Plant Availability of Boron Adsorbed or Occulted on Goethite to Rape (Brassica napus L.) Seedling

The purpose of the study was to determine plant availability of boron (B) and relaxation of soil acid to rape seedling exhibited by B-doped goethite in acidic soil. For this purpose, two kinds of B-doped goethite were synthesized: one was goethite with adsorbed B prepared by reacting goethite with borax solution, and the other was goethite with occluded B by synthesizing goethite in the presence of boric acid. The reaction process in soil-like natural minerals of the B-doped goethite was simulated in a rhizobox culture system. Results showed that the B-doped goethite can provide available B for rape growth. Its addition on acidic soil can alleviate soil acidification by increasing soil pH and decreasing soil exchangeable acid. The observation that nutrient uptake was improved supports the view that the B-doped goethite improved soil quality, as also proved by the increase of root morphology and dry weight.     

Plant Response to Copper Toxicity as Affected by Plant Species and Soil Type

ABSTRACT

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the bioavailability of copper (Cu) in clay loam and sandy clay loam soil. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) were grown in pots for 45 d. When mature, plants were treated for 15 additional days with 0, 100, 250, 500, or 1000 mg Cu kg^?1 as CuSO₄·5H₂O. After harvest, Cu in soils and plant tissues was determined. In soils, applied Cu raised total and EDTA-extractible Cu. Results also revealed that the amounts of Cu extracted from sandy clay loam soil (80%) were higher than those extracted from clay loam soil (70%). In plants, increasing soil Cu concentration increased plant concentration of the metal. Plant species vary in their capacity for Cu accumulation: Lettuce has a relatively higher potential for Cu uptake and translocation than does spinach. Cu accumulation also differs among plant organs. In lettuce, metal accumulation is higher in roots than in shoots, where 60% to 80% of the total Cu of the plant is located in the roots. However, in spinach, there is no significant difference in Cu content between roots and shoots. The transfer of the metal from soil to plant is higher for plants grown on sandy clay loam soil. For a given rate of applied Cu, metal content in plant tissues is higher on sandy clay loam soil due to its higher transfer coefficient (C_T) from soil to plant. Nevertheless, all crops studied showed a positive linear relationship between extractible soil Cu and plant Cu.     

土壤石油污染对植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为了研究土壤石油污染对植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,选取中原油田地区的原油和潮土,通过盆栽试验研究了不同石油污染水平条件下的植物种子发芽率、株高和鲜重.结果表明,土壤中石油含量不同,对黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)、高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)、白三叶草(Trifolium repens L.)、红三叶草(Trifolium pratense)的各项生长指标影响不同,当土壤中的石油含量较高时,对植物的生长有抑制作用.向日葵(Helianthus annus L.)、棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)、高丹草(Sorghum sudangrass)、狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)在试验设计石油污染水平范围内发芽率、株高及鲜重受影响较小,能生长在石油污染的土壤上,其中狗牙根,生存能力强,是试验中的最具有修复土壤石油污染研究潜力的植物.     

不同作物对赤红壤酸铝毒害的响应研究

为评价赤红壤酸铝对作物的毒害作用,本文用氧化钙和硫酸铝将典型赤红壤pH值调节为4.01、4.52、5.02、5.52,研究了7种作物对不同酸铝土壤的响应。结果表明,不同酸铝土壤中,7种作物相对根长与相对根干重呈相似变化趋势,均表现为pH 5.02土壤>pH 4.52土壤>pH 4.01土壤,水稻的相对根长与相对根干重较大,而大麦较小,通菜、玉米、菜豆、豆角、大豆位于其中。铝溶液处理下不同作物的相对根伸长均以水稻、大豆、菜豆、豆角>玉米>通菜>大麦,与土培结果基本一致;作物根系的苏木精染色程度随酸铝毒害程度的上升而加深,与作物铝吸收结果趋势相同。大麦、水稻、豆角染色较深,但其相对根长差异显著,表明它们具有不同的耐铝机制。     

Alleviation of Soil Acidity and Aluminium Phytotoxicity in Acid Soils by Using Alkaline-Stabilised Biosolids

A pot experiment was carried out to study alleviation of soil acidity and Al toxicity by applying an alkaline-stabilised sewage sludge product (biosolids) to an acid clay sandy loam (pH 5.7) and a strongly acid sandy loam (pH 4.5). Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Forrester) was used as a test crop and was grown in the sewage sludge-amended (33.5 t sludge DM ha-1) and unamended soils. The results showed that the alkaline biosloids increased soil pH from 5.7 to 6.9 for the clay sandy loam and from 4.5 to 6.0 for the sandy loam. The sludge product decreased KCl-extractable Al from 0.1 to 0.0 cmol kg-1 for the former soil and from 4.0 to 0.1 cmol kg-1 for the latter soil. As a result, barley plants grew much better and grain yield increased greatly in the amended treatments compared with the unamended controls. These observations indicate that alkaline-stabilised biosolids can be used as a liming material for remedying Al phytotoxicity in strongly acid soils by increasing soil pH and lowering Al bioavailability.     

植物对高CO2和土壤干旱的响应趋势及对策

根据我国北方地区农业生态系统、沙地生态系统、草原生态系统以及长白山阔叶红松林生态系统中的优势植物种对高CO2浓度和土壤干旱的响应差异,预测了在CO2浓度增加和土壤干旱化趋势下不同优势植物的可能变化,并提出了应对这种变化可采取的措施。     

Soil Enzyme Activities in Waste Biochar Amended Multi-Metal Contaminated Soil; Effect of Different Pyrolysis Temperatures and Application Rates

Woody biochars derived by pyrolyzing Gliricidia sepium at 300°C and 500°C and a waste byproduct of same biomass from a bioenergy industry (BC700) were tested for their effect on soil enzymes activities and available form of heavy metals in multi-metals contaminated soil. Pot experiments were conducted during 6 weeks with tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) at biochar application rates, 1, 2.5, and 5% (w/w). A reduction in polyphenol oxidase with biochars produced at increasing pyrolysis temperature compared to the control whereas the maximum activity of dehydrogenase and catalase was observed in 1% BC500 and 2.5% BC300, respectively. Soil available form of Ni, Mn, and Cr were reduced by 55, 70% and 80% in 5% BC700 amended soil, respectively. The highest geometric mean of enzyme activities was observed in 2.5% BC300 treatment. Overall the application of high dosages of high temperature derived biochar masks/deteriorates soil enzyme activities but immobilizes bioavailable heavy metals and reduces toxicity.     

桂西北喀斯特山地草地土壤养分季节变化规律及其对植被多样性的响应

基于对不同季节喀斯特山地草地植被多样性和土壤生境的调查数据,采用Pearson相关系数法和主成分分析法研究土壤养分季节动态及其对植被的响应。结果表明:喀斯特山地草地植被多样性指数、丰富度指数、优势度指数和均匀度指数基本表现为夏季和秋季高于春季和冬季。地下土壤养分与地上植被多样性各指数的季节变化趋势相一致,间接反映了喀斯特山地草地生态系统地上植被与地下养分之间的协同性关系,与地上植被多样性季节变化相比,地下土壤养分的季节性变化并没有表现出滞后性。Pearson相关性分析表明,土壤养分在一定程度上决定了植被丰富度、多样性指数和植被盖度,土壤全碳、全氮和有效养分起着主导性的影响作用,土壤养分等因子在夏季和秋季对植被多样性的影响(相关系数)高于冬季和春季。不同季节喀斯特山地草地土壤养分垂直方向均呈现出明显的"表聚性",土壤表层以下,土壤养分急剧降低,并且表层土壤养分显著高于下层(P0.05),局部有所波动,而不同季节土壤全磷含量在各土层间差异不显著(P0.05),由此可知,季节变化并没有改变其垂直分布规律。从变异系数来看,相同土层土壤有效养分变异系数高于土壤全量养分,表明土壤有效养分较土壤全量养分更为敏感。冗余分析的结果显示喀斯特山地草地植被丰富度指数、多样性指数、优势度指数和植被盖度之间均呈正相关,与土壤各养分之间均呈正相关,随着显著性影响因子(土壤养分各指标)的增加,丰富度指数、多样性指数、优势度指数和植被盖度均逐渐增加。研究结果较好地显示了地下土壤养分对地上植被多样性的响应模式,即二者的变化存在一定的同步性,可以看作相互作用和协同影响的有机整体。     

生物质炭和Ca(OH)2缓解土壤酸化过程中植物铝毒性的模拟对比研究

随着外源酸输入,酸性土壤改良剂的石灰效应逐渐消退,土壤再次酸化形成铝毒害。作为一种新型酸性土壤改良剂,生物质炭施用后土壤的复酸化过程尚不清楚。本研究通过循环酸浸洗耦合根伸长试验,对比研究了施用生物质炭和熟石灰（Ca(OH)2）后土壤的复酸化过程及其对植物的铝毒性。结果表明,循环酸浸洗有效模拟了土壤的复酸化过程。随着模拟酸化年限增加,生物质炭和Ca(OH)2处理土壤中玉米根系伸长均逐渐受到了抑制。生物质炭相较于Ca(OH)2有效缓解了酸化过程对植物根系的抑制作用。在模拟12年酸输入时,生物质炭处理中玉米根相对伸长率较Ca(OH)2处理高18.6%,生物质炭相较于Ca(OH)2处理展现出更为长效的酸性土壤改良潜力。这一方面是由于生物质炭通过表面阴离子官能团质子化作用减缓了酸化过程中土壤pH的降低,抑制了土壤铝的活化。在模拟12年酸输入时,生物质炭处理土壤溶液Al3+浓度较Ca(OH)2处理低33%。另一方面,酸化过程中生物质炭持续释放Mg2+,在模拟12年酸输入时,生物质炭处理土壤溶液Mg2+浓度和植物Mg2+吸收量均较Ca(OH)2处理高2倍以上。较高的Mg2+浓度可通过调控植物对Al3+的生理响应,缓解植物铝毒害症状。该研究结果可为土壤酸化长效阻控提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

Effects of Soil Factors on Phytotoxicity and Dissipation of Sulfentrazone in Canadian Prairie Soils

Studies were conducted to examine the effects of soil properties on sulfentrazone phytotoxicity and dissipation under laboratory conditions. The pH values of five soils from Saskatchewan were altered through acidification with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and alkalization with calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). The phytotoxicity of sulfentrazone to sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. Beta 1385), determined using a shoot length bioassay, was reduced when soil pH was lowered and was greater when soil pH increased. Concentrations corresponding to 50% inhibition (I₅₀ values) obtained from the dose–response curves were correlated with soil pH, demonstrating the relationship between soil pH and sulfentrazone phytotoxicity. Dissipation of sulfentrazone was examined in soils incubated at 25 °C and moisture content of 85% field capacity. Sulfentrazone dissipation followed a two-compartment model, and sulfentrazone half-lives estimated from the dissipation curves ranged from 21 to 111 days. Half-lives were correlated with soil pH (R = –0.857, p = 0.014) and soil organic carbon content (R = 0.790, p = 0.034) but not with clay content (R = 0.287, p = 0.533). Soil characteristics, particularly soil pH and organic carbon content, affect the bioactivity of sulfentrazone and influence both sulfentrazone efficacy in weed control and its potential for carry-over injury to subsequent crops.     

Interaction Between Plant Roots and Soil Water Flow in Response to Preferential Flow Paths in Northern China

Preferential flow is expected to provide preferential channels for plant root growth and variations in soil water flow, but few studies were conducted to imply the impacts of these changes, particularly for preferential flow in stony soils. This study aimed to characterize soil water flow and plant root distribution in response to preferential flow paths and quantitatively describe the relation between plant root distribution and soil water flow. Field dye‐tracing experiments centered on experimental plants were conducted to determine the root length density and soil water flow process. Laboratory analyses were performed to characterize changes in the relative concentration of the accumulated effluent and the degree of interaction between plant roots and soil water flow. The amount of fine plant roots with preferential flow paths decreased with increasing soil depth for all experimental plots. The largest plant roots were recorded in the upper soil layers to a depth of 20 cm. The relative concentration of the accumulated effluent increased with time and decreased with soil depth under saturated soil conditions, whereas a distinct early turning point for the relative concentration of the accumulated effluent was observed in the 0–20‐cm soil columns, and the relative concentration of the accumulated effluent initially decreased and then increased with time under unsaturated soil conditions. This study provides quantitative information with which to characterize the interaction between plant roots and soil water flow in response to preferential flow paths in soil–plant–water systems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Growth,Water Status,and Nutrient Accumulation of Seedlings of Tamarindus indica Linn. in Response to Soil Salinity

Greenhouse experiments in a completely randomized block design were conducted to assess the effect of soil salinity on emergence, growth, water status, proline content, and mineral accumulation of seedlings of Tamarindus indica Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae). Sodium chloride (NaCl) was added to the soil, and the salinity was maintained at 0.2, 3.9, 6.2, 8.1, 10.0, 11.9, and 13.9 dS m^?1. Salinity lowered water content and water potential of tissues, which resulted in an internal water deficit to plants. Consequently, seedling growth significantly decreased and proline content in tissues increased as salinity increased. There were no effective mechanisms to control net uptake of sodium (Na⁺) and its transport to shoot. Potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) contents in tissues significantly decreased, while nitrogen (N) content significantly increased as salinity increased. Changes in tissues and whole-plant accumulation patterns of other nutrients, as well as possible mechanisms for avoidance of Na⁺ toxicity in this species in response to salinity, are discussed.     

Response of Soil Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activity to Soil Fertilization in an Eroded Farmland of Chinese Mollisols

The aims of this study were to examine interrelationships between microbial biomass and enzyme activities of soil quality and to determine their suitability for differentiating areas. The study included five simulated erosion soil depths (0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 cm), which had received contrasting fertilizer treatments over a 5-year period in an eroded black soil of northeastern China. Our results indicated that soil microbial carbon, nitrogen, urease, phosphatase, and invertase activities declined as the erosion depth increased. On the five erosion depths, soil microbial carbon, phosphatase, and invertase variation ranged as follows: 35.4–53.3, 39.8–45.2, and 55.9–67.1%, respectively. In the fertilizer + manure treatment, soil microbial carbon, nitrogen, urease, phosphatase, and invertase activities were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than those of fertilizer treatment in all five different erosion depths. Overall, this study may be considered as the foundation for soil quality evaluation and fertility restoration in northeastern China and similar regions.     

Genotypic Differences Among Plant Species in Response to Aluminum Stress

Abstract

Genotypic differences in aluminum (Al) resistance in rye (Secale cereale L.), triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and buckwheat (Fygopyrum esculentum Moench) were examined using a compartmental hydroponic system. Four-day-old seedlings were grown for 24 h in 0.5 mM CaCl₂ (pH 4.5) containing 0 or 50 μM Al. Relative root elongation (RRE) at 50 μM Al. (as a percentage of that at 0 Al) was used as the index of Al resistance. On average, rye exhibited the highest Al resistance, followed by buckwheat, triticale, and wheat. However, triticale displayed the greatest genotypic differences. Al content in the root tips of triticale breeding lines negatively correlated with RRE (r = 0.5, P < 0.01), implying that the Al exclusion mechanism contributed to Al resistance. Furthermore, high Al resistance in buckwheat correlated well with the growth habitats of buckwheat, indicating that adaptation mechanisms giving good Al resistance have evolved in buckwheat. All of these results suggested that it is possible to obtain greater Al resistance in plants by screening current existing cultivars. The selection of new cultivars with increased Al resistance and sensitivity will provide important material for further studies exploring Al phytotoxic and resistant mechanisms.     

Turfgrass Root Response to Subsurface Soil Compaction

Soil compaction prevents turfgrass roots from growing deep into the soil and may limit access to water and nutrients. The objective of this study was to characterize the ability of turfgrass roots to penetrate a compacted subsurface layer. Seven turfgrasses were grown in soil columns. Each column was divided into three sections with the top and bottom packed to a bulk density of 1.6 g cm^?3, and the middle (treatment) layer packed to 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, or 2.0 g cm^?3. Subsurface compaction reduced root mass for two of the species, and inhibited deep root growth in all seven species, with the greatest reduction occurring between 1.7 and 1.8 g cm^?3. There appears to be little difference between species in ability to penetrate compacted soils, suggesting that soil preparation and routine management practices, rather than grass selection, is the more viable way to handle soil compaction problems in turf.     

铝对植物的毒害和植物抗铝毒机理及其影响因素

本文综述了土壤中铝的存在形式、铝对植物产生的毒害、植物抗铝毒的内、外部机理以及铝毒效应的影响因子 .从植物抗铝毒遗传特性的差异出发 ,探讨利用抗铝毒作物基因型 ,提高酸性土壤上的作物生产力 .最后就植物抗铝毒研究提出一些看法     

棕壤和褐土的酸淋溶特征

用室内模拟淋洗土柱的方法 ,对棕壤和褐土的酸淋容特征进行了研究。结果表明 ,p H低的酸雨使棕壤严重酸化且有活性铝测出 ,但对褐土的影响相对较轻。 4种盐基离子淋失总量与酸雨的氢离子浓度呈极显著的正相关关系 ,淋失量 Ca2 >Mg2 >Na >K ,其中 Na 对酸雨的酸度最不敏感。电导率的变化与盐基淋失量的变化有相同趋势 ,但不同处理之间的差别倍数大于盐基淋失差别的倍数 ,4种酸雨对土壤的危害程度为 p H2 >p H3>p H4、p H5 ,其中危害棕壤的程度高于褐土。     

硅、钙对水土保持植物荞麦铝毒的缓解效应

采取水培法,研究了铝胁迫下不同水平的钙或硅对荞麦真叶期和初花期铝毒害的缓解效应。结果显示:在Al3 胁迫下,增加钙或硅的供应可减轻Al3 对植物的毒害,显著削弱因Al3 处理导致的根系活力、可溶性蛋白质含量和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的下降以及丙二醛含量的上升,在初花期能完全消除Al3 对可溶性蛋白质形成的抑制效应并促进其形成,有效提高植株抗逆性。但随着Al3 浓度的提高,Ca2 和硅的缓解效应有限。Ca2 的缓解效果略强于硅。     

紫色土水分和壤中流对降雨强度的响应

为研究降雨强度对紫色土坡耕地不同深度土壤水分含量和壤中流的影响,初步揭示紫色土水分和壤中流之间的相互耦合关系,通过原位人工模拟降雨试验,在60,90,120 mm/h 3种降雨强度条件下,采用Minitrase TDR可埋式探头对紫色土坡耕地土壤剖面浅层(0—20cm)、中层(20—40cm)、深层(40—60cm)的土壤水分含量进行了实时连续测定,并在降雨过程中分层收集测量壤中流,开展了降雨—产流过程的观测试验。结果表明:(1)当雨强较小时,浅层土壤含水率变化曲线呈现上升期和稳定期,随着雨强和深度的增加则呈上升期、稳定期或始终处于稳定期;(2)随深度和降雨强度的增加,土壤含水率稳定时间增加,含水率变化越小,响应越不明显;(3)在不同降雨强度条件下,各土层均有壤中流产生,低雨强条件下壤中流都是单峰产流过程,中雨强和高雨强下为双峰产流过程;(4)壤中流产流时间随雨强增大而显著减小,随深度增加而显著增加;(5)降雨强度与土壤水分含量和壤中流参数三者间相互有显著相关性。     

The influence of acid soil factors on the growth of snapbeans in major appalachian soils

Abstract

Acid soil limitations to plant growth were assessed In 55 horizons of 14 major Appalachian hill land soils. Aluminum sensitive “Romano” and Al‐tolerant “Dade” snapbeans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were grown for 5 weeks in limed and unlimed treatments of the 55 horizons. Shoot and root growth was depressed >20% in unlimed relative to limed treatments in approximately 2/3 of the horizons. Dade snapbeans were generally more tolerant of the acid soil conditions and had higher Ca concentrations in the shoots than Romano snapbeans. However, the sensitive‐tolerant snapbean pair could not consistently be used to identify horizons with soil Al problems. Growth of both snapbeans was generally best in A horizons and worst in E horizons. The E horizons in this study were characterized by low Ca saturation (exchangeable Ca x 100/cation exchange capacity) and high Al saturation (exchangeable Al x 100/cation exchange capacity). Exchangeable Ca, soil Ca saturation and total soil solution Ca were positively correlated (p<0.01) with snapbean root and shoot growth. Soil Al saturation, total soil solution Al and soil solution Al reacting in 15 seconds with 8‐hydroxyquinoline were negatively correlated (p<0.01) with growth. The ratio of Ca/Al in soil solution was more closely related to snapbean growth than the soil solution concentration of any individual element. Soil and soil solution Mn were, in general, not significantly correlated with snapbean growth. Many of the horizons in this study had both Al toxicity and Ca deficiency problems and interaction between Ca and Al affected both snapbean growth and Ca uptake. These findings confirm the importance of considering Ca as well as Al when investigating Al phytotoxicity.