缓释尿素对两种土壤小麦氮素运转、产量和土壤无机氮的影响

为探明缓释尿素与普通尿素掺混比例对安徽小麦花后氮素运转特征和土壤氮素盈余的影响,分别选择安徽省北方小麦产区小麦—玉米轮作和南方小麦产区小麦—水稻轮作方式,土壤类型分别为两合土和黄棕壤,设置不施氮肥处理(CK)、农民习惯处理(Ncon)、减少普通尿素用量的优化氮素处理(Nopt)、缓释尿素及其掺混普通尿素处理(SRU1、SRU2、SRU3)和普通尿素全部基施处理(SRU4),分析了不同施肥处理在两种土壤上小麦花后氮素转运、产量、氮肥利用率和土壤无机氮积累量。结果表明:与黄棕壤比较,相同施肥处理两合土上小麦产量、花后氮素积累量和氮素运转量显著增加,平均分别增加了71.8%,199.1%和25.8%,而氮素转移率和土壤氮素表观盈余量平均分别降低16.1%和49.7%。在两种土壤上,与Ncon比较,缓释尿素及其掺混普通尿素处理小麦产量差异不大,显著提高了氮肥利用率,黄棕壤和两合土上增幅分别达43.7%~91.9%和6.6%~26.9%,以缓释尿素掺混普通尿素比例2∶1处理(SRU2)最高;与Nopt相比,仅两合土上SRU2氮肥利用率显著提高。在小麦生育后期,农民习惯施肥处理0—30cm土壤NO_3~-—N和NH_4~+—N积累量明显高于缓释尿素处理,且土壤氮素盈余量高于其他处理。缓释尿素与尿素掺混实现了一次性简化施肥,可保障小麦产量、提高氮肥利用率、减少土壤氮素盈余量及降低环境污染风险。     

Re-Evaluation of Soil Nitrogen Sampling Strategy Effects on Statistical Power

Soil sampling may be used as a decision-making tool for late-vegetative stage nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications in corn (Zea mays L.). Recommended sampling strategies following banded fertilizer applications commonly suggest taking cores from both on the fertilizer band (B) and off the band (O-B), however we hypothesized that soil nitrate concentrations (NO₃^?ppm) in the O-B were not influenced by N application rate. Analyzing samples from six experiments, we found there was a strong relationship between NO₃^?ppm and applied N rate in the B, but not the O-B position. Power analysis revealed that finding significant differences in applied N rates was only likely when sampling on the B and the difference in N rate was greater than 110 kg N ha^?1. This demonstrates that soil N sampling is not sensitive to small differences in applied N, and that O-B soil cores may only dilute the ability to detect these differences.

Abbreviations: B, on N fertilizer band; O-B, halfway between the corn row and the N fertilizer band; NO₃^?ppm, log-transformed nitrate-N concentration (ppm); NH₄⁺ppm; ammonium-N concentration (ppm); D1, 0–30 cm depth; D2, 30–60 cm depth; C-220, contrast of N rates differing by 220 kg N ha^?1; C-110, contrast of N rates differing by 110 kg N ha^?1; C-55H, contrast of N rates differing by 55 kg N ha^?1 at high N rates; C-55L, contrast of N rates differing by 55 kg N ha^?1 at low N rates; A:N, ratio of non-transformed ammonium-N to nitrate-N concentrations; 0N, unfertilized treatment; CV, coefficient of variation; SE, standard error.     

Soil Properties Influence Distribution of Extractable Boron in Soil Profile

Depth distribution of boron (B) extractable by hot calcium chloride (HCC), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (PDP), and tartaric acid (TA) in some typical B‐deficient Inceptisols, Entisols, and Alfisols in relation to soil properties was studied. The magnitude of B extraction followed the order HCC > PDP > TA for Inceptisols, TA > HCC > PDP for Entisols, and PDP > HCC > TA for Alfisols and showed a decrease along soil depth. The low pH of TA and effective desorption of B by phosphate of PDP are attributed to their higher efficiency in extracting B in Entisols and Alfisols, respectively. A decrease in organic carbon (C), clay, and amorphous iron oxide content was responsible for the observed decrease in extractable B along depth of soil profile. The HCC showed more efficiency than PDP and TA for extracting B in soils high in organic C. Multiple regression equations explained only 21, 57, and 59% of the variability in PDP‐, HCC‐, and TA‐extractable B content in soils by the soil properties analyzed, of which organic C and clay were the most important. There were dynamic equilibria among the amount of B extracted by the extractants, indicating B extraction by them from more or less similar pools in the soils.     

水蚀条件下硝酸铵施用对黄绵土氮素流失的影响

研究结果表明不同坡度谷子地,高N处理小区径流中铵态氮、硝态氮和有效氮浓度平均为1.06、0.76和1.82mg/kg,低N分别为0.64、1.29和1.93mg/kg;高氮处理土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和有效氮平均流失量分别达到17.90、12.93和30.84kg/(km²·a),低N流失量为11.90、23.86和35.77kg/(km²·a)。高氮处理小区泥沙中有机质和全氮浓度平均为5.21和0.536g/kg,而低氮处理分别为4.94和0.481g/kg;高氮和低氮处理土壤有机质流失量分别为5702和5743kg/(km²·a),土壤全氮流失量为498和559kg/(km²·a)     

Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) Yields,Soil Nitrous Oxide Emission,and Soil Nitrogen Transformation Affected by Nitrification Inhibitors in Loamy Sand Soil in Thailand

The effects of nitrification inhibitors (NIs) on soil nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission, soil ammonium (NH₄⁺) and nitrate (NO₃^?), and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) yields were investigated in a loamy sand soil in eastern Thailand. Treatments were chemical fertilizer (CF) and CF plus dicyandiamide (DCD) or neem (Azadirachta indica) oil at two rates of 5% and 10%. DCD had a greater reduction of soil N₂O flux than the neem oil (P<0.10). DCD and neem oil retained NH₄⁺-N in the soil by 79% and 63% (P ≤ 0.10), respectively. The NI effect on soil NO₃^?-N was small due to a low N fertilizer rate. The cassava root yield and N uptake were increased 4–11% and 2–18%, respectively, by use of NIs, but they were only significant for DCD (P ≤ 0.10). These findings suggest that NIs application may be a promising method for minimizing nitrogen loss and enhancing crop yields in a tropical cassava field.     

减氮配施有机物质对土壤氮素淋失的调控作用

采用室内土柱模拟试验方法,研究不同氮肥施用下1m土体中氮素的分布和移动特征,揭示土壤氮素动态变化规律。结果表明:FN(农民习惯施无机氮用量)、RN(根据土壤养分供应和作物需求确定的推荐无机氮用量)显著增加了土壤上层NH_4^+-N和NO_3^--N向下层淋失。RN+HA(与推荐无机氮纯养分相等的锌腐酸尿素)和RN40%+OMB(推荐无机氮肥减60%基础上配施自制有机调理物质)可延长上层土壤NH_4^+-N峰值出现时间,降低下层NH_4^+-N。淋溶结束后,等氮量下增施HA较RN降低60cm以下NH_4^+-N残留29.7%～54.2%;降低60—80cm NO_3^--N累积17.4%。RN40%+OMB处理无机氮肥用量最小,0—20cm的NH_4^+-N最高,40—100cm稳定在2.0mg/kg左右;0—20,20—40cm土层NO_3^--N较RN+HA增加12.3%和2.0%,显著降低40cm以下NO_3^--N残留。RN+HA和RN40%+OMB较RN的土壤总无机氮残留分别减少7.4%和20.2%,降低表观淋失率。因此,RN40%+OMB可较好地抑制氮素下移,降低氮素淋失风险,为减少氮素淋失、明确合理氮肥施用方式提供科学依据。     

旱地土壤中残留肥料氮的动向及作物有效性

氮素是作物生长最重要的必需元素之一。合理施用氮肥能促进作物生长并提高产量,但是,过多施用氮肥则抑制作物生长并导致大量的肥料氮残留在土壤中,这部分氮素不但会引起土壤养分不平衡,而且为生态环境带来潜在威胁,因此,研究残留氮的动向及作物有效性可为合理施用化肥氮、高效利用土壤残留氮素和减少残留氮素的损失提供依据。应用~(15)N示踪技术,通过4年定位试验,研究了黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦/夏玉米轮作过程中土壤残留肥料氮的变化及作物吸收利用。在冬小麦和夏玉米轮作的第一个周期,为了制造高肥料氮残留背景,于冬小麦播种前向微区施入240 kg hm~(-2)的~(15)N标记氮素;在夏玉米拔节期,为了研究氮肥施入对残留肥料氮的影响,设置0和120 kg hm~(-2)两个氮水平,以普通尿素施入微区。在第2至第4个轮作周期内,为了分析残留肥料氮的动向及其对作物的有效性,微区内不施任何肥料。结果发现,冬小麦播种前施用的~(15)N标记氮肥于收获期在0~200 cm土壤剖面中均有残留,但大部分累积在0~40 cm土层中,累积总量达到200.9 kg hm~(-2),占当季施入量的83.7%。在随后的夏玉米生长季残留的肥料氮迅速减少,之后随生长季的后移缓慢减少,然后保持相对稳定。经过4年的冬小麦/夏玉米轮作,0~300 cm土壤剖面仍残留大量的~(15)N肥料,后季不追施氮肥和追施氮肥处理的残留量分别为47.1 kg hm~(-2)和54.0 kg hm~(-2)。可见,有一部分肥料氮被固定在土壤有机质中。作物对残留氮的回收量逐年减少,且因后季追施氮肥与否而异,4年中作物对肥料氮的总利用率不追施氮肥和追施氮肥处理的分别为46.9%和50.4%,其中在第1个轮作周期中,小麦和玉米的总利用率分别41.6%和42.0%,后3年利用率分别仅有5.3%和8.4%;4年中残留~(15)N的损失率分别达38.1%和29.7%,其损失主要发生在第1个轮作周期的夏玉米生长季节。说明,在旱地土壤上,氮肥的残留是不可避免的,残留肥料氮的有效性较低,只有少量被作物逐年吸收,一部分以有机形态残留在土壤剖面中,另一部分发生了无效损失。后季追施氮肥可促进作物对土壤残留肥料氮的吸收且增加肥料氮在土壤中的保留,减少残留肥料氮的无效损失,但是以自身的大量损失为代价的。     

基于不同林分类型下土壤碳氮储量垂直分布

以辽东大伙房水库周边防护林典型林分针阔混交林(落叶松-油松-刺槐混交林)、油松林、落叶松林、刺槐林为研究对象,对其土壤养分含量进行测定,研究了不同林分土壤剖面上有机碳、全氮、有机碳储量的分布规律。结果表明:随着土层深度的增大,4种林分的土壤有机碳、全氮含量均逐渐降低;4种林分土壤剖面有机碳含量大小顺序为落叶松林(24.16g/kg)刺槐林(23.07g/kg)针阔混交林(16.06g/kg)油松林(15.76g/kg);全氮含量大小顺序为刺槐林(5.23g/kg)落叶松林(4.57g/kg)油松林(3.45g/kg)针阔混交林(2.42g/kg);C/N平均值大小顺序为落叶松林(7.36)针阔混交林(6.51)油松林(4.67)刺槐林(4.57);4个林分0-40cm土层的有机碳储量大小为落叶松林(112.94t/hm~2)刺槐林(107.40t/hm~2)针阔混交林(105.42t/hm~2)油松林(89.89t/hm~2);4种林分土壤pH无明显差别,各土层土壤pH随土层深度增加而增大;4种林分土壤容重由高到低顺序依次为针阔混交林(1.73g/cm~3)油松(1.65g/cm~3)落叶松(1.64g/cm~3)刺槐(1.56g/cm~3)。4个林分土壤有机碳含量与土壤全氮含量互相间均存在极显著正相关关系,土壤有机碳、全氮含量与C/N之间则没有明显相关关系;在针阔混交林中,土壤容重、土壤全氮含量和土壤pH与土壤有机碳之间存在线性数量关系,而其他纯林则没有这种关系。     

Nitrogen Transformation as Influenced by Soil Microbial Nitrogen under Carbon Dioxide Enrichment Induced in Created Riparian Wetlands

Limited research has been conducted on how atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) affects water and soil nitrogen (N) transformation in wetland ecosystems. A stable isotope technique is suitable for conducting a detailed investigation of mechanistic nutrient transformations. Nutrient ammonium sulfate (NH₄)₂SO₄ input in culture water under elevated CO₂ (700 μL L^?1) and ambient CO₂ (380 μL L^?1) was studied to analyze N transformations with N blanks for both water and soil. It was measured by ¹⁵N pool dilution using analytical equations in a riparian wetland during a 3-month period. Soil gross ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) mineralization and consumption rates increased significantly by 22% and 404%, Whereas those of water decreased greatly by??57% and??57% respectively in enriched CO₂. In contrast, gross nitrate (NO₃ ^?) consumption and nitrification rates of soil decreased by??11% and??14% and those of water increased by 29% and 27% respectively in enrichment CO₂. These may be due to the extremely high soil microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), which increased by 94% in elevated soil. The results can show when CO₂ concentrations are going to rise in the future. Consequently soil microbial activity initiates the decreased N concentration in sediment and increased N concentration in overlying water in riparian wetland ecosystems.     

地上和地下植食者互作对水稻氮分配及土壤活性氮的影响

植物茎叶和根系植食者虽然在空间上隔离,但二者的相互作用被认为是联系地上和地下部生态系统的基础。土壤氮素有效性通过植物影响植食者已得到大量研究的证实,但有关地上和地下部植食者互作对土壤氮素影响的研究却鲜有报道。以水稻褐飞虱和潜根线虫分别作为地上和地下的植食者,采用两因素交互试验设计,两个褐飞虱水平(未接种褐飞虱、接种褐飞虱),两个潜根线虫水平(未接种潜根线虫、接种潜根线虫),探讨二者的交互作用对水稻氮吸收和土壤活性氮(微生物生物量氮、可溶性有机氮以及铵态氮和硝态氮)的影响。结果表明,褐飞虱和潜根线虫相互抑制,二者的共存加剧了对水稻茎叶和根系生长的危害。褐飞虱未影响水稻茎叶和根系含氮量,而潜根线虫显著降低了水稻根系含氮量(p0.05)。褐飞虱和潜根线虫对土壤活性氮的影响表现出强烈的交互作用,在未接潜根线虫的处理中,褐飞虱显著提高了微生物生物量氮含量(p0.05),显著降低了硝态氮含量(p0.05);潜根线虫显著影响了微生物生物量氮含量和土壤活性氮总量。总之,褐飞虱和潜根线虫的相互抑制关系对土壤活性氮的影响格局较为复杂,相比褐飞虱,潜根线虫趋向于提高土壤活性氮水平,这可能影响与氮转化有关的土壤生态功能。     

Rapid and Inexpensive Steam Distillation Method for Routine Analysis of Inorganic Nitrogen in Alkaline Calcareous Soils

Determination of inorganic nitrogen (N) in soil is important in making N fertilizer recommendations for crops. To find a rapid, reliable, and economical method for the estimation of inorganic N in alkaline calcareous soils of Pakistan, three steam distillation methods were compared using soils varying in ammonium (NH₄) and nitrate (NO₃) N contents and other physicochemical properties. In the standard method, the soil sample is shaken with 2 N potassium chloride (KCl) for 1 h, and the extract is then analyzed by steam distillation. In the other two methods, the soil sample is distilled directly with either 2 N KCl or distilled/deionized water. Based on the results of the present work, a method that involves steam distillation with only distilled/deionized water and that requires half the quantity of magnesium oxide (MgO) of the standard method has been proposed, as all the three methods yielded identical results for NH₄- and NO₃-N contents. Being economical, the proposed method for inorganic N estimation by direct distillation of soil with distilled/deionized water deserves consideration for adoption by soil-testing laboratories.     

Nitrification Inhibitor Effects on Nitrous Oxide Emission,Nitrogen Transformation,and Maize (Zea mays L.) Yield in Loamy Sand Soil in Thailand

The nitrification inhibitors (NIs) effects on soil nitrogen (N) fates and maize yields were investigated in a loamy-sand soil in Thailand. The treatments were chemical fertilizer (CF) and CF with dicyandiamide (DCD) or neem oil at two rates of 5% and 10%. Compared to the CF plot, DCD and neem oil reduced the cumulative nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission by the equivalent of 26% and 10%, respectively (P < 0.05). DCD and neem oil had a positive effect in slowing ammonium (NH₄⁺)-conversion and prolonging NH₄⁺-N in the soil with a maximum efficiency of 45% and 30%, respectively. NO₃^–N was higher in the NI plots (P < 0.05), but the effect was less pronounced later in the growing season. Adding the NIs increased maize yields and N uptake, but was only significant (P < 0.10) for neem oil. Results indicate that applying NIs is an effective method to mitigate soil N losses and enhancing N use efficiency in a tropical, agricultural field.     

Nitrification Inhibitor,Fertilizer Rate,and Temperature Effects on Nitrous Oxide Emission and Nitrogen Transformation in Loamy Sand Soil

An incubation study investigated the effects of nitrification inhibitors (NIs), dicyandiamide (DCD), and neem oil on the nitrification process in loamy sand soil under different temperatures and fertilizer rates. Results showed that NIs decreased soil nitrification by slowing the conversion of soil ammonium (NH₄⁺)-nitrogen (N) and maintaining soil NH₄⁺-N and nitrate (NO₃^?)-N throughout the incubation time. DCD and neem oil decreased soil nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission by up to 30.9 and 18.8%, respectively. The effectiveness of DCD on reducing cumulative soil N₂O emission and retaining soil NH₄⁺-N was inconsistently greater than that of neem oil, but the NI rate was less obvious than temperature. Fertilizer rate had a stronger positive effect on soil nitrification than temperature, indicating that adding N into low-fertility soil had a greater influence on soil nitrification. DCD and neem oil would be a potential tool for slowing N fertilizer loss in a low-fertility soil under warm to hot climatic conditions.     

土壤中可溶性氮和pH对有机肥和化肥的短期响应

通过温室盆栽试验,施用猪粪堆肥(PC)、污泥堆肥(SC)、菜籽饼肥(CM)和无机化肥(IF)后,对土壤pH值和不同形态氮素的短期响应进行研究,探讨土壤可溶性无机氮、有机氮及土壤pH值之间的相互关系。结果表明,CM,PC和IF处理的pH值都呈现先快速下降后缓慢回升的趋势,但PC处理下降幅度较小;而SC处理和不施肥对照(CK)处理的pH值基本不变;不同施肥处理均提高了土壤中氮素水平,3种有机肥中以CM处理最显著地提高了土壤中总可溶性氮(TDN)、NH4+-N、NO3--N和可溶性有机氮(DON)浓度,PC处理的次之,SC处理的最弱,而IF处理与CM处理提高幅度相似。不同施肥处理中土壤可溶性氮表现出不同的短期响应,IF处理和CM处理的TDN分别经过11,13d的稳定期后迅速上升到一个较高的水平,至31d开始下降;PC处理和SC处理未出现突然升高的现象,而是前20d较稳定在一定的范围内波动,之后缓慢下降,总体与对照趋势一致。不同处理土壤中NH4+-N均呈下降趋势;IF处理、CM处理的NO3--N呈增加趋势,PC处理的呈先增加后降低趋势,而SC处理的呈缓慢下降趋势,结果说明不同有机肥在土壤中的转化存在明显的差异。相关性分析显示,CM处理、IF处理的土壤pH值与NH4+-N呈极显著正相关,而与NO3--N呈极显著负相关;除PC处理外,其他处理的DON含量与TDN具有显著正相关性,而PC处理的DON同时与NH4+-N、NO3--N呈显著负相关。     

祁连山东段青海云杉林土壤有效氮研究

通过野外取样和实验室分析,对祁连山东段青海云杉林的土壤有效氮状况进行了研究。结果表明:(1)青海云杉林0—40 cm土层土壤总有效氮(铵态氮+硝态氮)的变化范围为17.26~20.76 mg/kg,铵态氮是土壤有效氮的主要存在形态,其含量占到总有效氮的66.72%以上;(2)土壤铵态氮含量随土层深度的增加而较少,硝态氮则无明显的变化规律,而且土壤硝态氮较土壤铵态氮对土壤微环境敏感;(3)土壤铵态氮与有机质相关关系显著(p<0.05),土壤硝态氮与有机质无显著相关性。研究区铵态氮为土壤有效氮的主要赋存形式,它在很大程度上取决于该区土壤pH中性值,较低温度和较高的水分含量。     

垦殖对黄河三角洲盐渍土碳氮分布特征的影响

以黄河三角洲新生盐碱地为例,采用空间替代时间的方法,选取未利用的盐碱地对照(CK)和平均开垦年限分别为小于5 a、10~15 a、20~25 a、30~35 a、50~60 a的小麦/玉米连作土地类型为研究对象,对1 m深土壤碳(有机碳、无机碳、全碳)、氮(全氮、碱解氮)含量进行了分析,研究不同垦殖年限下土壤碳氮水平和垂直分布特征。结果表明:垦殖后,土壤有机碳含量较未垦殖盐碱地均表现为显著提高(p0.05);盐碱地垦殖显著增加了0~40 cm土壤的碳储量,且随垦殖年限增加而增加;40~100 cm土层的有机碳含量无趋势性变化规律;土壤全氮、全碳、无机碳变化与有机碳变化表现出相似规律;垦殖30 a后土壤碳氮养分基本稳定,表层(0~40 cm)含量高于底层(40~100 cm)含量;垦殖年限主要影响0~30 cm土壤碱解氮含量;无机碳作为组成全碳的主要成分,极易受灌溉和地下水的影响。垦殖虽然显著增加土壤有机碳、全氮含量,但垦殖后碳氮比(C/N)呈降低趋势,约30 a后基本稳定,不同垦殖年限C/N平均为9.35,低于全国平均水平,反映出研究区土壤碳氮养分不均衡问题。     

Availability and extractability of soil manganese in a liming experiment

Abstract

The availability of soil Mn to corn in relation to extractability of soil Mn by EDTA, Mg(NO₃)₂, CH₃COONH₄, hydroquinone, H₃PO₄, and NH₄H₂PO₄ as affected by liming was evaluated under field conditions on a single soil type. EDTA, Mg(NO₃)₂ and CH₃COONH₄‐extractable Mn were related inversely to available Mn. No useful relationships were found between hydroquinone, H₃PO₄, and NH₄H₂PO₄‐extractable soil Mn and Mn uptake by sweet corn.     

Switchgrass Influences on Soil Biogeochemical Processes in the Dryland Region of the Pacific Northwest

Switchgrass and other perennial grasses have been promoted as biomass crops for production of renewable fuels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of biomass removal on soil biogeochemical processes. A 3-year field study consisting of three levels of net primary productivity (NPP; low, medium, and high growing season precipitation) and two biomass crops (winter wheat and switchgrass) was conducted near Pendleton, Oregon. Switchgrass increased soil carbon (C)–nitrogen (N) ratio, but the effect varied with net primary productivity (NPP) and soil depth. In situ soil respiration (carbon dioxide; CO₂) rate from switchgrass increased with NPP level but switchgrass had greater cumulative flux than wheat in medium and low NPP. Nitrogen mineralization and microbial biomass carbon were significantly greater under switchgrass than under wheat at high and medium NPP. Introduction of switchgrass initiates major changes in soil nutrient dynamics through organic-matter input.     

大气CO2浓度升高对旱作玉米不同生育期土壤碳氮及组分的影响

为探明大气CO_2浓度升高对旱作玉米不同生育期土壤碳氮及其组分的影响,以旱作春玉米为研究对象,基于田间定位试验,利用改进的开顶式气室(OTC)模拟大气CO_2浓度升高的环境,设置当前自然大气CO_2浓度(CK)、CO_2浓度升高(700μmol/mol,OTC+CO_2)与OTC气室对照(OTC)3种处理,研究大气CO_2浓度升高对玉米各生育期土壤有机碳、全氮、水溶性有机碳、水溶性氮、易氧化有机碳的影响。结果表明:与OTC相比,大气CO_2浓度升高(OTC+CO_2)对土壤有机碳及组分、土壤全氮均无显著影响,使水溶性氮在12叶期(V12)降低18.17%,灌浆期(R3)升高108.56%(P0.05)。与CK相比,OTC+CO_2处理显著降低了各生育期土壤有机碳(收获期R6除外)和全氮(V12除外)含量,降幅分别为4.47%～14.42%和6.78%～12.48%(P0.05),降低了苗期(V6)水溶性有机碳、V12期水溶性氮、抽雄吐丝期(R1)与R6期易氧化有机碳含量,升高了R3期水溶性有机碳含量(P0.05)。因此,试验设置条件下,大气CO_2浓度升高对土壤有机碳及组分、土壤全氮均无显著影响,对水溶性氮的影响因生育期而异。在利用OTC系统模拟大气CO_2浓度升高进行相关研究时,OTC对试验结果的影响不可忽视。     

黄土高原2种典型灌木地土壤水分有效性及其影响因素

为确定土壤质地对旱生植物长柄扁桃(Amygdalus pedunculata Pall)和沙柳(Salix psammophila)幼苗不同生理指标水分有效性的影响,采用盆栽控水试验,研究了黄土高原2种典型质地土壤(砂土和壤土)下长柄扁桃和沙柳幼苗不同生理指标随相对土壤含水率(土壤含水率占田间持水率的比值)的动态变化。结果表明:2种质地土壤下长柄扁桃和沙柳幼苗各生理指标相对值在相对含水率降低至土壤水分阈值之前保持相对稳定,低于此阈值时随相对含水率的降低而迅速下降,且均可用非线性连续函数来拟合(R~2=0.8905～0.9864)。2种植物土壤水分有效性因选取指标的不同而略有差异,当以瞬时气体交换指标(相对净光合速率R_(Pn)和相对气孔导度R_(Gs))为评价指标时,砂土水分有效性高于壤土;当以相对水分利用效率R_(WUE)为评价指标时,壤土水分有效性高于砂土。瞬时气体交换指标(R_(Pn)和R_(Gs))的水分阈值高于日变化指标(相对日蒸腾速率R_(Td)),表明土壤质地和时间尺度均会影响植物生理指标对土壤水分有效性的响应。因此,在黄土高原进行植被恢复与生态建设时应考虑土壤质地对植物水分有效性的影响。