Influence of temperature on nutrient concentration and tetany potential of hardinggrass and tall fescue

Grass tetany (Hypomagnesemia) potential of TAM Wintergreen Hardinggrass and 16 tall fescue lines and varieties was estimated by determining the K, Ca and Mg concentrations in the herbage and the ratio of K/(Ca + Mg) (milliequivalent basis). Data were obtained at four dates during a two‐year period to determine the environmental conditions under which selections should be made to achieve the greatest progress in decreasing the tetany potential of tall fescue and to determine if either of the grasses have high tetany potential in the North Texas area. Hardinggrass had a greater potential to produce grass tetany than tall fescue when grown on the Northern Blackland Prairie of Texas. There were significant differences in K, Ca and Mg concentrations and K/(Ca + Mg) ratio among dates and tall fescue lines. The average temperature for the 30 days before harvest was related to the mineral content and to the K/(Ca + Mg) ratio in all varieties. The K(Ca + Mg) ratio was highest at approximately 18°C but the Mg content fell below the 0.18% required for lactating beef cows when the average temperature for the 30 days before harvest was 22.4°C. Progress could be made in breeding for low grass tetany proneness but selections should be made over a wide range of temperatures considering both the Mg content and ratio of K/(Ca + Mg).     

Growth and magnesium uptake of tall fescue clones with varying root diameters

Abstract

A cool season perennial grass with a root system capable of penetrating hardpans and which can accumulate adequate Mg to prevent deficiencies in forage is needed in the Coastal Plain region. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effects of magnesium (Mg) concentration in nutrient solution and root diameter on Mg uptake and growth of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Propagules of two fescue clones with large root diameter (LDR >1 mm), two clones with small root diameter (SDR <0.8 mm), and a single clone from ‘Kentucky 31’ (Ky‐31) were transferred into 12‐liter tanks containing Mg concentrations of 3, 21, 42, 125, 250, and 500 μM as MgSO₄ and grown for 39 or 70 days. Leaf Mg concentration was increased linearly with Mg solution concentration in LDR clones for a 39‐day growth period (Harvest 1), but increased according to a cubic equation in the SDR clones and the Ky‐31. Predicted leaf Mg concentration as a function of solution Mg followed a cubic equation for a 70‐day growth period (Harvest 2) in all clones. Predicted root Mg concentration was linearly related to Mg solution concentration for the LDR clones and the Ky‐31, but followed a cubic equation for the SDR clones for the first growth period. For the second growth period, the root Mg concentration of the SDR clones and the Ky‐31 was increased linearly, while the LDR clones followed a quadratic equation. Magnesium uptake followed a cubic equation with Mg solution concentration for both growth periods on all tall fescue clones. This nonlinear variation of Mg uptake and plant Mg concentration with respect to solution Mg concentration strongly suggests that a dual uptake mechanism might have been present in tall fescue clones. Root volume was greater in the SDR than LDR clones or Ky‐31 for both growth periods. The Ky‐31 had the greatest leaf and root dry weight for both growth periods, while the LDR clones had the lowest.     

Effect of plant growth-promoting Bacillus sp. on color and clipping yield of three turfgrass species

A two-year irrigated field study was conducted to determine the effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR; Bacillus subtilis OSU-142 and Bacillus megaterium M3) as biofertilizer, and in combination with a chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer, on turf color and clipping yield, and interaction of biofertilizer and chemical N fertilizers in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L. Schreb.), and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). The three turf species were tested separately in split-plot design experiments with three replications. Three fertilizer sources (ammonium nitrate only, ammonium nitrate + B. megaterium M3, and ammonium nitrate + B. subtilis OSU-142) were the main plots. N applications with monthly applications of 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 g N/m² were the subplots. Color ratings and clipping yields increased with increasing chemical N fertilizers in all species. Both Bacillus sp. significantly increased color ratings and clipping yields in perennial ryegrass and tall fescue. However, there were no significant differences among the three fertilizer sources in color and clipping yield of Kentucky bluegrass. The experiments showed that there is a small but significant benefit from applying biofertilizers for turf color, and that N fertilization may be reduced in some turf species when biofertilization are made for this purpose.     

Growth and magnesium uptake of tall fescue lines at high and low potassium levels 1

Five tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) clonal lines with diverse root and xylem diameters were grown in nutrient solutions with magnesium (Mg) concentrations of 42, 125 and 250 μM and potassium K concentrations of 133 and 333 μM. Leaf Mg concentrations increased with increasing Mg rates at both low and high K concentrations. The tall fescue line with the largest root and xylem diameters had low leaf Mg concentrations, indicating a possible increased Mg tetany potential when consumed by cattle. The response of the K/(Mg+Ca) ratio in the plant, an indicator of tetany potential, to varying solution Mg at low and high K was determined for each of the five lines. No Mg effects or interactions were significant. Line, K, and line x K effects were all significant for the K/(Mg+Ca) ratios. The line with the largest root and xylem diameters had the highest tetany potential (highest cation ratio). Higher solution K gave higher K/(Mg+Ca) ratios.     

施肥对中长绒陆地棉产量和品质的影响

通过对供试棉田土壤主要养分限制因子及中长绒陆地棉最佳施肥量研究表明,氮素是供试土壤的第一养分限制因子,其次是磷素和钾素,对中长绒棉产量影响的养分限制因子顺序为氮>磷>钾。平衡施肥的N、P2O5、K2O施肥量分别为207、138、75 kg/hm2时能显著提高中长绒陆地棉的产量。不施肥CK处理相对OPT(氮磷钾最佳施肥处理)减产达33%。通过氮磷钾肥料效应方程得到N、P2O5、K2O最佳经济施肥量分别为203.3、141.7、46 kg/hm2,N∶P2O5∶K2O为1∶0.70∶0.23,最佳经济皮棉产量分别为1474、1550和1516 kg/hm2。     

Incidence and viability of Acremonium endophytes in tall fescue accessions from North Spain

The tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) seed collection of the Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo was surveyed to determine Acremonium infection rates. One hundred seeds from each of 19 accessions were microscopically examined for endophyte. Seventeen accessions (90%) contained endophyte with a range of 7 to 100%. Leaf sheaths of seedlings from the infected accessions were examined to determine the percentage of infection with viable endophyte. Only seven (41%) of the seventeen infected accessions collected and stored in 1995 at 4°C and 45–50% relative humidity contained viable endophyte with a range of 70 to 100%. While existing germplasm collections of Festuca arundinacea can provide only a small basis of Acremonium germplasm for study, newly collected Festuca arundinacea accessions will offer a greater diversity of Acremonium genotypes.     

Yield,quality and k/(Ca+Mg) ratio of tall fescue beeeding lines on amended and nonamended minesoil

Abstract

Surface mineable coal is abundant beneath many farmland areas in Missouri. Presently, 90% of the electricity generated in the state is by coal powered plants. Surface strip‐mining laws now require reclamation of these lands after drastic disturbance. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinancea Schreb) cultivars and breeding lines have been evaluated for yield, nutrient composition and quality on undisturbed lands, but not for these qualities and for adaptability to revegetate drastically disturbed lands.

Six breeding lines and 2 cultivars of tall fescue were evaluated for yield, nutrient composition, crude protein and IVDMD on limed and unlimed minesoils in west‐central Missouri. The experimental dersign was a randomized split‐block with lime treatment the split‐block, 3‐replications, with individual plots 1.21 x 3.05 m. Agriculture lime with ENM index of 291 at rate of 19 mt/ha was incorporated, fescue seeded and the experimental area mulched during August‐September, 1978. The 1979 harvest samples were composited for crude protein, nutrient and IVDMD analyses and the 1980 harvest samples were analyzed for individual plots.

The 1979 yield was not significantly different between genetic materials, but mean yield from limed minesoil was significantly higher than from unlimed minesoil. Yield data evaluation suggest Kenhy, WG3B, HMR to yield highest on unlimed minesoil and WG2B, LMR and HMR highest on limed minesoil, with MO‐96 lowest in yield limed or unlimed. The calculated K/(Ca+Mg) ratio of HMR and Kenhy was interpreted to be borderline for potential occurrence of grass tetany under limed environment. Differential divalent cation accumulation capacities of the breeding lines LMR and HMR was expressed on both the limed and unlimed minesoil. Potassium was not judged to reach a sufficiently high or Mg sufficiently low level to suggest potential problem of hypomagnesaema.

Lime increased IVDMD, but not crude protein. Crude protein varied by year, but IVDMD remained nearly constant. The genetic materials MO‐96 and H‐I accumulated higher quantities of Mg upon liming, but had lower IVDMD. Differences in yield were not significantly related to cation accumulation or forage quality on this minesoil, limed or unlimed.     

Yield,quality and K/(Ca+Mg) ratio of tall fescue breeding lines on amended and nonamended minesoil

Abstract

Surface mineable coal is abundant beneath many farmland areas in Missouri. Presently, 90% of the electricity generated in the state is by coal powered plants. Surface strip‐mining laws now require reclamation of these lands after drastic disturbance. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinancea Schreb) cultivars and breeding lines have been evaluated for yield, nutrient composition and quality on undisturbed lands, but not for these qualities and for adaptability to revegetate drastically disturbed lands.

Six breeding lines and 2 cultivars of tall fescue were evaluated for yield, nutrient composition, crude protein and IVDMD on limed and unlisted minesoils in west‐central Missouri. The experimental design was a randomized split‐block with lime treatment the split‐block, 3‐replications, with individual plots 1.21 × 3.05 m. Agriculture lime with ENM index of 291 at rate of 19 mt/ha was incorporated, fescue seeded and the experimental area mulched during August‐September, 1978. The 1979 harvest samples were composited for crude protein, nutrient and IVDMD analyses and the 1980 harvest samples were analyzed for individual plots.

The 1979 yield was not significantly different between genetic materials, but mean yield from limed minesoil was significantly higher than from unlimed minesoil. Yield data evaluation suggest Kenny, WG3B, HMR to yield highest on unlimed minesoil and WG2B, LMR and HMR highest on limed minesoil, with MO‐96 lowest in yield limed or unlimed. The calculated K/(Ca+Mg) ratio of HMR and Kenhy was interpreted to be borderline for potential occurrence of grass tetany under limed environment. Differential divalent cation accumulation capacities of the breeding lines LMR and HMR was expressed on both the limed and unlimed minesoil. Potassium was not judged to reach a sufficiently high or Mg sufficiently low level to suggest potential problem of hypomagnesaema.

Lime increased IVDMD, but not crude protein. Crude protein varied by year, but IVDMD remained nearly constant. The genetic materials MO‐96 and H‐I accumulated higher quantities of Mg upon liming, but had lower IVDMD. Differences in yield were not significantly related to cation accumulation or forage quality on this minesoil, limed or unlimed.     

施用污泥堆肥对土壤环境及高羊茅生长的影响

以上海曲阳水质净化厂污泥堆肥为研究对象,采用盆栽和土柱模拟的方法研究了污泥堆肥土地利用对土壤环境和植物生长的影响。结果表明,污泥堆肥和滩涂土混配后可降低土壤pH值,提高土壤养分含量,增加高羊茅生物量,同时也增加了土壤Ph、Cu和Zn3种重金属元素含量,但各混合土壤中重金属含量均远低于土壤环境质量Ⅱ类标准。另外,污泥堆肥混配土壤基本不存在病原菌扩散的风险;土柱淋溶试验表明,污泥堆肥施用比例为10％时,不会导致地下水NO3-N和重金属含量超过地下水Ⅱ类标准。综上,污泥堆肥施用比例只要控制在10％以内,可安全进行土地利用。     

钾肥品种与用量对黄瓜产量和品质的影响

采用田间试验方法研究不同栽培条件下不同用量硫酸钾、氯化钾对黄瓜产量、品质和养分吸收分配的影响。结果表明,施用钾肥能提高黄瓜产量,硫酸钾增产效应比氯化钾高。设施栽培黄瓜施用硫酸钾可获得高产量效应和养分生产效率。钾肥可提高黄瓜Vc和糖分含量,氯化钾的效果优于硫酸钾;低、中量硫酸钾处理黄瓜氨基酸含量比氯化钾处理高,但必需氨基酸与营养价值低于氯化钾处理。钾肥可明显提高黄瓜果实含钾量,而降低其他养分含量;硫酸钾处理果实吸收养分的分配比例高于氯化钾处理,而氯化钾有利于黄瓜营养体养分积累。钾肥品种对黄瓜产量和品质影响的差异为硫酸钾和氯化钾混合施用提供了可能。     

苏丹草—黑麦草轮作中不同施肥措施对饲草产量及土壤性质的影响

在盆栽试验条件下研究了苏丹草—黑麦草轮作中不同施肥措施对饲草产量、养分吸收及土壤性质的影响。结果表明:各施肥处理均可显著提高饲草产量,整个轮作期,单施化肥（NPK）、石灰和化肥配施（NPK+Lime）、有机肥和化肥配施（NPK+OM）处理的鲜草产量分别比不施肥处理（CK）增加6.1倍、6.8倍和7.3倍;在化肥基础上配合施用石灰和有机肥,鲜草分别增产9.5%和17.2%。养分吸收结果显示,不同施肥处理明显提高饲草N、P、K含量并促进饲草对养分的吸收。土壤养分分析结果表明,与CK及NPK处理相比,增施石灰和有机肥提高酸性土壤pH值,促使其向中性靠近;在NPK基础上配合施用石灰,轮作结束时土壤有效钙含量比NPK处理提高了20.7%,有效铁和有效锰含量降低了26.5%和41.2%;在NPK基础上增施有机肥,能显著提高了土壤中的氮、磷、钾养分含量。     

不同钾肥品种和用量对花椰菜产量和品质的影响

在不同肥力水平的土壤上,采用田间试验方法,研究了不同钾肥用量水平下硫酸钾和氯化钾对花椰菜产量和品质的影响。试验结果表明,钾肥可提高花椰菜花球产量,施钾增产效应达显著水平;但单位钾素(K2O)养分生产效率随钾肥用量提高而降低。氯化钾的产量效应低于硫酸钾,其效应受土壤氯离子含量和钾肥用量的影响。钾肥可提高花椰菜维生素C含量,用量过高则含量下降;增加和降低效果与土壤含钾量有良好的相关性。中、高用量硫酸钾效果优于氯化钾。钾肥可降低氨基酸总量和各种类氨基酸含量,氯化钾处理花椰菜氨基酸含量高于硫酸钾,特别是谷氨酸和丙氨酸含量。钾肥可促进花椰菜养分吸收,氯化钾更有利于钾素的吸收和积累,氮、钙和镁的转运,而不利于钾素从花轴转运到花蕾。不同钾肥品种的产量品质差异与钾肥陪伴氯离子与土壤氯离子含量关系密切。在土壤氯离子含量高的土壤上,硫酸钾可作为理想的钾肥肥源。     

不同肥料配比对富士苹果产量及品质的影响

为了探讨不同氮磷钾配合施肥对渭北旱塬富士苹果产量及品质的影响,为富士苹果的优质、高产提供理论依据,本文通过连续5年（2004～2008）氮磷钾不同配比施肥定位试验,研究了不同配比施肥对苹果产量及品质的影响。结果表明:施用化肥能使苹果产量提高12.62%～48.57%;NPK配合施肥处理5年中平均产量为34.8 t/hm2,较对照增加了48.57%;PK,NK和NP处理的苹果平均产量较对照 （CK）分别增加了12.62%,21.50%和21.16%。当地化肥对苹果产量的贡献顺序为:氮肥＞钾肥≥磷肥。NPK配合施肥,苹果商品率不断提高,果径大于75 mm的果实个数所占比例逐年增加,由2004年的53.7%增至2008年的81.2%,增长率达51.2%;苹果的糖酸比由2004年的37.1逐年提高到2008年的39.9,提高了7.5%;Vc含量及硬度同样有逐年递增趋势。PK、NK、NP处理,果径小于75 mm的果实个数所占比例逐年增加,糖酸比及Vc含量逐年降低,尤其是NP处理,糖酸比由2004年的32.7降至2008年的20.8,降低了36.3%。PK、NK、NP处理苹果Vc含量5年降低了15.6%,硬度也随试验时间的推移出现逐年下降趋势。NPK配合施肥提高了苹果产量,促进了苹果品质的改善。     

增铵营养对基质栽培西葫芦产量、品质及其氮钾素吸收的影响

在氮素供应水平一致的条件下,采用基质栽培盆栽试验,设置5个NH_4~+-N比例(0、10%、20%、30%、40%),探究增铵营养对基质栽培西葫芦产量、品质与N、K素吸收的影响,为高效优质的西葫芦栽培模式提供理论依据。结果表明,在12.6 mmol/L的N素供应量下,20%增铵比例能促进西葫芦植株的生长发育,株型粗壮。10%～20%的NH_4~+-N比例能促进N素在果实部分积累,且过量的铵供应会明显抑制植株地上部对K素的吸收。同时随着NH_4~+-N比例的增加,西葫芦中NO_3~--N含量与可溶性固形物呈下降趋势,可溶性糖含量不断增加。30%NH_4~+-N比例处理下单株产量最高,相对于全硝处理增产29.6%,且N素偏生产力与收获指数水平最高。当NH_4~+-N比例30%以上时,西葫芦结瓜率低于60%,且地上部生物量呈现下降趋势。因此,30%增铵比例下西葫芦产量、品质以及水肥效率最能实现西葫芦在基质栽培中的高产优质高效。     

声频控制技术对水稻生长发育、产量及品质的影响

为了探明声频控制技术对水稻生长发育、产量及品质的影响,该文对水稻进行了特定频率和响度(主频率500Hz,响度80dB)的声波处理。试验结果表明,声频处理的杂交籼稻天丰优5号增产5.11%,杂交粳稻甬优13号增产5.38%,产量差异均达到显著水平。与CK相比,声频处理天丰优5号和甬优13号的有效穗数分别增加8.40和5.80穗/m2,每穗实粒数增加2.46和4.46粒;声频处理后7和14d,天丰优5号茎蘖数分别多0.3和0.5株/从,甬优13号茎蘖数分别多1.1和1.0株/从;声频处理的天丰优5号孕穗期(9月8日)和灌浆期(10月6日)平均叶片叶绿素含量分别增加11.36%和10.41%,甬优13号孕穗期(9月22日)和灌浆期(10月20日)分别增加5.20%和4.91%;声频处理的稻米透明度均提高1个等级,天丰优5号和甬优13号垩白度分别降低21.31%和5.88%,胶稠度分别增加2.0和8.0mm,整精米率分别提高6.99%和2.22%,稻米质量指数分别提高6.58%和10.94%。该文为声频控制技术在水稻上大面积应用提供科学依据。     

Methane yield from anaerobic digestion of festulolium and tall fescue cultivated on a fen peatland under different harvest managements

This study evaluated the effects of harvesting managements with two-cuts (2C) and three-cuts (3C) per year for subsequent specific methane yield (SMY) and methane yield per hectare (MYPH) of festulolium and tall fescue cultivated on a riparian fen peatland in a block-designed field experiment (n?=?3). For the 2C managements, three timings of the first cut were implemented corresponding to growth stages of pre-heading (2C-early), inflorescence emergence (2C-mid), and flowering (2C-late). Anaerobic digestion batch assays with biomass samples were run for 68 days, showing that 90% of total methane (CH₄) was produced within 38 days. Specific methane yield ranged from 315 to 464?NL?CH_4?kg^?1 volatile solids (mean, 393?NL). On average, SMY of the final cut biomass was 13% lower than the first cut biomass. Methane yield per hectare ranged from 5277 to 6963?Nm^3?CH_4?ha^?1 (mean, 6265?Nm³) and was predominantly influenced by biomass yield since SMY only deviated modestly in relation to harvest management (crop maturity). Methane yield per hectare of festulolium under 3C and 2C-late management were significantly higher than 2C-early and 2C-mid managements, whereas the harvesting managements did not influence MYPH of tall fescue. The levels of SMY and MYPH in the present study represented high-end of reported values due to a combination of high activity of the biogas inoculum and a high productivity of festulolium and tall fescue at the riparian fen peatland.     

施氮量对杂交棉氮、磷、钾吸收利用和产量及品质的影响

在高产条件下,研究了不同施氮量对杂交棉氮、磷、钾的吸收利用和产量及品质的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥显著提高了杂交棉氮、磷、钾的积累量,特别是显著提高了杂交棉后期氮、磷、钾的积累量和积累比例。施氮量N300 kg/hm2的子棉产量最高,比施氮量N 225 kg/hm2处理增产0.9%,但差异不显著。氮、磷、钾养分利用效率随施氮量增加而提高;但氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加而下降。施氮可以显著提高纤维长度和纤维比强度,而不同施氮量处理间纤维长度和比强度差别不大。     

平衡施肥对白浆土水稻产量及品质的影响

通过土壤测试、田间试验和品质分析,明确了三江平原桦川县创业乡丰年村白浆土养分供应状况和水稻平衡施肥效果。结果显示,该土壤98.4%缺氮,76.6%缺磷,97.7%缺钾,72.7%缺锌,35.9%缺硼。与最佳处理(OPT)相比,不施氮肥减产26.2%,不施磷肥减产12.1%,不施钾肥减产10.3%,不施锌肥减产24.2%,不施肥(CK)减产39.9%。与OPT处理相比,不施氮肥、磷肥、钾肥、锌肥、硼肥和CK的经济效益分别降低3936、1774、1527、4070、886和5643元/hm2。平衡施肥(OPT)与农民习惯施肥(FP)相比增产20.3%,经济效益增加3283元/hm2,粗蛋白含量增加0.13个百分点,直链淀粉含量降低0.84个百分点,胶稠度增加1.7 mm,对改善稻米品质有积极作用。     

减肥减水对温室黄瓜养分吸收、产量及土壤质量的影响

为了减轻温室蔬菜过量施肥灌水对肥料浪费及环境问题所造成的影响,通过温室试验,设3个施肥水平(N-P_2O_5-K_2O分别为中肥F1:517.2-383.3-629.6 kg/hm~2、低肥F2:382.1-286.5-467.4 kg/hm~2、高肥F3:755.0-558.5-916.4 kg/hm~2)和2种灌水处理(传统灌溉W1、滴灌W2),分析黄瓜产量及养分含量、水氮生产率、氮、磷淋溶状况以及土壤养分情况,探究减肥减水对温室黄瓜生长、土壤环境等带来的影响。结果表明,试验范围内,在农民习惯施肥量基础上减肥不会造成黄瓜减产,采用滴灌较传统灌溉能提高黄瓜产量;同时,减肥滴灌也不会对黄瓜的养分含量产生影响。此外,减肥滴灌还可以提高灌溉水生产率及氮肥偏生产力,增加0~20 cm土壤硝态氮和速效钾的含量,减少肥料向下淋溶。因此,在当前水肥管理条件下,减肥滴灌效果良好;试验范围内,T4(低肥+滴灌)效果最佳。     

木醋液土壤灌溉对土壤养分、番茄产量及品质的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了木醋液不同灌溉量对土壤养分、盐碱和番茄产量及品质的影响。结果表明,土壤灌溉木醋液可提高土壤碱解氮、速效钾、有效磷含量,且使用量越大,效果越明显,其中有效磷含量增加最为显著,与对照相比可提高9.27%~25.51%;木醋液也可提高土壤有机质及全盐含量,但与对照相比差异不显著;木醋液还可降低土壤p H值,与对照相比可降低0.14~0.27个单位。木醋液低[2.25 t/(次·hm~2)]、中[4.50 t/(次·hm~2)]用量能显著提高番茄株高、增加产量,其中低用量效果最好,与对照相比可提高株高10.53%,增加产量11.52%;高用量[7.50 t/(次·hm~2)]对番茄生长具有一定抑制作用。木醋液可提高番茄可溶性糖含量5.27%~10.28%,提高Vc含量3.46%~17.15%,降低硝酸盐含量4.25%~15.33%,对有机酸含量影响不明显。综上所述,建议设施土壤番茄季木醋液灌溉量为2.25~4.50 t/(次·hm~2)为宜。