Substitution Effect of Pig Manure for Nitrogen Fertilizer on Nitrogen-Use Efficiency

Pot experiments using a ¹⁵N isotope technique were conducted to quantify the substitution effect of pig manure (PM) for chemical fertilizer (CF) nitrogen (N) on N-use efficiency. Treatments include a control, 100% CF N, 100% PM N, and portions of PM N (25?75%) substitution for CF N. With an increase portion of PM, N in wheat and maize plants derived from the CF (%Ndff) significantly (P < 0.05) decreased from 76.6 to 35.1% and 79.8 to 40.9%, whereas N derived from PM (%Ndfm) increased from 13.1 to 57.0% and 5.4 to 47.1%. Plant availability of PM N was equivalent to 33% and 28% of CF N for wheat and maize, and 10?17% and 12?20% of PM N were recovered by wheat and maize plants, respectively. The PM N could substitute for 33% CF N. Combinations of PM with CF did not improve N efficiency compared with equivalent rate of CF alone.     

不同耕作模式对东北风沙土区玉米产量及氮素利用率的影响

研究优化集成耕作模式对东北风沙土区玉米产量、肥料氮素利用率及去向的影响,探讨不同耕作模式下玉米产量及氮肥利用率之间的关系,为东北风沙土区玉米生产合理耕作模式的选择提供科学依据。在东北风沙土区传统耕作模式(CT)、优化集成耕作模式1(ITP1)和优化集成耕作模式2(ITP2)小区内设置~(15)N标记微区框栽,以CT处理为对照,研究ITP1和ITP2耕作模式下玉米产量、氮肥利用率及肥料氮去向。结果表明:2种优化耕作模式玉米籽粒产量显著高于传统耕作模式,分别增产30.10%和15.53%。3种耕作模式氮肥利用率介于27.10%～35.46%,ITP1处理和ITP2处理氮肥利用率分别为35.46%和31.40%,比CT处理分别提高了30.85%和15.87%。与CT处理相比,IPT1处理氮肥残留量增加18.67%,损失量降低45.65%;IPT2处理肥料氮残留量介于IPT1和CT处理之间,差异不显著,IPT2氮肥损失率比CT处理降低24.36%,比IPT1增加39.17%。2种优化集成耕作模式增加玉米产量,提高氮肥利用率,减少氮肥污染,IPT1和IPT2两种优化耕作模式适合东北风沙土地区玉米种植。     

Nitrogen Rate Influence on Pearl Millet Yield,Nitrogen Uptake,and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Nebraska

Abstract

Pearl millet is a potential dryland crop for Nebraska. Experiments were conducted in eastern Nebraska in 2000, 2001, and 2002, and in western Nebraska in 2000 and 2001. The objectives were to determine optimum nitrogen (N) rate, N uptake, and N use efficiency (NUE) for pearl millet. The hybrids “68×086R” and “293A×086R” and N rates of 0, 45, 90, and 135 kg N ha^?1 were used. Hybrids had similar yield, N uptake and NUE responses. In western Nebraska in 2000, pearl millet yield response to N rate was linear, but the yield increase was only 354 kg ha^?1 to application of 135 kg N ha^?1. In eastern Nebraska, pearl millet response to N rate was quadratic with maximum grain yields of 4040 in 2001 and 4890 kg ha^?1 in 2002 attained with 90 kg N ha^?1. The optimum N rate for pearl millet was 90 kg N ha^?1 for eastern Nebraska. For western Nebraska, drought may often limit pearl millet's response to N fertilizer.     

钾氮配施对生姜产量和养分吸收的影响研究

1999～2001年在安徽省生姜产区淮北平原砂姜黑土上,连续三年多点开展钾氮配施对生姜产量及养分吸收的影响研究。结果表明:钾氮配合施用可以大幅度提高生姜的产量,施钾增产14.9～58.5%,平均增产率为29.8%。增施氮肥的增产效率为负数,钾肥的增产效率在两种氮肥水平下都较高,高N条件下增加钾肥施用量可以极大地提高钾肥的增产效率。施用钾肥提高了生姜地上部茎叶含氮量及茎叶、姜块和全株P、K养分含量,对全株氮素含量影响不大。两种氮肥水平下,生姜地上部茎叶、块茎和全株的吸K、吸N、吸P量都是随着钾肥施用量的增加而提高。钾氮配施大幅度提高了土壤有效P、K含量,有利于保持和提高土壤肥力。     

钾高效基因型棉花的筛选及其生理机制的研究

通过营养液培养,设缺K和适K处理,进行棉花苗期培养,以苗期干物质的K效率系数(-K/ K)评价K效率差异,从86个不同系谱的棉花品种中分次逐步筛选,获得4个候选品种.对候选品种进行全生育期土培试验,设施K和不施K处理,获得皮棉产量,以皮棉产量的K效率系数(-K/ K)来反映品种间的K效率差异,确定103为K高效高潜力基因型,122为K低效低潜力基因型,163和165为K高效低潜力基因型.103具有较强的吸收土壤速效K、活化土壤缓效K的能力,并以较低的K含量往繁殖器官运输分配,建成较多的子棉和皮棉,这可能是其K高效的机制之一.     

控释钾肥对玉米产量、钾肥利用率和土壤速效钾的影响

通过玉米—小麦轮作条件下连续2年的大田定位试验,以钾空白(CK)、普通氯化钾常量(K1)、普通氯化钾高量(K2)为对照处理,研究通过控释氯化钾常量(CRK1)、控释氯化钾高量(CRK2)、氯化钾与控释氯化钾等比掺混常量(BBF1)、氯化钾与控释氯化钾等比掺混高量(BBF2)处理对玉米产量、钾肥利用率和土壤速效钾的影响。结果表明:(1)BBF2玉米-小麦季产量分别为11 697.8kg/hm2和11 921.1kg/hm2,增产和增收效果最好,较K1分别显著增产13.3%和15.7%,较K1分别显著增收16.6%和19.6%;(2)BBF2钾肥农学利用率较K1分别显著提高了49.0%和41.9%,生理利用率较K1分别显著提高了17.6%和34.8%;BBF1钾肥表观利用率最高,玉米—小麦分别为23.73%和35.22%;(3)施用钾肥显著提高了玉米的株高和茎粗;BBF2提高了玉米吐絮后期至成熟期的株高;CRK1、CRK2、BBF1、BBF2均提高了玉米吐絮后期叶片SPAD值。本试验条件下,控释氯化钾与普通氯化钾掺混施用可满足玉米整个生育期的钾素需求,提高玉米产量和钾肥利用率,BBF2处理为玉米最佳钾肥施用方案。     

不同氮肥施用对双季稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了不同氮肥处理对双季稻产量及氮肥利用率影响。结果表明:增施氮肥处理比不施氮肥处理双季稻的有效穗数、每穗粒数均显著提高,早稻产量增产77.0%~127.1%,晚稻增加62.9%~108.0%;早稻中等量控释氮肥处理较普通尿素处理水稻单位有效穗数、每穗粒数、农学利用率均增加,同时增产5.0%,氮肥利用率提高18.0个百分点;减量控释氮肥处理与普通尿素处理比有效穗数、每穗粒数、产量、氮肥农学利用率有所下降但氮肥利用率提高18.6~20.2个百分点,晚稻中各控释氮肥处理较普通尿素处理每穗粒数增加、产量增产,增产率为9.7%~27.7%,氮肥利用率提高28~31.1个百分点,且农学利用率显著提高;不同用量控释氮肥处理间早稻有效穗数、产量随氮肥用量增加而增加,晚稻中当施氮水平≤162 kg/hm2(按纯氮算)时,水稻单位有效穗、每穗粒数、结实率、产量随氮肥增加而增加;当施氮水平162 kg/hm2(按纯氮算)时,随施氮量增加而减少。     

Evaluation of the 15Nitrogen Isotope Dilution Technique for Estimating Crop Nitrogen Uptake from Organic Residues

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted to test the new approach for estimating crop nitrogen (N) uptake from organic inputs. The soil was prelabeled with ¹⁵N by applying ¹⁵N fertilizer to sunflower crop (Helianthus annuus L. var. Viki). The ¹⁴N plots, which received unlabelled fertilizer, were also set up. At harvest, ¹⁵N labeled residues were added to the unlabeled soils at a rate of 73 kg N ha^?1 (direct technique) and unlabeled residues were added to the ¹⁵N‐labeled soils at the same rate (indirect technique). Control plots without residues were also established. All plots were sown with the wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var merchouch)–fababean (Vicia faba L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var merchouch) cropping sequence.

In the cropping sequence, the first, second and third crop derived respectively 12.01, 2.4, and 1.93 kg N ha^?1 from crop residues estimated by the direct method and 14.77, 3.3, and 1.85 kg N ha^?1 estimated by the indirect method. The results showed no significant difference between the two techniques, which suggests that the new soil prelabeling technique compares well with the direct technique.     

氮肥用量对花生氮素吸收与分配的影响

为明确花生氮素吸收与分配规律,以花育25号为试验材料进行土柱栽培试验,采用¹⁵N 示踪法研究氮肥用量对花生不同器官氮素同化吸收与积累分配的影响。结果表明,当施氮量超过90 kg·hm^-2(N2)时,花生植株各器官干物质量及氮素积累量基本不再显著增加。籽仁干物重在3个施氮量(N1、N2、N3) 条件下分别较不施氮增加2.61%、5.32%和1.88%,且在施氮量90 kg·hm^-2(N2)时最高,为19.00 g/株。同一施氮量条件下,花生不同器官¹⁵N 积累量表现为籽仁> 叶> 茎>果壳>根;在不同施氮量条件下,¹⁵N 在花生各器官积累量随施氮量增加而增加。N2增加了¹⁵N 在籽仁中的分配比例,降低了茎和叶片中的分配比例,促进氮素由营养器官向生殖器官转运,提高了¹⁵N 在籽仁中的积累量,其氮肥利用率分别较N1、N3和N4提高22.77%、17.56%和28.13%。综上,本试验条件下施用90 kg·hm^-2氮素(N2)可提高花生籽仁干物重,增加氮素积累量和氮肥利用率。一元二次方程模拟结果表明,77.19 kg·hm^-2为花生产量最高的最适施氮量。本研究结果为花生氮肥利用率及氮肥的合理施用提供了理论依据。     

Potassium Substitution by Sodium in Root Medium Influencing Growth Behavior and Potassium Efficiency in Cotton Genotypes

ABSTRACT

Potassium (K) deficiency affects cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growth. Sodium (Na) can substitute K for some non-specific functions in plants. Four cotton genotypes were evaluated for their growth rates and K use efficiency grown at various K:Na. The cotton genotypes and treatments had significant (p < 0.01) effect on biomass production, growth rate related parameters, K use efficiency, and K: Na ratio. Maximum total dry matter (2.57 g plant^-1) was accumulated by ‘NIBGE-2’ and minimum (1.91 g plant^?1) was by ‘FH-1000’. Maximum K:Na ratio in shoot was obtained by ‘MNH-786’ and minimum was by ‘NIBGE-2’when 1/3rd K was replaced with Na. Genotypes and various treatments significantly (p < 0.05) influenced specific utilization rate (SUR) and K transport rate (KTR). There was a significant relationship (R² = 0.84, n = 60) between shoot dry matter and K: Na ratio in shoot. Overall, the growth was better when K and Na were added in ratio of 3:1.     

Comparative Effect of Nitrogen Forms on Nitrogen Uptake and Cotton Growth Under Salinity Stress

The effects of nitrogen (N) forms (ammonium- or nitrate-N) on plant growth under salinity stress [150 mmol sodium chloride (NaCl)] were studied in hydroponically cultured cotton. Net fluxes of sodium (Na⁺), ammonium (NH₄⁺), and nitrate (NO₃^?) were also determined using the Non-Invasive Micro-Test Technology. Plant growth was impaired under salinity stress, but nitrate-fed plants were less sensitive to salinity than ammonium-fed plants due mainly to superior root growth by the nitrate-fed plants. The root length, root surface area, root volume, and root viability of seedlings treated with NO₃-N were greater than those treated with NH₄-N with or without salinity stress. Under salinity stress, the Na⁺ content of seedlings treated with NO₃-N was lower than that in seedlings treated with NH₄-N owing to higher root Na⁺ efflux. A lower net NO₃^? efflux was observed in roots of nitrate-fed plants relative to the net NH₄⁺ efflux from roots of ammonium-fed plants. This resulted in much more nitrogen accumulation in different tissues, especially in leaves, thereby enhancing photosynthesis in nitrate-fed plants under salinity stress. Nitrate-N is superior to ammonium-N based on nitrogen uptake and cotton growth under salinity stress.     

有机肥等氮替代化肥对玉米产量和氮素吸收利用效率的影响

有机肥替施部分化肥是实现我国化肥零增长并保持作物高产稳产的重要途径之一。以等养分条件为基础,研究不同比例有机肥等氮替代基施化肥对玉米产量以及氮素吸收利用的影响,为云南红壤坡耕地有机肥的合理利用及玉米施肥结构的调整提供科学依据。通过田间小区试验,分别设置不施肥处理(CK)、施用100%化肥处理(NPK)及4个基施有机肥等氮替代化肥处理,替代率分别为10%(T₁),20%(T₂),30%(T₃),40%(T₄),分析玉米产量、吸氮量以及氮肥利用率等指标在不同施肥处理下的变化情况。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,不同比例有机肥替代化肥的处理能在一定程度上提高玉米籽粒、秸秆生物量,玉米籽粒产量提高达6.07%～19.53%,秸秆生物量提高达2.16%～21.76%,且有机肥替代30%的化肥处理下的玉米籽粒产量和秸秆生物量最高,分别达到7 653 kg/hm²,16 530 kg/hm²,较其他施肥处理有一定的显著性; 有机肥替代化肥的处理均提高了玉米籽粒和秸秆的吸氮量,各施肥处理下的玉米地上部氮素平均积累量从大到小依次为T₃(292 kg/hm²)>T₂(248 kg/hm²)>T₁(212 kg/hm²)>T₄(203 kg/hm²)>NPK(176 kg/hm²)>CK(52 kg/hm²),T₃处理较NPK,T₁,T₂,T₄处理下的玉米地上部分吸氮量分别提高了39.90%,27.37%,15.01%,30.38%; 与NPK处理相比,有机肥替代化肥的处理均提高了氮肥偏生产力、氮肥贡献率、氮肥表观利用率、氮肥的农学利用率,提高比例分别为5.00%～21.80%,2.44%～9.48%,20.48%～94.02%,7.54%～32.86%,且T₃处理下的各氮素利用率指标均显著高于其他施肥处理。综上,有机肥与化肥配施可提高玉米的籽粒产量和生物产量,且提高玉米的吸氮量及氮素利用效率,且以有机肥等氮替代30%基施化肥的配施效果最好,可作为云南红壤坡耕地玉米增产和氮肥增效的合理施肥模式。     

不同比例有机肥替代化肥对水稻产量和氮素利用率的影响

在江西双季稻区进行30 a的田间定位试验,比较不施氮肥(CK)、施用化肥(NPK)、等养分条件下70%化肥配合施用30%有机肥(70F+30M)、50%化肥配合施用50%有机肥(50F+50M)、30%化肥配合施用70%有机肥(30F+70M)施肥条件下水稻产量、氮素吸收、氮素利用率的变化。结果表明:与等养分量NPK处理相比,有机无机肥配施处理能显著提高30 a双季稻平均产量(P<0.05),增产幅度在2.47%～5.73%,其中30F+70M处理产量最高,且不同比例有机无机肥配施处理之间有显著差异,30F+70M处理显著高于50F+50M处理(P<0.05)。在不同时间段,不同有机无机肥配施处理产量表现不同,低量有机肥配施处理在试验前期具有明显的增产优势,高量有机肥配施处理在试验中后期增产效果明显。与等养分量NPK处理相比,有机无机肥配施处理30 a平均吸氮量无显著差异,不同施肥处理每生产1 t籽粒对氮素的需求不同,有机无机肥配施处理(20.57～20.94 kg)低于NPK处理(21.77 kg),其中30F+70M、70F+30M处理具有较高的氮素生产效率。有机无机肥...     

Influence of Unflooded Mulching Cultivation on Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization of Fertilizer Nitrogen by Rice

Abstract

Through unflooded mulching in field plots and ¹⁵nitrogen microplot tracer experiments, nitrogen (N) uptake of rice and N utilization have been studied compared with normal irrigation cultivation. The results showed that N uptake of unflooded rice and N derived from fertilizer (NDFF) of root, stem, and grain under mulching cultivation were lower than that under cultivation without mulching. However, the NDFF of rice under unflooded cultivation was higher than that under normal irrigation cultivation. The N utilization has been greatly enhanced under unflooded cultivation without mulching and unflooded plastic film cultivation with mulching as compared with normal irrigation. At the same time, there was no significant difference on the N uptake of unflooded rice among different ways of mulching cultivations. During the growth period of rice, no prominent differences were found in the soil residue, recovery, and N losses of fertilizer except the N uptake of rice between unflooded mulching and normal irrigation. The yield of rice under film mulching and straw mulching cultivation was higher than that of cultivation without mulching in the condition of unflooded cultivation, whereas the yield of rice under irrigation cultivation was higher than that under unflooded cultivation.     

Nitrogen Balance and Fertigation Use Efficiency in a Field Coffee Crop

Brazil is a major world coffee producer, using increasing quantities of nitrogen (N) fertilizer as the monoculture expands across the savannas. The fate and efficiency of this fertilizer N were evaluated for one complete cropping cycle using ¹⁵N tracer, permitting an N balance at harvest. Annual rates of 200, 400, 600, and 800 kg N ha^?1 year^?1 of ¹⁵N-labeled urea and an unfertilized control were applied every 14 days via fertigation. The N concentration, percentage of N derived from fertilizer, quantity of N derived from fertilizer, and percentage of nitrogen derived from fertilizer per N rate was assessed for 8-year-old coffee trees. The most efficient N use was with 200 kg ha^?1 year^?1 because it presented the lowest losses and highest N recoveries in the crop. Conversely, the least sustainable rate was 800 kg ha^?1 year^?1, which presented the greatest losses and the lowest N recovery in the whole plant.     

不同施氮方式对甘蔗氮肥效率及氮素去向的影响

以新台糖22号(ROC22)为试材,通过网室盆栽试验方法,在总施氮量(15N标记尿素5g/盆,相当于450kg·hm-2)相同条件下,研究了全部基施(T1)、50%基施+50%在分蘖期追施(T2)和30%基肥+30%在分蘖期追施+40%在伸长期追施(T3)3种施氮方式对甘蔗氮肥效率与氮素去向的影响。结果表明:甘蔗吸收的氮素约18%～29%来源于当季施用的尿素氮,71%～82%来自土壤和种茎氮;氮肥利用率为21.0%～34.52%,残留率为37.61%～44.13%,有21.35%～41.39%的氮素损失。3种施氮方式下,氮肥残留在0～20cm土层较多,在20～40cm残留较少。随氮肥施用时间后移,甘蔗吸收的氮素、来源于肥料氮素的比率、氮肥利用率、氮肥残留率、蔗茎产量及产糖量明显增加,而氮肥损失率显著下降,蔗茎的氮素分配率和蔗糖分积累略呈下降趋势,同时氮素在0～20cm土层的残留呈上升趋势,在20～40cm土层呈下降趋势。从经济效益和环境效益考虑,T3施氮方式的效果较为理想。     

不同施氮方式对嘎啦苹果碳氮利用和产量品质的影响

以15年生嘎啦苹果/平邑甜茶为试材,采用C、N双标记技术,研究果实发育期不同施氮方式(传统一次性施氮、分次施氮和渗灌施氮,分别用ON、TN和IN表示)对苹果植株碳氮营养吸收、利用、分配、损失及果实产量和品质的影响。结果表明:至果实成熟期,苹果各器官Ndff值均为INTNON,新生器官间(果实、叶片和1年生枝)差异显著。植株全氮量和~(15)N吸收量均以IN处理最大,ON处理最低。与ON处理相比,TN和IN处理~(15)N利用率分别提高了41.63%和68.60%,而~(15)N损失率分别降低了10.60%和18.63%。各处理不同土层~(15)N残留量差异显著,0—40 cm土层~(15)N残留量为INTNON,60—120 cm土层趋势相反。TN和IN处理果实和贮藏器官(多年生枝、中心干和粗根)的~(13)C分配率均显著高于ON处理,而营养器官(叶片和1年生枝)的~(13)C分配率则以ON处理最高,IN处理最低。同时,在IN处理下,苹果产量、硬度、可溶性糖和糖酸比等品质指标均达到最高水平。综上,渗灌施氮通过降低氮素损失,显著促进植株对氮素的吸收利用,并优化光合产物在各器官间分配,从而最有利于苹果产量和品质的提高。     

土壤供保氮能力决定稻田氮肥增产效果和利用率

黑龙江五常和江苏常熟分属我国东北和华东单季稻区优质粳米的代表性产地,但五常维持水稻高产所需氮肥投入量通常远低于常熟而其增产效果优于常熟。由于两地水热条件、作物品种、农田管理和土壤类型均不同,究竟是何原因导致这种区域差异尚不清楚。为探究土壤因素的影响,在两地稻田分别取黑土型水稻土(BS)和乌栅土(WS),设不施氮(CK)、低氮和高氮(N 150和300 kg·hm^-2标记尿素)处理,开展盆栽试验,比较水稻产量、氮肥利用及总损失的土壤差异,并结合室内淹水矿化培养试验,研究两种水稻土氮素矿化特征。结果发现：在相同气候和水稻品种及管理条件下进行的盆栽试验中,各处理水稻产量、氮肥增产效果及地上氮素吸收累积量BS均优于WS,差值法氮肥利用率BS较WS高出20.0～28.7个百分点,然而¹⁵N示踪法氮肥利用率BS却仅较WS高5.56～8.01个百分点。尽管施氮后水稻吸收土壤氮均增加,但BS土壤来源氮增量较WS高95.0%～215%。根据CK和相应施氮处理水稻地上部土壤来源氮差值可计算土壤氮素表观激发量在BS为173～354 mg·pot^-1     

Yield,Potassium Uptake,and Use Efficiency in Upland Rice Genotypes

Potassium (K) is an essential nutrient for higher plants. Information on K uptake and use efficiency of upland rice under Brazilian conditions is limited. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with the objective to evaluate influence of K on yield, K uptake, and use efficiency of six upland rice genotypes grown on Brazilian Oxisol. The K rate used was zero (natural soil level) and 200 mg K kg^–1 of soil. Shoot dry weight and grain yield were significantly influenced by K level and genotype treatments. However, K × genotype interactions were not significant, indicating similar responses of genotypes at two K levels for shoot dry weight and grain yield. Genotypes produced grain yield in the order of BRS Primavera > BRA 01596 > BRSMG Curinga > BRS 032033 > BRS Bonança > BRA 02582. Potassium concentration in shoot was about sixfold greater compared to grain, across two K levels and six genotypes. However, K utilization efficiency ratio (KUER) (mg shoot or grain yield / mg K uptake in shoot or root) was about 6.5 times greater in grain compared to shoot, across two K level and six genotypes. Potassium uptake in shoot and grain and KUER were significantly and positively associated with grain yield. Soil calcium (Ca), K, base saturation, acidity saturation, Ca saturation, K saturation, Ca/K ratio, and magnesium (Mg)/K ratio were significantly influenced by K application rate.     

腐殖酸钾对生姜生长、钾素吸收及钾肥利用率的影响

研究了腐殖酸钾对生姜生长、钾素吸收及钾肥利用率的影响。结果表明,生姜植株干物质积累量和钾素积累量随生姜生长发育而增加,变化动态可以用Logistic方程拟合。施用腐殖酸明显提高了根系活力,增加了植株钾素吸收量和干物质积累量,比空白对照增产8.88%。施用腐殖酸钾显著促进了根系生长发育,提高了钾素积累速率和钾素积累量,并最终提高产量,比空白对照增产61.29%,比等量氧化钾对照增产9.92%。施用腐殖酸钾显著提高了钾肥农学利用率和钾肥吸收利用率,而钾素干物质生产效率和钾素收获指数都有所降低。