Maize (Zea mays L.) Grain Yield Response to Methods of Nitrogen Fertilization

ABSTRACT

In the developing world, fertilizer application is commonly achieved by broadcasting nutrients to the soil surface without incorporation. A commonly used nitrogen (N) source is urea and if not incorporated, can sustain N losses via ammonia volatilization and lower crop yields. This study evaluated the effect of planting, N rate and application methods on maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield. An experiment with a randomized complete block design (nine treatments and three replications) was established in 2013 and 2018 in Oklahoma. The planting methods included; farmer practice (FP), Oklahoma State University hand planter (OSU-HP), and John Deere (JD) mechanical planter. Side-dress N application methods included; dribble surface band (DSB), broadcast (BR), and OSU-HP. Nitrogen was applied at the rate of 30 and 60 kg ha^?1 as urea and UAN at V8 growth stage. On average, planting and applying N at 60 kg ha^?1 using OSU-HP resulted in the highest yield (11.4 Mg ha^?1). This exceeded check plot yield (5.59 Mg ha^?1) by 104%. Nitrogen application improved grain yield by over 57% when compared to the 0-N check (8.77 Mg ha^?1). Mid-season N placement below the soil surface using OSU-HP makes it a suitable alternative to improve grain yield.     

Drip irrigation and nitrogen fertilization alter phenological development and yield of spring maize (Zea mays L.) under semi-arid conditions

Abstract

Maize response to deficit water and nitrogen for assessing phenological development and yield was studied under semi-arid conditions. Experiment consisting three drip irrigation levels, replenish 60 (DI₆₀), 80 (DI₈₀) and 100 percent (DI₁₀₀) of cumulative pan evaporation, and four nitrogen doses 50 (RN₅₀), 75 (RN₇₅), 100 (RN₁₀₀) and 125 (RN₁₂₅) per cent of recommended nitrogen. A Furrow irrigated treatment was kept as control/check. Significant earliness in visibility of collar of 8^th leaf, tasseling, silking and significant delay in dough stage and physiological maturity was recorded under well water treatment DI₁₀₀ as compared to DI₆₀. Days to collar of 8^th leaf, tasseling and silking had significant negative correlation, and duration of yield formation phase and days to physiological maturity had significant positive correlation with grain yield. Higher DM production, longer yield formation phase and late physiological maturity led to significantly higher grain yield under DI₁₀₀. In case of nitrogen levels, phonological characteristics like collar of 8^th leaf, tasseling and silking were significantly delayed, and dough stage and physiological maturity were advanced under nitrogen deficit treatment RN₅₀ as compared to RN₁₀₀ and RN₁₂₅. Significantly higher dry matter production and longer yield formation phase observed led to significant higher SCY under RN₁₀₀ and RN₁₂₅ as compared to RN₅₀. Yield formation phase was significantly longer under drip irrigated crop as compared to control during 2^nd year of study. Crop phenological development significantly affected by drip irrigation regimes and nitrogen levels, and there was significant correlation between phenological stages development and grain yield.     

Nutrient concentration and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) after vetch (Vicia sativa L.) in conventional and reduced tillage systems

The effects of tillage on plant availability nutrients are critical to develop nutrient management strategies to optimize yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate differences in the concentration of 19-nutrient and yield after 4-year of conventional [moldboard plough (MT)] and two reduced [rototiller (ST) and chisel (CT)] tillage systems in maize (Zea mays L.) after winter vetch (Vicia sativa L.) in double crop one year. Three tillage systems were compared from 2005 to 2008 in area located in the western region of Turkey under semi-arid Mediterranean clay-loam soils. Nutrients were determined in maize leaves, stems, roots and soils. Results show that the concentration of macronutrients were found to be higher in leaves and stems of maize than roots in three tillage systems of all years, while the opposite was true for micronutrients. Among the macro and micro-nutrients, there was no effect of tillage on nutrient concentration in all maize tissues for sulfur, magnesium, sodium and copper (S, Mg, Na and Cu). However, the nitrogen, potassium, calcium, boron, zinc, manganese, iron, aluminum, barium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, nickel, lead and selenium (N, K, Ca, B, Zn, Mn, Fe, Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and Se) were affected by tillage. ST increased N in stems of 2006 compared with other systems. K in roots of 2006 was 52 and 30% greater in CT than in ST and MT, respectively, while ST and MT of 2007 resulted in 38 and 41% greater than CT. In two of four years, ST contributed to higher grain yield compared with other systems. In general, ST can effectively contribute to increase maize yield following winter vetch compared with MT under this region. Results suggested the need for different management systems associated with reduced tillage including rotation, particularly for basic nutrients. Further, results showed similarities and differences with other studies under tillage with maize following winter vetch.     

Maize (Zea mays L.) yield and soil properties as affected by no tillage in the black soils of China

A four-year tillage experiment on maize was conducted in the high latitude region of Northeast of China. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different field tillage practices on maize grain yield, soil physical properties, and soil water and temperature dynamics in Northeast of China. The tillage practices included moldboard plow tillage (MOT), rotary tillage (ROT), reduced tillage (RET), combined tillage (COT), and no tillage (NOT). The surface soil water content at depths of 0–20 cm was higher under NOT compared with other tillage practices, but not different at the deeper soil depths in 2011. The soil temperatures under NOT and RET were lower than those under moldboard plow tillage and ROT at depths of 5 and 15 cm, respectively, measured at 9:00 am in 2005. From the hourly dynamics of soil temperature, the differences among the tillage practices mainly appeared during the daytime (from 8:00 am to 7:00 pm). Among all the practices, the average daily soil temperature under ROT was the highest, while that under NOT was the lowest. MOT, ROT, and RET had higher soil accumulative infiltration compared with NOT and COT. The surface soil bulk density under NOT was higher than or equal to that under the other four tillage practices. The maize yields under NOT were the lowest among all the tillage practices for three years straight. Meanwhile, the yields under MOT were the highest, which were about 47%, 61%, and 38% higher than those under NOT. NOT practice is not recommended for use in spring-planted maize under the high latitude humid cool climate Mollisol region in Northeast of China.     

Effect of Potassium Supplies on the Nutritional Status of Maize (Zea mays L.)

The effect of soil potassium (K) supplies on the yield and nutritional status of maize and on interactions between the nutrients was examined in a long-term mineral fertilization experiment on maize. The experiment was set up in 1989 in Hungarian Great Plain, Szarvas on chernozem meadow soil calcareous in the deeper layers, with four levels each of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) supplies. The present paper describes the results of K fertilization in the 7–19th years of the experiment, from 1996 to 2008. The ammonium (NH₄)-lactate (AL) potassium oxide (K₂O) content of the ploughed layer ranged from 200 to 550 mg kg^–1 depending on the K fertilization level. No significant yield surpluses were recorded in any of the 13 years in response to the better K supplies ensured by K fertilizer. The results of leaf analysis indicated that the K concentrations representing satisfactory K supplies at a grain yield level of 10–14 t ha^–1 were 2.3–4.3% at the 5–6-leaf stage and 1.5–2.6% at the beginning of tasselling. When the AL-K₂O content of the soil was above 200–320 mg kg^–1, K– calcium (Ca), K–magnesium (Mg) and K–copper (Cu) antagonism was observed in the nutrient concentrations of the maize leaves in most years. The limit values of satisfactory nutrient supplies for maize in the 5–6-leaf stage and at the beginning of tasselling were 0.25–0.60% for Ca, 0.15–0.40% for Mg, and 7–11 mg kg^–1 and 2–11 mg kg^–1, respectively, for Cu. In dry years the iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentrations of maize leaves declined at higher soil K supply levels.     

东北典型区覆膜滴灌春玉米节水增产的光合生理响应

研究覆膜滴灌条件下春玉米光合生理响应特征,有助于从光合生理角度揭示覆膜滴灌提高作物产量及水分利用效率的内因。研究设置包括覆膜滴灌(MD)、不覆膜滴灌(ND)和传统对照(CK),基于2017—2018年东北典型区春玉米不同生育期叶片的光合-光响应测定,定量比较了处理间产量、水分利用效率及不同生育期的生理学参数指标的差异。研究结果表明,2017—2018年MD比CK处理分别显著提高产量和水分利用效率的范围为20.9%～22.4%和13.6%～21.6%;MD比CK处理平均提高光合能力达12.9%～22.8%,同时提高了表观光量子效率、气孔导度和比叶重,降低了13C同位素分辨率。此外,覆膜滴灌显著影响了叶片氮含量与光合能力、气孔导度与光合能力之间的相关关系,显著提高了叶片的光合氮利用效率。基于以上分析,覆膜滴灌处理下的光合参数的提高或降低是春玉米产量及水分利用效率提高的关键原因。     

超高产春玉米氮磷钾的吸收与分配

采用田间试验的方法,在供试玉米产量15 435 kg/hm2的超高产水平下,对春玉米氮、磷、钾吸收、分配与转移规律进行了系统研究。结果表明:在灌浆期前,超高产春玉米对氮、磷、钾养分吸收规律变化较为相似,即阶段吸收量和日均吸收量随生育时期的推进逐渐增大;而灌浆期后,植株对氮、磷、钾养分吸收趋势出现显著差异,即氮、磷吸收持续增高,钾吸收迅速下降。养分在各器官体内的分配特点体现在氮、磷分配随生长中心的转移而发生变化,而钾向生长中心的转移变化不明显。     

Growth Promotion of Maize (Zea mays L.) by Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria under Field Conditions

Plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) play an important role in plant health and soil fertility. The experiment was conducted as factorial experiment with two factors of Azospirillum and Azotobacter. The bacterial strains were Azospirillum lipoferum s-21, A. brasilense DSM 1690, A. lipoferum DSM 1691, Azotobacter chroococcum s-5, and A. chroococcum DSM 2286. The results indicated that growth promotion by PGPR appears from early stages of growth, 45 days after inoculation (DAI). Beneficial effects of bacterial inoculation on ear growth were observed after 75 DAI. Inoculation with PGPR increased dry weights of leaf, stem, and grain and hence total biomass sampled at 90, 105, and 120 (harvest time) DAI. The greatest grain weight was produced by Azospirillum s-21 inoculation. Dual inoculation with Azotobacter s-5 + Azospirillum s-21 significantly increased total dry weight up to 115%. Results of this study showed that leaf area index and crop growth index were significantly affected by bacterial treatments.     

控释、常规尿素配施对雨养区春玉米产量及氮素利用的影响

为明确宁夏南部雨养种植区玉米合理施氮方式及用量,完善高产高效栽培技术,为干旱半干旱地区玉米高产栽培提供理论与技术支持,以先玉698为试验材料,设置2个氮肥种类(控释尿素和常规尿素,纯氮量都为225kg/hm2)和4个氮肥追施量及时期(T1常规尿素基施N150kg/hm2+小口期追施N75kg/hm2;T2控释尿素基施N75kg/hm2+常规尿素基施N75kg/hm2+小口期追施常规尿素N75kg/hm2;T3控释尿素基施N150kg/hm2+常规尿素基施N75kg/hm2;T4控释尿素基施N225kg/hm2),以不施氮肥为对照,比较研究不同处理对春玉米群体物质生产、氮素运移特性和产量的影响。结果表明,在施氮量相等条件下,控释尿素与普通尿素配合(T3)一次基施比习惯施肥(T1)显著增加了玉米的产量,产量增幅为12.63%,穗粒数和粒重的增加是玉米增产的主要原因。合理增加基肥中控释尿素比例能够显著增加玉米花后和全生育期干物质积累量,同时促进玉米营养器官和籽粒对氮的吸收累积。控释尿素基施有利于氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用率和氮肥贡献率的提高,其中以T3处理最好,氮肥农学利用率和氮肥对产量的贡献率分别比T2和T4高52.12%,22.96%和35.39%,20.53%。因此,建议在宁南山区玉米高产施肥管理中以控释尿素(全部氮肥量的2/3)与常规尿素(全部氮肥量的1/3)全部基施为宜。     

控释尿素对春玉米产量、氮效率及氮素平衡的影响

为明确控释尿素在春玉米上的应用效果及土壤氮素平衡状况,在黑龙江省双城、宾县、哈尔滨、肇源地区通过2011—2012年两年四点次田间小区试验,研究普通尿素与控释尿素(控释期90 d的树脂包膜尿素)混合施用对春玉米产量、氮肥效率(NUE)及土壤氮素盈亏的影响。结果表明,春玉米产量、植株吸氮量均随着施氮量的增加而增加。与普通尿素一次性基施相比,控释尿素能够提高玉米产量、植株吸氮量、氮肥表观利用率、氮农学效率(ANUE)及氮肥贡献率(FCR)。在相同氮素施用水平下(100%、75%、50%氮肥用量),100%基施控释尿素比100%基施普通尿素各处理玉米产量分别平均增加391、427、291 kg·hm-2;氮肥表观利用率提高5.9%、4.9%和5.1%;氮肥农学效率提高2.0、2.6 kg·kg~(-1)和2.6 kg·kg~(-1);氮肥贡献率增加2.7%、3.1%和2.4%。处理4(普通尿素40%基肥,60%追施)和处理5(40%普通尿素与60%控释尿素混合一次性基施)玉米产量、植株吸氮量、氮肥表观利用率、氮农学效率差异不显著。氮素表观亏缺量随着氮肥用量的增加而降低。与100%普通尿素作基肥一次性施入相比,100%控释尿素一次性基施降低氮素表观损失量15.0 kg·hm-2;40%普通尿素与60%控释尿素混合一次性基施降低氮素表观损失率23.9 kg·hm-2。可见,普通尿素与控释尿素分别以40%和60%的比例混合施用在黑龙江省玉米生产上是可以推广和借鉴的氮素管理方式。     

施氮量对冀西北春玉米氮肥利用率和土壤硝态氮时空分布的影响

在田间条件下研究了施氮量对春玉米产量、氮肥利用率和土壤硝态氮时空分布的影响,旨在为冀西北春玉米氮肥优化管理提供理论依据。研究结果表明,春玉米产量随施氮量的增加而提高,当施氮量高于225 kg/hm2时,春玉米产量和氮肥利用率显著降低。从春玉米播种前到收获后,不施氮处理0-90 cm各土层硝态氮含量不断降低,施氮处理0-30 cm和30-60 cm土层硝态氮含量呈先上升后迅速下降并保持稳定的趋势,而60-90 cm土层硝态氮在春玉米生长后期有增加的趋势;春玉米收获后随着土层深度的增加,硝态氮呈波浪式下降,施氮量300,375 kg/hm2处理60-90,120-150,150-180 cm土层硝态氮含量显著高于其它处理。随着施氮量的增加,春玉米0-90,90-180,0-180 cm土层硝态氮累积量均呈增加趋势,高施氮量土层累积的硝态氮存在着更大的淋溶风险。因此,综合分析氮肥用量对春玉米产量、氮肥利用率的影响,并考虑土壤硝态氮时空分布下的环境风险,合理的施氮量应控制在195~225 kg/hm2之间。     

长期配施有机肥对灌淤土春玉米产量及氮素利用的影响

为了寻求合理利用畜禽粪便资源与改善玉米氮素利用的有效措施,通过3a连续田间定位试验,研究有机肥替代部分化肥配施对玉米产量和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明:与CK相较,施用有机肥土壤pH值下降了0.59~0.86,土壤容重下降了8.05%~10.74%。有机无机配施(N1M1、N2M2)处理定位施肥3a后,土壤有机质含量年均分别增加0.86,0.44g/kg,土壤全氮含量年均分别增加0.09,0.06g/kg,土壤碱解氮含量年均分别增加4.74,3.68mg/kg,土壤速效磷含量年均分别增加6.62,5.35mg/kg,土壤速效钾含量年均分别增加8.46,6.66mg/kg。与常规N1处理比较,第3年N1M1、N2M2处理的产量分别提高了12.38%和13.43%,氮肥利用率分别提高了10.98%和16.20%,氮肥农学效率分别提高了4.65,10.50kg/kg,氮肥偏生产力分别提高了4.65,21.02kg/kg。因此,配施有机肥可降低土壤pH值和容重,显著提升土壤有机质和养分含量,对促进玉米产量和氮肥利用率具有积极作用,其中N2M2处理是协调作物产量和环境安全的合理选择。     

玉米单倍体胚性愈伤的诱导与鉴定

为建立一套适合玉米单倍体胚性愈伤培养和快速筛选体系,以单倍体诱导系MT-1为父本,18-599红为母本进行单倍体诱导,设置暗培养、全光照培养和光暗周期培养3种光照培养方式,均分别培养0、1、5、10、20、40 h后,观察幼胚形态和颜色。结果表明,自交系18-599红的单倍体和二倍体幼胚均能正常诱导形成胚性愈伤组织;不同光照培养方式对紫色(二倍体)愈伤率的检出效果依次为光培养>光暗周期培养>暗培养。通过光照筛选的方法可在早期鉴定愈伤组织,其二倍体愈伤的筛选率在培养20 h时可达68%,40 h时为71%,剔除了大部分非单倍体愈伤,综合分析确定光照强度为2 000 lx、20℃处理20 h为最适光照筛选处理。染色体压片技术获得的拟单倍体愈伤中有二倍体愈伤的检出,但经流式细胞仪检出获得的拟单倍体愈伤再经染色体压片检测,无二倍体愈伤,表明流式细胞仪检测单倍体愈伤的准确性高于染色体压片技术。通过光照初步筛选结合流式细胞仪的精确鉴定,迅速从3 000个单倍体愈伤中获得110个单倍体愈伤,单倍体愈伤率3.67%。本研究结果为以玉米单倍体愈伤为转基因受体,快速获得转基因植株提供了一定的技术支撑和理论参考。     

不同耕作施肥方式对夏玉米氮素利用及土壤容重的影响

合理的耕作与施肥方式是实现作物高产高效的重要措施,为研究不同耕作及施肥方式对夏玉米氮素利用、产量和土壤容重的影响,在2016年和2017年夏玉米生长时期分别设置免耕浅施肥(T1)、深松全层施肥(T2)、新型深松两肥异位分层施肥(T3)3种耕作施肥方式。结果表明:与T1比,2种深松处理的成熟期植株干物质积累量、全氮积累量平均分别提高9.68%,13.97%,夏玉米平均增产17.20%;深松耕作处理的氮肥生产效率和农学效率较T1平均分别增加14.74%和59.95%,氮肥表观利用率平均抬升14.15个百分点;0—40 cm土壤容重降低8.54%。深松耕作方式下,与T2比,T3的成熟期植株干物质积累量、全氮积累量平均分别提高9.41%,6.28%,夏玉米平均增产9.70%,氮肥生产效率和农学效率分别增加8.59%和32.32%,氮肥表观利用率抬升14.10个百分点。与T1比,2种深松施肥方式T2和T3均显著降低土壤容重,提高夏玉米产量,促进氮肥利用。控释氮肥与深松两肥异位分层施肥(T3)相结合的方式能够更加有效地降低土壤容重,提高作物产量和氮素利用效率,是黄淮海平原区夏玉米生产中值得推荐的一种新型耕作施肥方式。     

春玉米产量、氮肥效率及土壤矿质氮对施氮的响应

为了提高氮肥增产效益,减少对环境的污染,通过田间试验研究了施氮量对春玉米产量、氮肥效率及土壤矿质氮的影响。结果表明,施氮量较低时,春玉米籽粒产量随施氮量增加显著增加,当施氮量高于180 kg·hm-2时,产量保持不变或有减少趋势。氮肥农学利用率、氮素吸收效率、氮素偏生产力和氮收获指数均随着施氮量增加显著降低,氮肥表观利用率和氮肥生理利用率均先增加后降低。从苗期到收获期,施氮处理0~60 cm土层硝态氮含量呈现"上升—下降—上升—下降—稳定"的变化趋势,而60~120 cm土层硝态氮在春玉米生长后期有增加的趋势。随着土层加深,土壤硝态氮含量呈波浪式下降,施氮量240 kg·hm-2和300 kg·hm-2处理在60~100 cm土层硝态氮含量均显著高于其他处理。随着施氮量增加,0~120 cm土层硝态氮累积量显著增加,当施氮量超过240kg·hm-2时,土层中累积的硝态氮存在着较大的淋溶风险。综合考虑产量、氮肥效率和环境效应,179~209 kg N·hm-2是本试验条件下春玉米的合理施氮量。     

施氮水平对超高产夏玉米籽粒及植株形态学特征的影响

氮肥是夏玉米高产的先决条件,为明确不同施氮水平对超高产夏玉米（13500 kg/hm2）籽粒及植株形态学特征的影响,以苏玉30、 苏玉20、 苏玉29三个玉米品种为材料,连续4年、 在6 个施氮水平（0、 360、 405、 450、 495、 540 kg/hm2）上,对成熟期玉米籽粒及植株的形态学特征进行了统计分析。结果表明,密植条件（82500 plant/hm2）下,产量与施氮水平呈抛物线关系, 三个品种均在 450 kg/hm2 施氮水平下产量最高,分别为13798、 14531、 16787 kg/hm2。适宜的施氮水平（450 kg/hm2）可显著增加穗粒重、 粒长、 粒宽及棒三叶叶夹角角度,增大茎秆第一、 二、 三节间长度及茎粗,缩短果穗位三节间（第七、 八、 九节间）的长度。氮肥水平对籽粒厚度影响不显著。产量和茎粗与第一、 二、 三节间长度分别表现为极显著、 显著正相关关系,与第七节间长度分别表现为显著、 极显著负相关关系,而二者与其他节间长度关系不显著。因此, 育种上可选育粒长和粒宽较大的品种作为玉米超高产育种的方向; 生产上可在第一、 二、 三、 七节间伸长的关键时期, 通过氮肥运筹调节其节间长度,达到扩库、 强源、 畅流的目的,最终建立玉米的超高产群体。     

Morphophysiological Traits Imparting Salinity Tolerance in Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids under Saline Water Irrigation in Vertisols

Maize is categorized as a salt-sensitive crop and identification of fairly salt-tolerant lines is of paramount importance for increasing its production on saline soils. Experiments were conducted in randomized block design with three replications to identify maize accessions showing response to saline water irrigation, traits imparting tolerance, and their effect on yield attributes of maize. Significant variation was present among genotypes for specific leaf area (SLA), potassium (K) content, cob characteristics, yield, biomass, and harvest index. High amount of heritability with large genetic advance indicated the presence of additive gene action for traits like leaf water potential and leaf dry weight. Association analysis revealed high correlation between key traits and direct as well as positive effect of these traits on yield. Principal component analysis resolved three principal components, and high leaf area and water potential were conferring salt tolerance and thus higher yield.     

秸秆深埋配合减氮对旱塬春玉米水分利用的影响

提高土壤水分利用是黄土旱塬区农业可持续发展的重要目标。通过4年春玉米田间试验,研究秸秆深埋配合减氮对土壤剖面耗水和水分利用分布的影响,旨在为黄土高原旱作农业区水肥科学管理提供科学依据。试验于2017年4月至2020年9月在陕西长武中科院黄土高原农业生态试验站进行。试验设置4个处理：常量施氮(CON1,N250 kg/hm²),秸秆深埋配合常量施氮(CON2,N250 kg/hm²+秸秆),减量施氮(CR1,N200 kg/hm²)和秸秆深埋配合减量施氮(CR2,N200 kg/hm²+秸秆)。结果表明：(1)秸秆深埋处理提高春玉米产量9.80%～10.43%;减量施氮至200 kg/hm²并不降低春玉米产量,配合秸秆深埋处理显著提高春玉米产量。(2)土壤耗水量波动主要发生在100—200 cm土层,0—100 cm土层土壤耗水达到动态平衡;秸秆深埋显著降低土壤总耗水量(p<0.05),2017年和2019年秸秆深埋处理土壤总耗水量降低10.86,20.31 mm。(3)试...     

干旱胁迫对玉米根系生长及根际养分的影响

通过盆栽模拟干旱试验，测定了干旱胁迫下玉米根系生长情况和根际土壤中速效N、P、K的含量。结果表明，干旱胁迫抑制了玉米拔节期和抽雄-开花期玉米根系的生长，减弱了玉米根系的吸收能力。干旱胁追下玉米根际NH4^＋-N、NO3^--N、速效P和速效K均发生根际富集现象。其中有效N和速效K含量高于正常供水．而速效P却呈现低于正常供水的趋势。干旱胁追抑制玉米根系生长、减弱根系吸收能力是玉米减产的重要原因。