根部增氧模式对水稻产量与氮素利用的影响

【目的】根部缺氧是影响水稻生长发育与养分吸收的主要非生物因子之一。为了明确不同增氧模式的作用效果,探明水稻产量和氮素利用效率对根部增氧的响应特征,本试验研究了不同根部增氧模式下水稻生长动态、产量和氮素吸收积累与转运特性。【方法】以深水水稻品种IR45765-3B和水稻品种中浙优1号为材料,试验在顶部用透明塑料膜遮雨的水泥栽培池中进行,试验设施用CaO₂（CaO₂）、微纳气泡水增氧灌溉（MBWI）和干湿交替灌溉（AWD）等三个增氧模式处理及淹水对照（WL）。分别测定了两品种的生长动态、产量和与氮素利用相关的指标。【结果】与淹水对照相比较,根部增氧处理均显著促进IR45765-3B分蘖的发生,增幅为10.7%~33.6%,而中浙优1号茎蘖数仅在CaO₂处理和AWD处理部分调查时期显著高于对照;根部增氧处理显著提高了两品种的干物质积累量,并显著提高两品种水稻产量,增氧处理下IR45765-3B产量较对照分别增加26.3%（CaO₂）、21.8%（MBWI）和10.7%（AWD）,而中浙优1号产量较对照分别增加51.0%（CaO₂）、52.2%（MBWI）和29.68%（AWD）;根部增氧显著增加水稻的氮素吸收与利用,与对照相比较,增氧处理下IR45765-3B和中浙优1号氮肥偏生产力均显著升高;施用CaO₂和MBWI处理水稻氮素转运效率和氮素转运贡献降低,但齐穗期后两品种的氮素吸收量显著增加,齐穗期后IR45765-3B和中浙优1号在CaO₂处理下的氮素吸收量较对照分别增加了73.4%和119.2%,MBWI处理下的氮素吸收量较对照分别增加了128.7%和106.5%。【结论】根部增氧显著促进水稻分蘖发生与成穗,增加水稻干物质积累并显著提高产量;在氮素利用方面,增氧处理下水稻植株对氮素的吸收与积累显著增加,且增氧处理显著促进了水稻对氮素的利用效率;三种增氧模式中CaO₂和MBWI的效果较AWD更明显。     

中国水稻不同产量、品种和种植制度下氮需求量变异状况

Better understanding of the factors that influence crop nitrogen(N) requirement plays an important role in improving regional N recommendations for rice(Oryza sativa L.) production. We collected data from 1 280 plot-level measurements in different reaches of the Yangtze River, China to determine which factors contributed to variability in N requirement in rice. Yield, variety, and cropping system were significantly related to N requirement. The N requirement remained consistent at about 18.6 kg N Mg~(-1)grain as grain yield increased from 7 to 9 Mg ha~(-1), then decreased to 18.1, 16.9, and 15.9 kg N Mg~(-1)grain as yield increased to 9–10, 10–11, and 11 Mg ha~(-1), respectively. The decreased requirement for N with increasing yield was attributable to declining N concentrations in grain and straw and increased harvest index. Super rice variety had lower N requirement(17.7 kg N Mg~(-1)grain) than ordinary inbred and hybrid varieties(18.5 and 18.3 kg N Mg~(-1)grain, respectively), which was a result of lower grain and straw N concentrations of super rice. The N requirements were 19.2, 17.8, and 17.5 kg N Mg~(-1)grain for early, middle, and late rice cropping systems, respectively. In conclusion, the rice N requirement was affected by multiple factors, including yield, variety, and cropping system, all of which should be considered when planning for optimal N management.     

不同氮肥水平下水稻产量以及氮素吸收、利用的基因型差异比较

采用田间试验在施氮量为06、0、120、1802、40、3003、60.kg/hm27个水平下研究了不同水稻子粒产量、产量构成因子以及氮素吸收和利用的差异。结果表明,水稻品种4007的子粒产量在各个施氮水平下显著高于品种ELIO对氮肥的响应度高。施氮水平显著影响子粒产量构成因子。有效穗数与子粒产量存在显著正相关:ELIO和4007的相关系数(r)分别为0.839**和0.933**,表明有效穗数对水稻子粒产量起着非常重要的作用。本试验条件下,ELIO和4007获得最高产量所需的有效穗数分别为332、561个/m2;两者的氮素吸收效率在各施氮素水平下差异很小,均随着施氮量的增加而增加,而氮素利用效率均随着施氮量的增加而下降。4007的氮素利用效率在各个施氮水平下显著高于ELIO,较高的氮素收获指数(NHI)是主要原因之一。水稻氮素利用效率与成熟期茎秆、叶片的氮含量显著负相关,说明开花期后植物将吸收的氮素从营养器官有效地转运到子粒中是氮素利用效率高的重要原因之一。     

秸秆还田下氮肥运筹对白土田水稻产量和氮吸收利用的影响

【目的】研究小麦秸秆直接还田条件下不同氮肥基追比例运筹方式对白土稻田水稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响, 为华中低产白土稻田水稻合理施肥提供科学依据。【方法】设置2种小麦秸秆还田量(0和3000 kg/hm2)及3种氮肥基肥-分蘖肥-穗肥施用比例(80-0-20、 60-20-20 和40-30-30)和不施氮的对照, 共7个处理, 分别为N80-0-20、 N60-20-20、 N40-30-30、 N80-0-20+S、 N60-20-20+S、 N40-30-30+S和CK。水稻收获期采集代表性样品考察水稻产量结构性状, 同时测定水稻籽粒和秸秆产量, 分析籽粒和秸秆氮素含量, 计算水稻氮素吸收量和氮肥利用效率。【结果】基肥-分蘖肥-穗肥施用比例60-20-20的处理水稻籽粒产量最高, 两年试验较不施分蘖肥的对照分别增产9.4%~12.9%和7.4%~8.9%。实施小麦秸秆直接还田后, 水稻籽粒产量较不施秸秆的对照分别提高10.2%~23.4%和0.8%~5.5%。不施秸秆条件下, 基-蘖-穗肥施用比例60-20-20的处理水稻籽粒含氮量最高, 较不施氮的对照提高11.3%, 而秸秆含N量随中后期追肥比例的加大而提高。秸秆还田条件下, 氮肥后移能明显提高水稻籽粒和秸秆含氮量。水稻籽粒氮素吸收量, 基-蘖-穗肥比例60-20-20处理最多, 2011年较对照N80-0-20分别增加13.7%和24.8%, 2012年提高14.5%和9.2%; 秸秆氮素积累量则随中后期追肥用量的增加而增多, 基-蘖-穗肥比例40-30-30处理最多。不施秸秆条件下, 基-蘖-穗肥比例60-20-20的处理氮素干物质生产效率、 氮素稻谷生产效率、 氮收获指数均最高, 百公斤籽粒吸氮量最低。秸秆还田条件下, 氮素干物质生产效率和氮素稻谷生产效率均随中后期追肥量的增加而下降, 而百公斤籽粒吸氮量则最高。氮素农学效率、 氮肥回收利用率和偏生产力也是60-20-20比例的处理最高, 较对照N80-0-20农学效率分别提高4.90和2.44 kg籽粒/kg N, 氮肥利用率提高7.82和21.29个百分点, 偏生产力提高4.90和2.44个百分点。【结论】综合水稻产量、 氮素吸收量以及氮肥利用效率, 安徽省江淮丘陵低产白土地区, 小麦秸秆直接还田条件下, 单季中稻氮肥的基肥-分蘖肥-穗肥施用比例, 以60-20-20运筹方式较为适宜。     

有机水稻品种产量、品质和氮素吸收利用的关系

Due to the relatively late start of organic rice (Oryza sativa L.) research in China, there is a still lack of systematic research on rice varieties, organic fertilizer management practices, and especially the mechanisms of nitrogen (N) uptake and utilization. Three rice varieties, Nanjing 5055, Nanjing 9108, and Nanjing 46, were grown at organic farming (OF) with three organic fertilizer levels (103.2, 160.8, and 218.4 kg N ha^-1) and conventional farming (CF) with regular chemical fertilizers. Rice grain yields, yield components, and quality, dry matter accumulation, and plant N were measured at different growth stages during the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons. Compared with CF, OF had a significantly reduced yield. Nanjing 9108 showed significant reductions in number of panicles per unit area and the percentage of filled grains, and had the lowest yield. The effects of fertilizer type and application rate on dry matter accumulation during the main growth periods were significant for all varieties. The N content and uptake of organically grown rice were lower compared with that of rice under CF. The N recovery efficiency and N agronomic efficiency were significantly lower, whereas N physiological efficiency and N partial factor productivity were greater under OF than under CF. Under OF, the processing quality showed a slight but insignificant decline, protein content and gel consistency increased, and amylose content decreased compared with those under CF. Correlation analysis showed that under OF, grain yield was significantly correlated with N uptake. The medium organic fertilizer level (160.8 kg N ha^-1) was found to be the optimum fertilizer treatment, and Nanjing 46 appeared to be the best variety for organic rice cultivation. To increase rice grain yields and reduce the potential risk of non-point source pollution in organic agriculture, further research is needed to improve the N use efficiency in organic rice cultivation.     

Effects of different water regimes and nitrogen application strategies on grain filling characteristics and grain yield in hybrid rice

In order to optimize N application and understand how the different combinations of water and N management affect grain filling characteristics and yield, we designed three irrigation regimes (W₁ submerged irrigation, W₂ alternate irrigation, W₃ dry cultivation), and different N application strategies at 180 kg ha^?1 in 2010 and 2011. The relationship between grain filling characteristics and grain yield formation were respectively investigated. The results revealed that there were obvious interacting effects of irrigation regime and N application strategies on grain yield and grain-filling characteristics as well. Compared with W₁ and W₃ treatments, under W₂, the N-fertilizer should account for 30% base, 30% tillering, and 40% panicle fertilizer with the last being applied equally at 4th and 2nd leaves emerged from the top. Correlation analysis revealed that grain filling rate during middle grain-filling stage was the largest and contribute more than 50% to grain-filling. Grain yield was significantly related to grain filling rate (G_max or G_mean), final weight of a kernel (A), and mean grain filling rate (MGR) of the early, mid and late stages during grain filling in inferior spikelets, which is the important reason for water and N coupling effect further to increase yield and fertilizer use efficiency.     

Influences of irrigation,nitrogen and zeolite management on the physicochemical properties of rice

The addition of zeolite (Z) to soils is increasingly being recognised as a way to enhance agricultural production and decrease fertilisation requirements and, hence, environmental costs. Meanwhile, the alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD) has become widely applied to reduce the water requirements of rice cultivation. However, limited information is available on their impacts on rice’s physicochemical properties. This study investigated an integrated irrigation, nitrogen (N) and Z rice production system and assessed its effects on the milling, appearance, nutrition, taste and cooking qualities of the rice grain produced. Compared with conventional flooding irrigation (CF), AWD-grown rice had slightly decreased milling and appearance qualities. Addition of Z increased rice protein content and slightly decreased eating quality without affecting milling, appearance and cooking qualities. The highest yields achieved under AWD (9.8 t ha^?1) and CF (8.9 t ha^?1) were achieved using 105 kg N and 10 t Z ha^?1, and 105 kg N and 5 t Z ha^?1, respectively. Compared with the flooding untreated control (using 157.5 kg N ha^?1 and no Z), these two treatment regimens required 27.8% and 8.1% less water, 33.3% less N fertiliser and increased yields by 10.6% and 0.6%, respectively, without measurably affecting rice grain quality.     

氮肥品种和用量对水稻产量和镉吸收的影响研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了Cd污染土壤上,不同氮肥品种和用量对水稻产量和Cd吸收的影响。结果表明,与磷钾配施的4个氮肥处理中,施用尿素处理水稻产量最高,其次为施(NH4)2SO4和NH4Cl处理,施NH4NO3处理水稻产量最低。与施(NH4)2SO4、NH4NO3和尿素处理相比,施NH4Cl处理可显著增加水稻对Cd的吸收,并促进Cd由秸秆向籽粒的转移;而其他3种氮肥对水稻秸秆和籽粒中Cd含量的影响效应相当。适量尿素[0.2g(N)·kg-1]处理能显著降低水稻籽粒Cd含量,而不施尿素和高量尿素处理都显著提高了水稻籽粒中的Cd含量。研究表明,在Cd污染的水稻土上,采用抗Cd污染的水稻品种和优化肥、水管理措施,可使稻米中Cd含量低于国家无公害大米的限量指标。     

氮肥用量与运筹对水稻氮素吸收转运及产量的影响

应用15N示踪技术研究了大田条件下氮肥用量与运筹对水稻氮素吸收、转运及籽粒产量的影响。试验分别设置3个氮肥水平(0、150和240 kg/hm2N)和两种基追比例(即基肥:蘖肥穗粒肥分别为40%︰30%︰30%(A)和30%︰20%︰50%(B)),共5个处理,依次记作N0、N150A、N150B、N240A、N240B。结果表明,在0~240 kg/hm2范围内,提高氮肥水平,显著增加水稻吸收的肥料氮素、土壤氮素数量以及肥料氮在土壤中的残留量。成熟期高氮处理(240 kg/hm2)水稻吸收的肥料氮素、土壤氮素及肥料氮在土壤中的残留量较多,分别为110.25、65.91、32.69 kg/hm2,而氮素的吸收利用率和土壤残留率下降,氮素损失率增加。在相同的氮肥水平下,采用基肥蘖肥穗粒肥比例为30%︰20%︰50%时,水稻吸收的肥料氮数量显著增加,氮素吸收利用率和土壤残留率提高,氮素损失率降低。适量施氮并增加穗粒肥的施氮比例,可以显著增加水稻产量。在本实验条件下,施氮量为240 kg/hm2及基肥蘖肥穗粒肥为30%︰20%︰50%的施氮处理是兼顾产量和环境的最佳氮肥运筹方式。     

增硝营养对水稻不同生育时期生长及氮素吸收同化的影响

The effect of nitrate （NO3^-） on rice （Oryza sativa L.） growth as well as N absorption and assimilation during different growth stages was examined using three typical rice cultivars. Dry weight, yield, N uptake, nitrate reductase activity （NRA） in leaves, and glutamine synthetase activity （GSA） in roots and leaves during their entire growth periods, as well as the kinetic parameters of ammonium （NH4^＋） uptake at the seedling stage, were measured with solution culture experiments. Results indicated that addition of NH4^＋-N and NO3^-N at a ratio of 75：25 （NH4^＋＋NO3^- treatment） when compared with that of NH4^＋-N alone （NH4^＋ treatment） increased the dry weight of ‘Nanguang＇ cultivar by 30% and ‘Yunjing 38＇ cultivar by 31%, and also increased their grain yield by 21% and 17%, respectively. For the four growth stages, the total N accumulation in plants increased by an average of 36% for ‘Nanguang＇ and 31% for ‘Yunjing 38＇, whereas the increasing effect of NO3^- in the ‘4007＇ cultivar was only found at the seedling stage, in the NH4^＋＋NO3^- treatment compared to the NH4^＋ treatment, NRA in the leaves increased by 2.09 folds, and GSA increased by 92% in the roots and 52% in the leaves of the three cultivars. NO3^- supply increased the maximum uptake rate （Vmax） in the ‘Nanguang＇ and ‘Yunjing 38＇ cultivars, reflecting that the NO3^- itself, not the increasing N concentration, increased the uptake rate of NH4^＋ by rice. There was no effect on the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant （Kin） of the three cultivars. Thus, some replacement of NH4^＋ with NO3^-could greatly improve the growth of rice plants, mainly on account of the increased uptake of NH4^＋ promoted by NO3^-, and future studies should focus on the molecular mechanism of the increased uptake of NH4^＋ by NO3^-.     

Grain yield,growth response,and water use efficiency of direct wet-seeded rice as affected by nitrogen rates under alternate wetting and drying irrigation system

ABSTRACT

The present investigation aimed to determine the effectiveness of different nitrogen (N) rates on grain yield, growth, and water use efficiencies of direct wet-seeded rice and to create a relationship of N rates with growth parameters and dry matter production at different stages. The experiments compared six rates of nitrogen (0, 40,80,120,160, and 200 kg ha^–1N) replicated thrice in randomized complete block design in two conjunctive years of 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 at Bangladesh Rice Research Institute farm, Gazipur.The highest grain yield of 7.85 and 7.22 t ha^?1 was observed in N₂₀₀ treatment in 2009–2010 and 2010–2011, respectively. The relationship (R²) of total dry matter with leaf area index , leaf area duration, and crop growth rate indicated strong association during booting stage to achieved maximum dry matter during harvest. Water use efficiency varied 87–91% in different N levels.     

改进施氮运筹对水稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响

【目的】秸秆还田不仅可改良土壤和增加土壤有机质,还能提高作物产量和品质。但秸秆还田后,土壤有机酸积累和微生物固氮,抑制水稻前期生长。在长江流域稻麦两熟地区,当地农户往往通过增加施氮量来解决秸秆还田的负效应,造成肥料浪费和氮污染。因此,探索研究秸秆还田条件下水稻优化的氮肥运筹措施,阐明水稻产量形成和氮素吸收与利用对氮素响应特征,对于提高水稻产量和氮素利用效率具有重要意义。【方法】2012 2013年,以超级粳稻武运粳24号和宁粳3号为材料,在江苏省兴化市进行大田试验,在秸秆全量还田条件下,设置常规施氮300 kg/hm2(N1)、增加施氮量345 kg/hm2(N2)和常规施氮运筹(CFP,基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥=3∶3∶4)、改进施氮运筹(MFP,基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥=4∶3∶3),以无氮处理为对照,研究施氮量和氮肥运筹措施对水稻产量及其产量构成、干物质积累、氮素积累、氮素吸收速率和氮肥利用效率的影响。【结果】随着氮肥水平提高,水稻穗数显著增加,每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重下降,最终增产不显著。与常规施氮运筹比较,改进氮肥运筹显著增加穗数,显著提高群体颖花量并增产,在N1水平下,改进施氮运筹增产幅度为5.18%7.10%,高于N2水平的2.70%4.29%。随着施氮量增加,水稻分蘖中期、拔节期、移栽期至分蘖中期、分蘖中期至拔节期干物质积累量、氮素积累量显著增加,最终成熟期干物质积累量和氮素积累量有所增加,但差异不显著,而氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率和氮偏肥生产力显著下降。与常规氮运筹处理相比,改进氮运筹显著增加水稻移栽期至分蘖中期干物质积累量、氮素积累量和氮素吸收速率,增加成熟期干物质积累量和氮素积累量,提高氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥生理利用率和氮偏肥生产力,在N1水平下成熟期干物质积累量和氮素积累量分别增加6.52%和5.55%,氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥生理利用率和氮偏肥生产力分别提高13.36%、8.55%、4.44%和5.29%,差异均达显著水平。【结论】秸秆全量还田条件下,增加氮肥用量水稻增产不显著,且氮肥利用效率低。不增加氮肥用量,通过适当提高基肥比例(基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥=4∶3∶3),可实现提高水稻产量、干物质积累量、氮素积累量和氮肥利用效率。     

不同施氮量对水稻氮素吸收与分配的影响

运用15N示踪法研究了不同施氮量对两个品种水稻（4007和武运粳15）干物质积累量与其对15N吸收及分配的影响。结果表明,当施氮量超过N 150 kg/hm2时, 两个品种水稻子粒产量均不再显著增加。4007在4个施氮量下(N 100,150,200和 250 kg/hm2)分别比无氮区增产22.3%,36.9%,43.2%和38.1%;武运粳15分别增产10.6%,18.8%,27.1%和21.5%。同一施氮量下,4007子粒中15N累积量显著高于武运粳15,但茎叶和根中没有差异。增加施氮量降低了15N在水稻子粒中的分配比例,但提高了茎叶中15N的分配比例。15N在根中的分配比例不受施氮量和品种的影响。研究结果还表明,同一施氮量下,4007对肥料氮的总体利用率要比武运粳15高3～6个百分点。     

不同施肥制度对双季稻氮吸收、净光合速率及产量的影响

利用稻田长期施肥制度定位试验,研究了不同施肥处理对水稻氮素吸收、净光合速率及产量的影响。有机物还田能显著促进水稻分蘖、提高有效穗数和叶面积指数。只施用NPK,在分蘖后早稻叶片氮含量急剧下降,与早稻相比,而晚稻的穗肥促进了后期的氮吸收。在CK和施加NPK的基础上秸秆还田明显改善水稻中后期的氮吸收,但对晚稻的效应明显低于对早稻的效应。各处理的叶片以及稻穗氮含量晚稻明显低于早稻。叶片氮含量与叶片净光合速率成显著(早稻r=0.664*)或极显著正相关(晚稻r=0.704**),这说明叶片氮含量缺乏降低了叶片光合能力。有机物还田增产效果显著,在中等施肥水平时,有机物还田可以代替1/3以上的NPK投入。     

氮施用水平和方式对高粱作物产量和质量的影响

A field study was conducted for two years at the Arid Zone Research Institute, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan, to determine the optimum level of nitrogen and efficient application method in the production of sorghum （Sorghum bicolor L.）. Using four levels of nitrogen, i.e., 0, 60, 90, and 120 kg ha^-1, and two different application methods （soil application and foliar spray）, the experiment was laid out in a split-plot design, where the main plots were used to determine the effective method of application and the subplots were used to detect the influence of N levels on the grain yield. The average data obtained after two years of study indicated an increase in the grain yields with an increase in N levels irrespective of the method used of N application. The grain yield increased from 2.92 to 5.61 t ha^-1 in the plots that were treated with 90 kg N ha^-1 compared with the control plots. Quadratic regression analysis showed that the increase in the yield was higher at the lower levels of N compared with the succeeding higher levels. The soil application method, producing an average grain yield of 4.79 t ha^-1, was found to be superior to the foliar spray method with an average grain yield of 4.56 t ha^-1. The protein content of the grain showed a linear increase with N application, attaining the maximum at 120 kg N ha^-1 in both the methods of N application. In addition, compared with the method of soil application, higher crude protein contents were observed using the method of foliar spray at all N levels.     

Influence of calcium carbide formulations on growth,yield and nitrogen uptake of wheat under field conditions

Field experiments were conducted in 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 to evaluate the effects of three calcium carbide (CaC₂) based formulations (slow release sources of acetylene and ethylene) - matrix-1 [(M-1)(21% CaC₂, 58% polyethylene and 21% plaster of paris)], matrix-2 [(M-2)(42% CaC₂, 48% polyethylene and 10% plaster of paris)] and paint coated [(PC)(35% CaC₂, 44% paint and 21% plaster of paris)] - on nitrification inhibition; growth, yield and nitrogen (N)-uptake of wheat. All the three CaC₂ formulations (CCF,s) inhibited nitrification, reduced plant height, and improved N-uptake, spike bearing tillers, 1000-grains weight and yield of Inqulab-91 and Bhakhar-02 wheat cultivars. Increase in grain yield was found maximum (22% over the control) with M-1 applied at 30 kg CaC₂ ha^?1; followed by M-2 and PC. Furthermore, CaC₂ significantly reduced lodging in Bhakhar-02 plots. It is concluded that grain yield of wheat can be enhanced by the application of CaC₂ formulations particularly M-1 along with NPK fertilizers.     

氮钾水互作对玉米苗期植株生长及钾素吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验方法探讨了氮钾水互作对玉米苗期植株生长及养分吸收的影响。结果表明,水分适宜能明显增加玉米植株株高和干物重,水分适宜条件下玉米株高和干物重较水分亏缺条件的分别增加7.8%和13.8%。增施氮肥能显著增加玉米植株株高和干物重,水分适宜条件下中氮水平的玉米株高和干物重分别较低氮水平的增加10.4%和8.7%,而水分亏缺条件下株高和干物重均随施氮水平的增加而明显增加;水分亏缺条件下,中高量施钾能显著增加玉米植株干物重。水分适宜条件下增施氮肥能明显促进玉米对钾素的吸收,在水分适宜和亏缺条件下,不同氮水平的玉米钾素吸收均随施钾水平的增加而显著增加。     

不同施肥方式对水稻产量、吸氮特性和土壤氮转化的影响

采用15N示踪研究了盆栽条件下,不同施肥方式对水稻产量、吸氮特性和土壤氮转化的影响。结果表明,等氮磷钾量条件下,有机无机肥料一次性基施,有利于氮素向稻谷转移,其增产效果高于单施化肥,且具有氮利用率高、损失少、土壤残留多和省时省工等特点,是兼顾高产和地力保持的施肥方法。     

Tillage, nitrogen and crop residue effects on crop yield, nutrient uptake, soil quality, and greenhouse gas emissions

Management practices that simultaneously improve soil properties and yield are crucial to sustain high crop production and minimize detrimental impact on the environment. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of tillage and crop residue management on crop yield, N uptake and C removal in crop, soil organic C and N, inorganic N and aggregation, and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions on a Gray Luvisol (Boralf) soil near Star City, Saskatchewan, Canada. The 4-year (1998–2001) field experiment was conducted with two tillage systems: no tillage (NT), and conventional tillage (CT); two levels of straw: straw retained (S), and straw removed (NS); and four rates of fertilizer N: 0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N ha⁻¹, except no N to pea phase of the rotation. The plots were seeded to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in 1998, pea (Pisum sativum L.) in 1999, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in 2000 and canola (Brassica napus L.) in 2001. Tillage and straw treatments generally had no effect on crop yield during the first three years. But in 2001, NT produced 55, 32, and 20% greater canola seed, straw and chaff than CT, respectively, whereas straw retention increased seed and straw yield by 33 and 19% compared to straw removal. Seed, straw and chaff yield of canola increased with N rate up to 40 kg N ha⁻¹, and root mass (0–15 cm depth) with N rate to 80 kg N ha⁻¹. Amount of N uptake and C removed in wheat and canola generally increased with N rate, but tillage and straw management had no consistent effect. After four crop seasons, total organic C (TOC) and N (TN), light fraction organic matter (LFOM), C (LFC), and N (LFN) were generally greater with S than NS treatments. Tillage did not affect TOC and TN in soil, but LFOM, LFC, and LFN were greater or tended to be greater under NT than CT. There was no effect of tillage, straw and N fertilization on NH₄-N in soil, but CT and S tended to have higher NO₃-N concentration in 0–15 cm soil than NT and NS, respectively. Concentration of NO₃-N increased substantially with N rate ≥80 kg ha⁻¹. The NT + S treatment had the lowest proportion (34%) of wind-erodible (<0.83 mm diameter) aggregates and greatest proportion (37%) of larger (>12.7 mm) dry aggregates, compared to highest (50%) and lowest (18%) proportion of corresponding aggregates in CT + NS, indicating less potential for soil erosion when tillage was omitted and crop residues were retained. Amount of N lost as N₂O was higher from N-fertilized than from zero-N plots, and it was substantially higher from N-applied CT plots than from N-applied NT plots. Retaining crop residues along with no-tillage improved soil properties and may also be better for the environment.     

干湿交替灌溉下水氮耦合对沸石处理稻田产量和水氮利用的影响

为了明确斜发沸石在干湿交替稻田中的应用潜力,运用离心机法测定不同斜发沸石处理下稻田土壤水分特征曲线,分析了斜发沸石对土壤持水性能的影响;运用自动遮雨棚蒸渗仪进行了灌溉-施氮-沸石的综合水稻栽培试验,明确了斜发沸石和氮肥对干湿交替稻田阳离子交换量、产量、水氮利用率及稻米蛋白质含量的影响及机理。结果表明:稻田土壤基质势在-35~0 k Pa范围内,增施斜发沸石可明显提高土壤持水性能,改善土壤水分状况,在持续淹灌和干湿交替灌溉条件下均能提高水分生产率,且后者更为明显;增施斜发沸石可增强土壤阳离子交换量,从而提高保肥能力和氮肥利用率,尤其是10~15 t/hm2的斜发沸石同105 kg/hm2的氮肥混施可显著提高氮肥农艺利用率和稻米蛋白质含量;增施斜发沸石可增产4.7%~16.8%,且可优化水肥耦合,避免在高氮水平下干湿交替灌溉增产效果低于持续淹灌的现象。与常规施氮的淹灌稻田相比,干湿交替灌溉稻田施用10 t/hm2斜发沸石和105 kg/hm2的氮肥,可减少27.8%的耗水量和33.3%的施氮量,增产10.6%,进而显著提高氮肥利用效率(89.2%)和水分生产率(52.5%),且这些正效应至少可持续2年。