2种雀稗属牧草对低磷胁迫的生长、生理应激响应

为比较宽叶雀稗(Paspalum wettsteinii)和巴哈雀稗(Paspalum notatum)适应低磷胁迫的能力,揭示其对低磷胁迫的形态及生理响应机理,试验以石英砂为基质,定期浇灌200μmol·L-1(常磷)、20μmol·L-1、2 μmol· L-1的Hoagland营养液模拟低磷胁迫处理,分别在磷处理...     

Determination of Appropriate Soil Test Extractant for Available Phosphorus in Southwestern Nigerian Soils

Evaluation of five soil phosphorus (P) extractants was done on southwestern Nigerian soils from sedimentary and basement complex parent materials to determine the relationship between the extractants and the most appropriate extractant for the soils. The soils differed in properties. Generally, soils from the basement material had less available P compared with sedimentary material. Olsen extracted the greatest P. Bray 1 measured 67% of Olsen P, Hunter measured 52%, Mehlich measured 42%, and Ambic measured 24%. Positive and significant regression (P < 0.001) existed among Bray 1, Olsen, Mehlich, Hunter, and Ambic extractants. The strongest relationship was found among Olsen, Mehlich, and Ambic P. The relationship between maize P uptake and extracted P was quadratic, whereas the relationship with Mehlich was logarithmic. Bray, Mehlich, and Olsen P were the significant contributors to the maize P uptake and dry-matter yield. Extractants in order of P extraction were Olsen > Bray 1 > Hunter > Mehlich > Ambic.     

中国稻田土壤有效磷时空演变特征及其对磷平衡的响应

以农业农村部始于1988年的全国稻田土壤监测数据库为基础,将稻作区划分为东北、长江三角洲(简称"长三角")、长江中游、华南和西南五个区域,分析近30 a各稻作区土壤有效磷含量、磷肥回收率及农学效率和磷素的表观平衡,揭示各区域间稻田土壤磷素时间演变和空间差异特征,为稻田土壤磷素科学管理提供理论依据.结果表明,全国主要稻作...     

Cadmium Uptake by Winter Wheat Seedlings in Response to Interactions Between Phosphorus and Zinc Supply in Soils

ABSTRACT

Effects of application of zinc (Zn) (0, 1, 5, 10 mg kg^?1 soil) and phosphorus (P) (0, 10, 50, 100 mg kg^?1 soil) on growth and cadmium (Cd) accumulations in shoots and roots of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings were investigated in a pot experiment. All soils were supplied with a constant concentration of Cd (6 mg kg^?1 soil). Phosphorus application resulted in a pronounced increase in shoot and root biomass. Effects of Zn on plant growth were not as marked as those of P. High Zn (10 mg kg^?1) decreased the biomass of both shoots and roots; this result may be ascribed to Zn toxicity. Phosphorus and Zn showed complicated interactions in uptake by plants within the ranges of P and Zn levels used. Cadmium in shoots decreased significantly with increasing Zn (P < 0.001) except at P addition of 10 mg kg^?1. In contrast, root Cd concentrations increased significantly except at Zn addition of 5 mg kg^?1 (P < 0.001). These results indicated that Zn might inhibit Cd translocation from roots to shoots. Cadmium concentrations increased in shoots (P < 0.001) but decreased in roots (P < 0.001) with increasing P supply. The interactions between Zn and P had a significant effect on Cd accumulation in both shoots (p = 0.002) and roots (P < 0.001).     

Sugarcane Biomass Yield Response to Phosphorus Fertilizer on Four Mineral Soils as Related to Extractable Soil Phosphorus

ABSTRACT

The efficient use of phosphorus (P) fertilizers is very important in South Florida so that the environmental impact is minimal while meeting crop demand. To ensure that this is accomplished, an updated soil test P calibration is needed for sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) grown on Florida mineral soils, which accounts for almost 30% of the total sugarcane planted in the state. An outdoor pot experiment was conducted with the objective of evaluating four soil extractants for potential use in soil test P calibrations. Sugarcane cultivar CL 88–4730 was grown in 26L pots in a randomized complete block design with four replications of four P fertilizer rates (0, 38, 76, and 152 mg P L^?1 soil) and four soil series (2 Spodosols, 1 Entisol, and 1 Alfisol). Sugarcane biomass was significantly increased with P fertilizer application and extractable soil P significantly increased with increasing P fertilizer rate. Strongest relationships of extractable soil P with relative fresh weight yield were determined with the water, acetic acid, and ammonium acetate extractants. All extractants tested, including Mehlich 3, had significant relationships with relative yield and leaf P concentration and so all these extractants should be considered in further field calibration studies with sugarcane on Florida mineral soils.

Abbreviations: EAA: Everglades Agricultural Area; EREC: Everglades Research and Education Center; OM: organic matter; TSP: Triple superphosphate     

特定藻类对土壤有效磷影响的研究

采用混合正交实验L(6×2)2设计,研究了藻类对土壤有效磷含量的影响,通过对实验结果进行统计分析,发现藻类能有效提高土壤有效磷含量,且不同的藻种间存在一定的差异。这揭示直接利用特定藻类能有效提高土壤可利用磷含量,又能增加土壤有机质,达到减少速效磷肥的施用和改善土壤肥力,这对保护环境、维持农业生态系统的可持续发展有重要现实意义。     

成都平原区土壤速效磷时空变化特征

根据1982年173个样点和2002年117个样点的分析数据，利用地统计学方法和GIS技术对成都平原耕层（0～20cm）土壤速效磷含量的时空变异特征进行了研究。结果表明，成都平原耕层土壤样点间速效磷平均含量由1982年的7.1mg／kg增至2002年的14.3mg／kg，平均增加了103.40％。20年间由于受区域间农业管理措施、土地利用方式和土壤颗粒组成差异的影响，占平原耕地面积75.86％的土壤速效磷含量增加，且区域增加幅度呈由东向西逐渐降低的趋势。土壤速效磷含量与土壤颗粒组成的相关性分析表明，1982年土壤速效磷含量与土壤砂粒（2～0.02mm）之间呈极显著的负相关，与土壤粉粒（0.02～0.002mm）之间相关未达到显著水平，与土壤粘粒（〈0.002mm）之间呈显著正相关；2002年土壤速效磷含量与土壤砂粒之间呈显著的负相关，与土壤粉粒之间呈极显著正相关，与土壤粘粒之间相关未达到显著水平。     

黑龙江省西部草地苏打盐渍土无机磷的转化及其对有效磷的影响

本文通过相关分析和通径分析研究了无机磷各组分间的转化关系及其对有效磷的影响 ,结果表明 :苏打碱土的Ca2 -P、Ca8-P、Al-P和Fe -P对有效磷贡献量较大 ,O -P对有效磷表现为负贡献 ,Ca10 -P对有效磷几乎无影响。草甸碱土的Ca2 -P和Fe -P主要通过直接作用影响有效磷 ,Ca8-P和Al -P主要通过间接作用影响有效磷 ;碱化草甸土的Ca2 -P对有效磷的影响主要表现为直接作用 ,Ca8-P、Al-P和Fe -P对有效磷的影响主要表现为间接作用。在苏打盐渍土的磷素循环系统中 ,无机磷各形态间存在一定的转化关系 ,Ca2 -P、Ca8-P和Al-P易于相互转化 ,Fe -P和O -P易于相互转化     

Soil Phosphorus Available for Crops and Grasses Extracted with Three Soil-Test Methods in Southern Brazilian Soils Amended with Phosphate Rock

The Mehlich 1 (M1) soil-test method has been used for soil phosphorus (P) extraction in southern Brazil. The objective of this work was to compare M1, Mehlich 3 (M3), and ionic exchange resin (resin) soil-test methods to evaluate the soil P available for crops and grasses in soils amended with phosphate rock (PR). Oxisol and Alfisol received triple superphosphate (TS) and PR. The M1 solution extracted greater P amounts in soils amended with PR compared with the M3 solution and resin methods. Lesser P amounts were extracted with the M3 solution. Crops yields were better associated with the P amounts extracted with M3 and resin methods in soils amended with PR. The results showed that M1 overestimates soil P availability to plants in soils amended with PR; the M3 solution best estimated the soil P available for crops and grasses in soils amended with PR.     

长期施肥条件下潮土有效磷的演变及其对磷盈亏的响应

为探明土壤有效磷的演变规律与磷平衡状况,在河南潮土区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作制度下,于1998年始在河南省不同区域开展田间定位试验,共设置常规施肥(CF)和不施肥(CK)2个处理,对土壤全磷、速效磷累积和土壤有机质等进行监测和分析。结果表明,长期不施肥,土壤磷素常年处于亏缺状态,有效磷处于耗竭状态;长期施肥即常规施肥,有12个监测点的有效磷随年份显著上升,2个监测点显著下降,其余持平。土壤有效磷的变化量与磷的盈亏量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),不施肥条件下,土壤每亏缺100 kg P·hm-2,土壤有效磷下降2.7 mg·kg-1;常规施肥下,土壤每盈余100 kg P·hm-2,土壤有效磷可以增加1.2 mg·kg-1。土壤有机质含量与有效磷随磷盈亏的变化量呈极显著正相关(P0.01,CF的R2=0.5542,CK的R2=0.4039)。由此可见,通过施肥措施来调控土壤有效磷含量,可达到培肥地力和作物高产的效果。本研究结果为指导磷肥施用以及土壤磷素管理提供了科学依据。     

Soil Sample Depth in Pasture Soils for Environmental Soil Phosphorus Testing

Phosphorus (P) in runoff from agricultural land is a major contributor to eutrophication of surface waters. This study investigated the relationship between dissolved P in surface runoff and soil-test P measured at different sample depths (0–2 and 0–10 cm). Soil at these depths was collected from 136 sites in southeast New South Wales, Australia, under pastoral agriculture, covering a wide range of soil types and land-use intensity, from native pasture to intensive dairying. Bicarbonate-extractable soil P concentrations at these two depths were curvilinearly related over a very wide range of P (r² = 0.91). Small-plot rainfall simulations were conducted at 14 of these locations, for which the relationship between the sampling depths was even closer (r² = 0.95). After dividing the soils into two groups based on parent material (basalt and nonbasalt), linear relationships were found between extractable soil P and runoff dissolved reactive P, with more of the variance being accounted for with the sedimentary soils (r² = 0.89, 0–10 cm; 0.91, 0–2 cm) compared with basalt soils (r² = 0.63; 0–10 cm; 0.57, 0–2 cm). The results suggest that agronomic soil P testing in pastoral soils (typically 0–10 cm depth) is sufficient for estimating the potential for losses of P in runoff and that there is no need to collect shallow soil samples especially for this purpose.     

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) Potential to Contribute Solubilized Soil Phosphorus to Subsequent Crops

Reports supporting folklore beliefs that buckwheat (BW) can significantly contribute solubilized phosphorus (P) from sparingly soluble soil P to subsequent crops remain anecdotal. To quantify P solubilized by BW from five inorganic and three organic pools in a Fargo silty clay, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (WHT) was grown as a reference crop to compare P mineralized and P uptake in a complete randomized design. Following fractionation and analysis, P changes between pools indicated solubilization from recalcitrant to less recalcitrant P pools. Calcium-bound P contributed the most P (72% of inorganic pool) to the available fraction, and P uptake by BW (40 kg ha^?1) was significantly greater than wheat (16 kg ha^?1) from the inorganic pools, whereas WHT uptake was significantly greater (P < 0.05) from the organic pool. Following harvest, more P was found in available P pools after BW compared to WHT, suggesting potential solubilization of P to subsequent crops compared with WHT.     

不同磷水平下玉米-大豆间作对红壤无机磷组分及有效磷的影响

通过2年盆栽试验，探讨不同磷水平下玉米–大豆间作根际土壤无机磷组分、土壤有效磷含量及作物磷吸收的差异，明确土壤无机磷组分、土壤有效磷与作物磷吸收之间的相互关系。试验设置玉米单作、大豆单作、玉米–大豆间作3种种植方式以及3个P2O5施用水平(0、50、100 mg/kg，分别记作P0、P50、P100)，共9个处理。结果表明：与单作相比，2018年和2019年在P0、P50和P100水平下，间作显著提高玉米和大豆的籽粒产量，并显著提高玉米和大豆植株的磷素吸收量。与常规施磷水平(P100)下的单作处理相比，玉米–大豆间作在磷肥减少50%(P50)的条件下，并未降低玉米和大豆的磷吸收量与籽粒产量。3个磷水平下，间作提高了玉米和大豆根际土壤有效磷含量，而降低了根际土壤总无机磷以及Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P、O-P的含量；同时适当增施磷肥显著提高了玉米和大豆根际土壤总无机磷及各无机磷组分的含量。本试验条件下，间作促进土壤中Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P和O-P的活化(尤其是Fe-P)，是低磷胁迫下间作土壤有效磷含量与作物磷吸收量增加的重要原因。玉米–大豆间作具有节约磷肥、维持作物产量及根际土壤有...     

Divergent Relationships of Phosphorus Soil Tests in Temperate Grassland Soils

Abstract

Various soil tests are used to estimate phosphorus (P) availability for both crop uptake and potential loss to water. Conversion equations may provide a basis for comparison between different tests and regions, although the extent to which information can be interchanged is uncertain. The objective was to determine and quantify relationships between specific soil test extractants for samples taken annually in October and February over 4 years from four sites in each of eight soil series under grassland. The extractants comprised Mehlich‐3, Morgan, Olsen, Bray‐1, lactate–acetate, CaCl₂ (1∶2 and 1∶10 soil–solution ratios), and resin. The results showed distinct relationships for each soil series, for which individual lines regression models (different intercepts and slopes) were superior to a single conversion equation across all soils. The ensuing difference between soils was large and ranged from 1.9 to 8.0 and 9.2 to 15.6 mg kg^?1 P for Morgan and Olsen, respectively, at 20 mg kg^?1 Mehlich‐3 P. Generally, the environmentally oriented tests CaCl₂ and resin correlated best with Morgan. Some soil‐specific limitations were also observed. CaCl₂ was less efficient than Morgan, and Morgan less efficient than Mehlich‐3 on a high Fe–P soil derived from Ordovician‐shale diamicton, compared with the general trend for other soils. This finding suggests that further disparity may arise where evaluation of critical, or other, limits across regions involves even a limited sequence of tests.     

设施高肥力蔬菜地氮素调控下磷素特征研究

设施蔬菜种植中存在不合理施肥现象,土壤养分严重失调。为了解设施蔬菜地高氮肥力水平下不同氮素水平对磷素的养分吸收影响,2004—2007年在山东寿光进行不同氮素水平调控和秸秆还田试验,并于2007年冬春季进行裂区淋滤试验。结果表明,不同水平的氮素调控影响磷素含量变化,空白(NN)、有机肥(MN)、有机肥+秸秆(MN+S)供氮水平下土壤全磷含量逐年下降,降幅NNMNMN+S,全磷增幅传统氮素(CN)传统氮素+秸秆(CN+S)氮素优化+秸秆(SN+S)氮素优化(SN)。CN、CN+S供氮水平下土壤速效磷含量达到213.7、225.4 mg·kg-1,增长了17.1%、23.5%,磷素累积明显;其他供氮水平下速效磷含量逐年下降,降幅NNMNMN+SSN+SSNCNCN+S,减少氮素供应有利于减缓磷素累积,促进磷的吸收利用。除NN供氮水平下土壤有机磷含量下降外,其他处理均不同程度增加,CN、CN+S供氮水平下土壤有机磷含量累积明显(308.4、331.4 mg·kg-1),分别增长了28.5%、38.2%。SN+S供氮水平下磷的吸收系数(P2O5,mg·100 g-1)达到了1 571,增长了143.6%;CN、CN+S供氮水平下磷的吸收系数出现了负增长,CN供氮水平下达到了416(P2O5,mg·100 g-1),下降了35.5%。添加小麦秸秆极大地提高了磷的吸收能力,在一定程度上能减缓土壤速效磷的累积。淋溶液中全磷含量SNSN+S,有机磷含量SNSN+S,秸秆还田对阻控有机磷素淋溶有一定的作用,但整个冬春生长季渗滤液中全磷含量在2.6~12.0 mg·L-1,有机磷含量在0.42~4.1 mg·L-1,淋出液水质仍超过了国家安全水质标准。因此,在高肥力水平下进行氮素调控,优化氮素供应量,促进了磷素的吸收利用,对农民在高肥力水平下施肥具有指导意义。建议农民在以后的种植中减少氮肥供应量及添加高碳源秸秆进行还田,以提高肥料的利用率,减少氮磷对土壤及水体的污染。     

Determination of Soil Available Phosphorus using the Olsen and Mehlich 3 Methods for Greek Soils Having Variable Amounts of Calcium Carbonate

The Mehlich 3 method for the determination of available phosphorus (P) is less laborious compared to the Olsen method and provides the advantage of multielement analysis. However, in Greece the Olsen P method is currently used because of its suitability for calcareous soils. The aims of this study were to compare (a) the Mehlich 3 and Olsen methods for 200 soils having different levels of pH and calcium carbonate and (b) Mehlich 3 colorimetric and Mehlich 3 inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis for 17 acidic and 23 alkaline soils. The correlation of Mehlich 3 P and Olsen P methods, excluding soils with pH less than 5 and soils with calcium carbonate levels from 10.3 to 48.3%, resulted in a linear slope of 0.24 and r² of 0.82, and thus for this range of soils the Mehlich 3 test provided a more reliable measurement of P compared to the Olsen method. This study confirms also previous results that show that Mehlich 3 ICP test measures more P compared to Mehlich 3 colorimetry.     

冻融循环作用对黑土有效磷含量变化的影响

[目的]分析冻融循环作用和土壤含水率对土壤磷素的有效性产生的影响,为控制农业非点源污染、明确冻土区土壤的磷素循环过程和准确评估区域的磷素收支提供依据。[方法]以东北黑土为研究对象,研究冻融次数、土壤含水率和土壤有效磷背景值对黑土有效磷含量的影响。采用室内模拟冻融循环的方法,冻融循环次数为30次,冻融温差为-10~7℃,监测冻融条件下黑土有效磷含量的变化。[结果]随着冻融循环次数的增加,它对有效磷含量的影响逐渐下降,至20~30次循环中不具有显著性影响,有效磷背景值的影响在5~20和20~30次循环中占主导地位;在0~30次冻融循环中,有效磷含量的变化表现出双峰型曲线特征,相邻冻融循环次数有效磷含量的变化大多具有显著性差异,变化由剧烈到平缓;土壤含水率越高,有效磷含量变化越剧烈;土壤有效磷背景值越高,有效磷含量越稳定。[结论]冻融循环次数、土壤含水率、土壤有效磷背景值3个控制因子对有效磷含量的影响程度随冻融循环次数的增加而变化。     

台湾地区红壤性水稻土速效氮磷含量对棘孢木霉菌及配施秸秆与氮肥的响应

以台湾苗栗红壤上发育的水稻土为研究对象,采用室内培养的方法,研究了棘孢木霉菌及配施秸秆与氮肥对土壤速效磷和速效氮含量的影响,以期了解棘孢木霉菌对台湾地区红壤性水稻土的培肥效果,同时为棘孢木霉菌在农业土壤肥力方面的应用提供合理依据。结果表明:(1)添加棘孢木霉菌可提高台湾地区红壤性水稻土速效磷含量0.65~1.81 mg kg~(-1),并在第35 d时达到最大值5.74 mg kg~(-1)(P0.05),明显高于秸秆和氮肥单独施用的效果。红壤性水稻土速效磷含量对棘孢木霉菌与秸秆和尿素配合施用的响应最大,增幅范围为2.09~3.37 mg kg~(-1),培养21 d时速效磷含量达到最大值8.08 mg kg~(-1)(P0.05)。(2)单独添加棘孢木霉菌对台湾地区红壤性水稻土速效氮含量没有产生有效影响,与试验预期效果不符。棘孢木霉菌及配施秸秆与两种氮肥(尿素和硫酸铵)施用对红壤速效氮含量有一定的提升影响,增幅范围分别为8.07~34.73 mg kg~(-1)和28.62~52.46 mg kg~(-1),分别在培养28 d和42 d时达到速效氮含量最大值36.88和54.57 mg kg~(-1)(P0.05)。红壤性水稻土速效氮含量对单施硫酸铵的响应最好,增幅范围为32.54~59.21 mg kg~(-1),培养35 d时速效氮含量最大值为61.06 mg kg~(-1)(P0.05)。试验成果为棘孢木霉菌及配施秸秆与氮肥应用于土壤营养改良提供理论参考。     

Solubility and Phytoavailability of Phosphorus and Lead in a Contaminated Soil Amended with Two Phosphorus Fertilizers

Application of some chemical amendments such as diammonium phosphate (DP) and triple superphosphate (TP) to contaminated soils is an effective technique to stabilize Pb and decrease its uptake by plants. A calcareous soil was spiked with the rates of 0, 250, 500, and 750 mg of lead (Pb) kg^?1 soil as Pb acetate, treated with 760 mg of P kg^?1 soil as DP and TP, and incubated for 120 days. The results showed that available phosphorus (P) increased immediately after addition of DP or TP to soil, but it declined sharply after only a few days of incubation time. Pot experiment was conducted on sorghum and spinach. The accumulation of Pb was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower in sorghum than in spinach, and also was lower in soil amended with DP than TP. The decreased Pb accumulation in the plants by application of both amendments was mainly attributed to the formation of chloropyromorphite.     

东北典型黑土区坡面土壤速效磷空间分布规律

土壤速效磷是反映土壤供磷水平的重要指标,也是磷环境风险评价的重要参数,研究其空间分布规律可为农田合理施肥和生态环境治理提供依据。研究利用多条典型样带系统地揭示了典型黑土区0—60cm剖面土壤速效磷水平和垂直方向分布规律。结果表明:研究区土壤速效磷(Olsen-P)含量为0.57~50.01mg/kg,耕层(0—20cm)速效磷为10~40mg/kg,位于充足水平以上。垂直方向上,土壤速效磷从表土层0—20cm处向深土层50—60cm处减小。施肥降低了表土层速效磷的变异程度,侵蚀和沉积增加了深土层的变异程度(20—50cm)。水平方向上,土壤速效磷总体沿坡向向下呈下降趋势,侵蚀和沉积同时降低了坡背和坡底土壤速效磷的含量。