的影响均较小。