施用猪粪对棕壤胡敏酸和富里酸热力学参数的影响

应用Vodyanitsky提出的方法，根据元素组成数据，计算了施用猪粪对棕壤胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)热力学参数的影响。结果表明，HA、FA的形成都是自发进行的放热反应；与HA相比，FA的能态较低，分子结构有序度和热稳定性较高；FA在土壤中比HA更容易形成。施用猪粪后，HA、FA的能态降低，分子结构有序度和热稳定性也降低，形成的自发性减弱且放热量减少，这些与它们元素组成的变化有关。     

腐植酸共聚物土壤改良剂对土壤化学性能的影响

研究了以腐植酸共聚物作为土壤结构改良剂改良赤红壤后对该土壤化学性能的影响。实验结果表明,改良后的土壤比表面积、电荷量、阳离子交换量随共聚物在土壤中施入量的增加而增大,土壤的酸性减弱,pH提高。共聚体系中丙烯酸组分投料比的增加对土壤比表面积的影响不同于对电荷量及阳离子交换量的影响。     

Effect of High Humic Substance Levels on Growth and Nutrient Concentration of Corn under Calcareous Conditions

This study investigated the effect of high humic substance (HS) levels (0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg HS kg^?1) on growth and nutrient concentrations of corn grown on calcareous soils. For these, soil samples were collected from the six different provinces of Turkey. According to the average values, HS levels had no significant effect alone on dry weight, nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) concentrations. Soil differences significantly affected dry weight, N, Mg, and Cu concentrations (p ≤ 0.05). Looking at HSxsoil interactions on K, Ca, Fe, and Mn concentrations, it could be seen that there was no effect or that the effect was negative. Only plant Fe concentrations obtained from Konya and Urfa provinces were positively affected from HSxsoil interaction. It was concluded that high level of HS had no or negative effect on corn growth and some nutrient concentration under calcareous conditions.     

Dynamics of Organic C Mineralization and the Mobile Fraction of Heavy Metals in a Calcareous Soil Incubated with Organic Wastes

Organic wastes such as sewage sludge and compost increase the input of carbon and nutrients to the soil. However, sewage sludge-applied heavy metals, and organic pollutants adversely affect soil biochemical properties. Therefore, an incubation experiment lasting 90 days was carried out to evaluate the effect of the addition of two sources of organic C: sewage sludge or composted turf and plant residues to a calcareous soil at three rates (15, 45, and 90 t of dry matter ha^–1) on pH, EC, dissolved organic C, humic substances C, organic matter mineralization, microbial biomass C, and metabolic quotient. The mobile fraction of heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb) extracted by NH₄NO₃ was also investigated.The addition of sewage sludge decreased soil pH and increased soil salinity to a greater extent than the addition of compost. Both sewage sludge and compost increased significantly the values of the cumulative C mineralized, dissolved organic C, humic and fulvic acid C, microbial biomass C, and metabolic quotient (qCO₂), especially with increasing application rate. Compared to compost, the addition of sewage sludge caused higher increases in the values of these parameters. The values of dissolved organic C, fulvic acid C, microbial biomass C, metabolic quotient, and C/N ratio tended to decrease with time. The soil treated with sewage sludge showed a significant increase in the mobile fractions of Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni and a significant decrease in the mobile fraction of Pb compared to control. The high application rate of compost resulted in the lowest mobility of Cu, Ni, and Pb. The results suggest that biochemical properties of calcareous soil can be enhanced by both organic wastes. But, the high salinity and extractability of heavy metals, due to the addition of sewage sludge, may limit the application of sewage sludge.     

Effects of Coal- Derived Humic Substance on Some Soil Properties and Bread Wheat Yield

In the present study, gyttja and its humic–fulvic concentrate were applied to soil either alone or in combination with a chemical fertilizer in a 2-year replicated field experiment with continuous bread wheat cropping during two seasons between 2005 and 2007 in Cukurova, Adana, Turkey. The changes in soil organic matter (SOM) characteristics and available micronutrient status were monitored by soil samplings performed immediately after the harvest in the 2005 and 2006 cropping seasons. The results showed that single and combined applications of humic substances with different types and doses showed different inclinations on selected soil characteristics in consecutive cropping seasons. The levels of SOM, available phosphorus, and grain yield significantly increased under different humic treatments in the first year of the experiment. However, humic substances added to the soil did not affect selected soil parameters and macro- and micronutrient status in the second year of the experiment.     

腐植酸在土壤改良和污染修复中的应用现状及研究展望

[目的]总结腐植酸在土壤改良和污染修复中的应用成效,为腐植酸的应用研究和产品研发提供科学参考。[方法]在长期对腐植酸资源的特性及其实践应用进行研究的基础上,参考了大量关于腐植酸研究的学术文献,综合分析了腐植酸改良土壤和修复土壤污染的原理、技术和应用情况。[结果]腐植酸可以改良土壤团粒结构,提高肥料利用效率,维持土壤酸碱平衡和促进土壤生物活性,在退化土壤、盐碱地改良,废弃地复垦,重金属和有机物污染土壤修复中具有重要作用。在土壤改良和污染修复应用研究中主要存在如下问题：(1)腐植酸来源和分级分类不清,基础性研究不足。(2)腐植酸新材料和技术研发缓慢,行业整体技术有待提升。(3)腐植酸技术规范和标准建设与应用发展不相匹配,限制推广速度。[结论]未来研究重点应放在如下几方面：(1)煤基和生物腐植酸资源分类、组分分离和互作效应等基础研究。(2)腐植酸在土壤改良和污染修复中的应用基础研究。(3)腐植酸检测方法研究和产品质量标准制定。(4)腐植酸新产品应用研发与示范园建设。     

腐植酸在土壤中迁移的模拟实验研究

浅层地下水中的腐植酸与人体健康密切相关,腐植酸在土壤中的迁移影响土壤和地下水中腐植酸含量。采用土柱模拟实验,研究了不同条件下腐植酸的迁移规律。结果表明,腐植酸的出水浓度随时间逐渐升高,最后趋于稳定;同一时间段内,初始浓度为15mg·L-1时的出水浓度比10mg·L-1时高,且早24h达到稳定浓度;淋滤液pH为9时的出水浓度比pH为4时高,且早16h达到稳定浓度;粉质粘土柱对腐植酸的吸附和阻滞作用大于砂壤土柱,出水浓度较低,晚32h达到稳定浓度;土层厚为5cm的土柱出水浓度高于15cm土柱,早32h达到稳定浓度。分析认为,土壤对腐植酸的吸附作用是出水浓度变化的主要原因,腐植酸和土壤的理化性质是影响腐植酸在土壤中迁移的主要因素。     

白浆土对腐殖酸的吸附等温线和动力学研究

白浆土是吉林省和黑龙江省东部地区的主要农田土壤之一,研究白浆土对腐殖酸的吸附作用,可为探究白浆土的固碳潜力提供理论依据。采用批量平衡法,分析不同有机碳含量的白浆土及其组分(包括去有机质土壤、粉粒、黏粒)对腐殖酸的吸附动力学和等温吸附特性。结果表明:随吸附时间的延长,白浆土及其各组分对腐殖酸的吸附量逐渐增加;整个吸附动力学过程可划分为快速(0～30 min)和慢速(30～480 min)反应阶段,伪二级动力学方程的拟合效果优于Elovich、双常数和伪一级动力学方程。白浆土及其各组分对腐殖酸的吸附量随腐殖酸初始浓度的增加逐渐增大,Langmuir方程的拟合效果通常优于Freundlich方程和Temkin方程。随白浆土有机碳含量的增加,其对腐殖酸的最大吸附量分别为26.9,24.1,15.6 mg/g。而白浆土不同组分相比,最大吸附量的顺序依次为黏粒>去有机质土壤>粉粒,黏粒对腐殖酸的吸附量分别是原土的2.15～3.88倍,去有机质土壤的1.61～2.21倍,粉粒土壤的7.90～8.65倍。有机碳含量低的白浆土对腐殖酸具有更强的吸附能力,黏粒含量高的白浆土对腐殖酸的吸附潜力更大。     

腐植酸和硫酸铁配施改良偏碱烟田土壤的研究

采用田间试验方法,在偏碱烟田中施用腐植酸以及配施腐植酸+硫酸铁,分析其对土壤pH、土壤肥力和烟草农艺性状的影响,研究腐植酸及与硫酸铁配施改良偏碱烟田土的效果.结果表明:(1)腐植酸以及腐植酸+硫酸铁配施均能降低烟田土壤的pH,使pH分别比对照降低0.06,0.21个单位,二者配施的效果比单施腐植酸更好.(2)腐植酸以及腐植酸+硫酸铁配施均对提高土壤肥力有一定作用,腐植酸使土壤碱解氮含量比对照提高9.0％,腐植酸+硫酸铁配施使有机质、碱解氮和有效铁含量分别比对照提高19.6％,10.5％和41.7％,腐植酸+硫酸铁配施使烟叶铁含量比对照提高13.0％.(3)腐植酸以及腐植酸+硫酸铁配施均对烟草的株高、最大叶长、最大叶宽、有效叶片数和干重影响不大,对烟草的生长未产生明显影响.     

氮肥及黄腐酸对盐渍土有机碳和团聚体特征的调控作用

为了探明不同氮肥水平下黄腐酸对盐碱障碍土壤的改良及培肥效应,本研究以滨海滩涂新垦轻中度盐碱障碍土壤为研究对象开展田间试验,采用水稻-小麦轮作种植模式,通过测定土壤电导率、pH、有机碳和土壤团聚体含量及其稳定性,研究黄腐酸与不同氮肥水平对土壤盐分消减调控和土壤地力提升效应。结果表明:黄腐酸能有效降低耕层土壤盐分,在氮水平300 kg/hm²条件下黄腐酸处理对耕层0～20 cm土壤电导率与p H降低效果最好;黄腐酸可以有效改善土壤结构及稳定性,小麦季与水稻季,在氮水平300kg/hm²条件下黄腐酸处理土壤>2mm水稳性大团聚体含量相较于不施肥对照分别增加18.6%和13.8%,土壤团聚体平均重量直径与当地常规施肥相比增加38%;围垦初期,氮水平处理相较于黄腐酸处理对耕层土壤有机碳含量的影响更大,氮水平300kg/hm²处理相较于低氮(225kg/hm²)与高氮(325kg/hm²)处理,两季土壤总有机碳积累量分别增加31.0%和120.0%。综合考虑土壤改良效应,黄腐酸处理土...     

Nutrient Availability in a Calcareous Soil Amended with Different Types of Biomass Ash

An incubation experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects that three types of biomass ash, each applied at two doses, exert on the nutrient availability in a calcareous soil. The application of the ash from dry olive cake or greenhouse vegetable wastes significantly increased soil ammonium bicarbonate-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA)-extractable phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) as well as exchangeable and non-exchangeable K and Na. Wood ash was effective only for increasing soil ABDTPA-extractable Zn and Cu. By contrast, the three types of biomass ash hardly increased soil ABDTPA-extractable Fe or Mn. The high content in carbonate of the soil appears to minimize the potential of the ash to increase the micronutrients availability, which shortened with longer incubation time. Soil ABDTPA-extractable heavy metals were not detected in the different treatments tested. Other parameters of the soil, as pH and organic carbon, were scarcely affected by the ash, while conductivity and dehydrogenase activity increased.     

腐殖酸与活性污泥对污染土壤联合修复研究

采用正交试验的方法,研究了表面活性剂溶出和微生物降解联合作用对重金属铜、锌、铅和多环芳烃菲、萘、芘人工老化污染土壤的修复效率。选择腐殖酸为表面活性剂,强化微生物对有机污染物的降解性能,将高效降解菌的降解能力有效地发挥出来;用驯化的活性污泥为土壤生物修复剂,强化腐殖酸对重金属的洗提作用,旨在降低重金属和多环芳烃在土壤中的污染作用,提高修复效率。结果表明,接种2.0%活性污泥,温度为35℃,pH值为6.5,腐殖酸加入量为5mg/g的土壤为最佳修复条件,在此条件下菲、萘、芘的总修复率分别为73.4%,80.5%和68.2%;重金属离子Cu2+,Zn2+,Pb3+的总修复率分别为75.5%,64.2%和71.7%。添加腐殖酸和驯化活性污泥可明显提高土壤中重金属和多环芳烃的修复效率,表明化学溶出与生物降解同时作用于复合污染土壤具有较好的协同作用。     

苜蓿培肥对灰漠土养分及胡敏酸特性的影响

通过荒地和苜蓿地土壤养分、土壤胡敏酸热解特性和红外光谱特征的比较，研究了灰漠土上种植苜蓿培肥对土壤养分和土壤有机质特性的影响。结果表明，种植苜蓿可以增加土壤有机质、全N和碱解N的含量，但速效磷和速效钾含量则下降，土壤pH不变。苜蓿地胡敏酸的脂肪族侧链较多，胡敏酸较年轻，而荒地胡敏酸侧链较少，胡敏酸相对较老。苜蓿地胡敏酸的脂族性强于荒地。种植苜蓿培肥后土壤胡敏酸变得简单化和年轻化。     

石灰性土壤有效硒浸提剂和浸提条件研究

采用外源硒加入土壤中得到硒污染土壤,6种有效硒的浸提剂NaHCO3、KH2PO4、K2SO4、EDTA、AB-DTPA和DTPA＋TEA＋CaCl2的最佳浸提时间和土液比进行了筛选,并通过盆栽试验对所选择的土壤有效硒浸提剂进行生物学校验,以找出石灰性土壤有效硒提取适宜的浸提剂及其浸提条件。结果表明,NaHCO3、KH2PO4、K2SO4、EDTA、AB-DTPA和DTPA＋TEA＋CaCl26种浸提剂有效硒浸提量都随着浸提土液比的减小而增大,且随浸提时间的增长而增大。其中NaHCO3和KH2PO4最佳土液比为1/15,振荡时间90min;K2SO4和AB-DTPA的最佳土液比为1/15,振荡时间60min;EDTA和DTPA＋TEA＋CaCl2的最佳土液比则为1/20,振荡时间30min。6种浸提剂在各自最佳的提取条件下提取的土壤有效硒量与白菜地上部分硒含量达极显著正相关,但土壤有效硒的提取量以DTPA＋TEA＋CaCl2及K2SO4最少,只占KH2PO4、AB-DTPA及EDTA提取量的14%～48%,故不适用于作为石灰性土壤有效硒的提取剂。NaHCO3适用于土壤硒含量高于5mg·kg^-1的石灰性土壤有效硒提取。KH2PO4、AB-DTPA及EDTA3种浸提剂既可提取土壤中水溶态硒,亦可提取部分的吸附态硒,提取硒数量较多,过程简单,重复性好,都可作为石灰性土壤有效硒提取的浸提剂。     

低分子量有机酸对石灰性土壤有机磷组成及有效性的影响

为探索提高土壤磷素有效性的途径,采用室内培养的方法,研究不同有机酸对土壤速效磷含量及有机磷组分的影响。结果表明,添加有机酸后土壤速效磷含量发生显著变化,其中草酸处理下土壤速效磷含量显著高于其他处理,而柠檬酸和苹果酸对土壤速效磷含量具有抑制作用,其活化量为负值;随着培养时间的延长,速效磷含量缓慢降低。速效磷含量随着草酸浓度的升高而升高,随着苹果酸、柠檬酸浓度的升高而降低;有机酸处理后,土壤活性、中活性、中稳性有机磷升高,高稳性有机磷降低,这说明有机酸能促进土壤有机磷由有效性低的形态逐步向有效性高的形态转化,其中草酸的作用效果总体上较柠檬酸和苹果酸强。     

农业有机废弃物对黑土腐殖质元素组成的影响

以循环农业为指导,选取5种具有代表性的农业有机废弃物(秸秆、牛粪、鸡粪、菌渣、树叶)与化肥配施进行腐解培养还田试验,以不施肥(CK)和单施化肥(NPK)作为对照,系统的研究了3a后它们对黑土腐殖质胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)和胡敏素(HM)元素组成的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,NPK处理并没有对黑土腐殖质元素组成产生明显影响。不同种类有机废弃物与化肥配施可显著提高HA的N、H和O元素含量,降低C元素含量,其中牛粪与化肥配施处理结果不同;5种配施处理均降低了HA的缩合度,且有利于HA中含氮基团的形成。配施处理提高了FA的C和N元素含量,降低O元素含量,但FA的缩合度几乎不变,其中,牛粪和菌渣与化肥配施处理对FA的元素组成影响具有相似性。无论单施化肥还是配施处理,HA的[O]/[C]原子个数比均小于FA,说明FA中含有较多的烷氧基和羧基。配施处理使HMi的H元素含量降低,而O元素含量升高,且各处理之间差异显著;同时提高了HMc的芳香度,使其结构变复杂,以鸡粪与化肥配施作用最为显著。由此可见,有机废弃物与化肥配合施用均对黑土腐殖质元素组成产生了一定的影响,显著优于单施化肥,具有良好的培肥效果,其中以牛粪和秸秆与化肥配施较好,菌渣、树叶及鸡粪与化肥配施次之。     

Investigation of Effects on Nutrient Uptake of Humic Acid Applications of Different Forms to Strawberry Plant

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of humic acid in liquid and solid form on uptake of nutrients for strawberry grown under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was designed in randomized block design with four replications for two years. Solid form of humic acid (Agrolig) that contained 85% humic acid was applied in the amounts of 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 kg/ha before planting. Liquid form of humic acid (Blackjak) that contained 15% humic acid was applied by drip irrigation system at the concentrations of 0, 2500, 5000, 7500, and 10,000 mL/ha/month. Along with humic acid, 200 kg/ha nitrogen (N), 100 kg/ha phosphorus (P₂O₅), and 400 kg/ha potassium (K₂O) was applied by drip irrigation system after transplanting. According to the results, N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) contents of the leaves were not affected significantly by the applications of solid and liquid humic acid forms. Applied liquid humic acid had a significant effect on the zinc (Zn) content of the leaves causing a decrease in the Zn content. Because of having excessive calcareous soil in the experimental area, uptake of nutrients in strawberry plants was not affected significantly. Applications of humic acid at high concentrations had an inhibitory effect on some of the nutrients.     

有机物料对盐土腐殖物质组成和结构特征的影响

通过室内培养试验研究了秸秆、秸秆堆肥、秸秆生物质炭对黄河三角洲地区盐土腐殖物质组成和结构特征的影响。结果表明,秸秆、秸秆堆肥和秸秆生物质炭主要增加了胡敏素含量,由对照的5.48 g·kg^–1分别增加至11.20 g·kg^–1、16.66 g·kg^–1和20.60 g·kg^–1。秸秆堆肥和生物质炭配施胡敏酸含量增加至1.36 g·kg^–1,秸秆处理的富里酸由培养30 d时的3.77 g·kg^–1下降至3.32 g·kg^–1。土壤胡敏素含量与土壤有机碳含量在培养30 d(R²=0.84,P <0.001,n=10)和180 d(R²=0.98,P <0.001,n=10)时均呈显著正相关关系。秸秆、秸秆堆肥、生物质炭均有利于富里酸脂族碳相对含量的增加。生物质炭有利于土壤胡敏酸芳香类物质的增加;而秸秆或秸秆堆肥进入土壤初期,尤其是秸秆堆肥更有利于胡敏酸中脂族和碳水化合物或多糖类物质的积...     

沈阳地区盐渍土的生态分布、特性及改良利用

在土壤调查的基础上，对沈阳市盐渍土的生态分布、剖面特性进行了分析；通过近十年对盐渍土中低产田改良利用的试验示范成果，提出了磷石膏、沸石等改良盐渍土的作用和效果，认为水利、生态和化学等综合配套技术应用是改良沈阳市　盐渍土的有效途径．     

腐殖酸对农田土壤磷素吸附行为的影响研究

土壤有机腐殖酸类物质具有巨大的比表面积和表面活化基团,在土壤污染物和养分的吸附、利用和转化过程中起着重要作用。该研究选取5种中国典型农区土壤,采用增加和减少有机腐殖酸类物质含量的方法,设置不同含量梯度,利用振荡平衡法来定量研究不同腐殖酸含量对磷素吸附特性的影响,并对其利用Freundlich、Langumuir和Temkin方程来进行定量化拟合分析研究,试图定量探讨有机腐殖酸类物质对磷素吸附行为的影响。研究结果表明:Freundlich、Langumuir和Temkin这3种方程均可对磷素吸附特征进行拟合,但拟合相关性以Freundlich最好,对于不同土壤而言,对磷素吸附拟合方程的适应性,以Freundlich方程对黑土和红土最好,塿土和黑垆土次之,潮土最差。加入腐殖酸明显地减少土壤对磷素的吸附量和吸附速率。腐殖酸对于土壤磷素有一定的活化激发作用,无论是增加还是减少腐殖酸时,黑土和红土对磷素的最大吸附量变化比例不是很大,而塿土和黑垆土变化最大,可以减少50%～60%左右,而潮土次之。腐殖酸可作为土壤P素增效剂,改善肥料物理性状,提高其稳定性和有效性,尤其是在黄土高原石灰性土更为有效。