Application of the Bray–Mitscherlich Equation Approach for Economically and Environmentally Sound Fertilization of Field Crops in Hungary

Abstract

A database was compiled from the results of Hungarian long‐term N, P, and K fertilization field trials published between 1960 and 2000. Database correlations were described between the soil organic matter (SOM) content of PK (N control) plots and the responses of winter wheat and corn to N application; between the soil P test (ammonium lactate, AL) values of NK (P control) plots and the responses of wheat and corn to P application; and between the soil K test (ammonium lactate, AL) values of NP (K control) plots and the responses of wheat and corn to K application, using the Bray–Mitscherlich equation approach. The nutrient responses were expressed as both relative yields and surpluses. The database also made it possible to investigate how the responses of winter wheat and corn to N, P, and K fertilization were affected by the available nutrient contents, soil texture, pH, and carbonate status, soil type, and nutrient supply category of the control plots. Based on the correlations established in the database, new, more accurate soil N, P, and K supply categories were elaborated, providing opportunities for cost saving and environmentally sound fertilizaton of Hungarian crops.     

Modelling of soil nutrient budgets: an assessment of agricultural sustainability in Nepal

Abstract. Sustaining soil fertility under agricultural intensification and expansion onto marginal lands is a significant challenge in the Nepalese Middle Mountains. In a detailed watershed study it was shown that the overall soil fertility is poor, forest soils display the poorest conditions as a result of biomass removal, and sustaining agriculture is questionable due to the transformation from traditional to multiple cropping systems. Parent material is a significant factor influencing low phosphorus status while insufficient inputs create deficiencies in total carbon, nitrogen and bases. A nutrient budget model was developed to assess inputs, redistribution and losses relative to soil fertility. Yield, input and management data obtained from farm interviews, and soil analysis data were used in the calculation of nutrient budgets. Results from modelling indicate declining soil fertility under rainfed agriculture, forest and rangelands, and marginal conditions under irrigated agriculture subject to intensive cultivation. Nutrient deficits were relatively low for irrigated rice-wheat systems, which benefit from nutrient inputs via sediments and irrigation waters, but the introduction of triple cropping showed greater deficits. Nutrient balances were most critical under rainfed maize production where 94% of the farms were in deficit. Current shortages of organic matter make elimination of nutrient deficits problematic but improvement of composting, biological N-fixation and fertilizer efficiency and reducing erosion were found to be potential options.     

Characteristics of Surface Nitrogen and Phosphorus Balances in the Seven Regions of Hungary from 1989 to 2005

As a result of Hungary's membership in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), surface nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) balances on a country level are calculated and reported to the OECD annually. The Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry (RISSAC) of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences is responsible for the calculations. Surface nutrient NP balances of each of the seven Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) 2 regions of Hungary were calculated for the period of 1989 (the starting year of political and economic transitions in the country) to 2005. For the environmental risk assessment of NP balances, it is also essential to take the soil NP status of the investigated area into consideration. Correlations between NP balances and soil NP status should be investigated on EU, country, or regional levels. The relevant agricultural databases of the Central Statistical Office of Hungary (CSOH) were used to ensure the accurate estimations of coefficients. Significant differences were found among the regions both in the input and output sides of the NP balances and, as a consequence, in the regional NP balances. Utilization of the agricultural area also differs among the regions, as a consequence of their geographical location, terrain features, soil and climate conditions, and different traditions. In general, the annual N balances of the studied period in the Hungarian regions were positive, whereas P balances were negative. Surface gross nutrient NP balances of each of the seven Hungarian regions decreased in the studied period, but characteristic differences between Hungarian regions still remained.     

Nutrient flows and balances in intensively managed vegetable production of two West African cities

This study reports and analyzes nutrient balances in experimental vegetable production systems of the two West African cities of Tamale (Ghana) and Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) over a two‐year period comprising thirteen and eleven crops, respectively. Nutrient‐use efficiency was also calculated. In Tamale and Ouagadougou, up to 2% (8 and 80 kg N ha^?1) of annually applied fertilizer nitrogen were leached. While biochar application or wastewater irrigation on fertilized plots did not influence N leaching in both cities, P and K leaching, as determined with ion‐absorbing resin cartridges, were reduced on biochar‐amended plots in Tamale. Annual nutrient balances amounted to +362 kg N ha^?1, +217 kg P ha^?1, and –125 kg K ha^?1 in Tamale, while Ouagadougou had balances of up to +692 kg N ha^?1, +166 kg P ha^?1, and –175 kg K ha^?1 y^?1. Under farmers' practice of fertilization, agronomic nutrient‐use efficiencies were generally higher in Tamale than in Ouagadougou, but declined in both cities during the last season. This was the result of the higher nutrient inputs in Ouagadougou compared to Tamale and relatively lower outputs. The high N and P surpluses and K deficits call for adjustments in local fertilization practices to enhance nutrient‐use efficiency and prevent risks of eutrophication.     

半旱地不同栽培模式及施氮下农田土壤养分表观平衡状况研究

以在陕西关中地区连续7年的夏玉米冬小麦轮作体系定位试验为对象,采用养分投入量与作物养分携出表观平衡法分析了不同栽培模式及施氮量下土壤氮磷钾养分的平衡状况及其与土壤养分含量间的关系。结果表明,两种秸秆覆盖的模式（即覆草模式和垄沟模式）土壤氮磷钾养分的亏缺状况均较常规模式及控水模式低,说明秸秆还田在平衡土壤养分状况方面具有重要作用。当施氮量为每季N 120 kg/hm2时,土壤氮素基本达平衡状况;而施氮量达N 240 kg/hm2时,土壤氮素盈余量显著增加,平均达1471 kg/hm2。不同处理土壤氮平衡值与土壤 02 m剖面累积的硝态氮以及土壤磷、钾的总平衡值与土壤有效磷及速效钾间呈极显著正相关,土壤氮平衡值每增加100 kg/hm2,02 m土壤剖面硝态氮累积量增加约 38.3 kg/hm2;土壤磷、钾的平衡值每降低 100 kg/hm2,土壤有效磷和速效钾含量分别降低约 3.5 mg/kg和1.0 mg/kg,说明农田养分平衡盈亏决定了土壤养分的消长规律。     

Diagnosis of Secondary and Micronutrient Deficiencies and Their Management in Rainfed Agroecosystems: Case Study from Indian Semi‐arid Tropics

Rainfed agriculture in the semi‐arid tropical (SAT) regions of India is greatly influenced by water shortages caused by low, highly variable, and erratic rainfall. However, apart from water shortages, crop productivity in these regions is also affected by low fertility. Little effort has been devoted to diagnosing and managing the nutrient‐related problems in farmers' fields in the SAT regions of India. The ongoing integrated watershed management program by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐arid Tropics and its partners provided the opportunity to diagnose the soil infertility‐related problems by soil testing, develop nutrient management protocols, and determine on‐farm crop responses to fertilization in the SAT zone of India. This article discusses examples from recent research on the diagnosis of multinutrient deficiencies and on‐farm crop responses to fertilization. Results of analyses of soil samples from farmers' fields in several districts of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh states and Junagarh district, Gujarat, showed that almost all farmers' fields had low organic carbon (C), low to moderate available phosphorus (P), and generally adequate extractable potassium (K). However, the widespread deficiencies of sulfur (S), boron (B), and zinc (Zn) were most revealing; their deficiencies varied with nutrient, district, and state. On‐farm trials conducted during three seasons (2002–2004) in three districts of Andhra Pradesh showed significant yield responses of maize, castor, groundnut, and mung bean to the applications of S, B, and Zn over farmer's input treatment, and the yield responses were larger when these nutrients were added along with nitrogen (N) and P. It is concluded that the deficiencies of nutrients such as S, B, and Zn are widespread and are holding back the potential of rainfed production systems. Clearly, nutrient deficiencies can be diagnosed by soil testing.     

Nutrient impoverishment and limitation of productivity after 20 years of conservation management in wet grasslands of north-western Germany

European wet grasslands are characterized by high diversity of plant and animal species but are threatened by intensive land use. Although preservation or restoration of species-rich wet grasslands requires low nutrient availability that could be achieved by long-term management, studies monitoring nutrient removal are lacking. Our objective was to assess the long-term effect of management (mowing twice a year without or with PK fertilization for 20 years) on (i) productivity and nutrient removal with the harvest, (ii) the type of nutrient limitation, and (iii) plant species richness in wet grasslands in north-western Germany considering the differences between organic and mineral soils.Initially low nutrient availability in soil led to decreased productivity and base cation removal with harvest particularly on mineral soils after six years of mowing twice a year without fertilization. On mineral soils, N:K ratios indicated limitation of plant growth by K. On organic soils, neither productivity nor K removal with the harvest changed with time suggesting additional K input probably caused by rising groundwater. On organic soils, K:P ratios and a significant decrease of productivity with increasing N:P ratios suggested P limitation. Plant species richness was maintained or even slightly increased by mowing twice a year without fertilization but mainly comprised species that were already present at the study sites.Productivity and N, P, K, and Mg removal with the harvest was significantly increased by mowing twice a year with PK fertilization while species richness was maintained. After 10 years, N:K ratios indicate K limitation even for mowing twice a year with PK fertilization. In case of initially low nutrient availability in soil, cautious PK fertilization and mowing can be recommended to meet demands of agriculture and nature conservation.     

湖北潮土区不同轮作制度下土壤养分平衡状况与评价

通过连续5年定点调查和取样分析,研究了湖北省2个潮土区域农田土壤养分平衡状况,并用允许养分平衡盈亏率进行了评价.结果表明:①在几种主要轮作制中,所有作物的K肥施用量及施用比例均明显比N肥低,但几乎所有作物的K素吸收量均明显高于N素吸收量,早、晚稻吸收P、K的比例明显高于其它作物.②不同轮作制中土壤养分平衡状况表现为N素有不同程度的盈余、P素基本平衡、K素总是亏缺的,且水田K素亏缺量明显高于早地.在此基础上,作者提出"减N稳P增K"和以一个轮作周期为单位进行统筹施肥的养分平衡调控措施,以实现作物生产的高产稳产和土壤养分平衡的良性循环.     

湿润区坡地香根草植物篱农作措施对土壤侵蚀和养分的影响

为了解植物篱农作措施的侵蚀、养分循环特征,促进湿润半湿润地区坡地可持续利用。在三峡库区王家桥小流域建立了6个香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)植物篱农作小区,包括：传统坡地耕作对照小区(C);单纯植物篱坡耕小区(H);植物篱+无机肥坡耕小区(HI);植物篱+有机肥坡耕小区(HO);植物篱+覆盖+无机肥坡耕小区(HIM);植物篱+无机肥+有机肥+覆盖坡耕小区(HIOM)。试验结果表明：N素损失的主要途径是径流携带,各植物篱小区的N损失达对照小区的2～3倍。泥沙携带是P素流失的主要形式,其径流损失几乎可以忽略。K素的径流携带损失非常严重,但低于其泥沙侵蚀损失。N、K平衡与作物产出正相关,越是高产区其养分平衡状况越容易出现亏损。单纯的植物篱措施有较明显的控制土壤流失功能,但减流效益不明显。施肥、覆盖措施,以及作物产出对植物篱农作措施的侵蚀有巨大影响。采取覆盖结合施肥的植物篱小区(HIOM和HIM),水土效益最高,但投入高,产投比过低;植物篱配合有机肥或者无机肥措施小区(HO和HI),水土保持效益和产投比均比较理想。综合生态、经济效益,应该优先推广HO和HI农林复合坡耕经营模式。     

施肥对菜园土壤养分淋溶流失浓度的影响

利用盆栽种植空心菜和菜心并收集测定土壤渗漏水氮磷钾养分浓度,研究了不同施肥水平对土壤氮磷钾淋溶流失浓度的影响。试验表明,在较大施肥量或化肥当季损失量范围内,土壤渗漏水硝态氮、总磷和钾浓度与氮、磷、钾施肥量或损失量之间呈非线性关系,但在中低施肥量时则表现为线性关系。化肥当季损失量与土壤渗漏水养分浓度呈显著水平的线性正相关,由此提出“双速率转折点”概念用以评价土壤养分流失潜力。当施肥量或化肥当季损失量超过双速率转折点X0后,土壤淋溶排水养分浓度将以非线性形式急剧增加。因此,从环保角度看,施肥量不应超过X0。盆栽试验表明,以化肥当季损失量为基础的灰泥土、灰黄泥土和黄泥土的氮肥X0分别为每盆N 0.35、0.32和0.34 g,磷肥X0分别为每盆P 0.06、0.06和0.09 g,灰泥土和灰黄泥土的钾肥X0则分别为K 0.17和0.18 g;与土壤渗漏水养分浓度为基础所确定的氮、磷、钾X0有显著水平的线性正相关。以环保为目标的氮磷钾用量X0大多数低于以产量为目标的经济施肥量。化肥当季损失量参数较易获得,可作为环保施肥的依据。     

Characterizing farming systems around Kakamega Forest,Western Kenya,for targeting soil fertility–enhancing technologies

Kakamega district in Western Kenya represents the smallholder farming systems typical for much of the densely populated humid highlands in East Africa. A specific feature, however, is the presence of a protected forest reserve (Kakamega Forest National Park), covering some 20% of the district area. Year‐round crop production with little use of external inputs is resulting in declining soil fertility and crop yields. Technologies to counteract fertility constraints are rarely implemented, as they do not consider system diversity or farm‐specific characteristics. We surmised that farm type–specific targeting of technology options to address soil fertility–related production constraints would reduce the anthropogenic pressure on the resources of the adjacent Kakamega rainforest reserve. Based on Kenyan national census data, we selected 168 farms in physical proximity of the Kakamega forest and characterized them regarding production system and soil attributes. Cluster and principal component analyses identified five distinct farm categories. Three representative farms from each cluster group were subsequently selected to establish labor‐use patterns, draw resource‐flow maps, and determine NPK balances. Small subsistence‐oriented farms were most common (> 50%), with maize yields of 0.9 t ha^–1 (Cluster 1). Most farmers relied on the forest to provide fire wood, animal feed, and medicinal plants. Mixed farms, combining subsistence maize with industrial crops, were differentiated by soil type, with tea being grown on Ferralsol (Cluster 3), and sugar cane being grown on Acrisol (cluster 4). The dependence on forest resources was limited to animal grazing and the collection of feed stuff (Cluster 3), or the extraction of medicinal plants (Cluster 4). Only few farms showed a high degree of market orientation of the food‐crop production. These comprised either small farms with high investments in fertilizer and maize yields close to 2 t ha^–1 (Cluster 2), or larger farms (1.6–3.9 ha) with low fertilizer but high hired‐labor use (Cluster 5). Their reliance on forest resources was generally low. Resource flows showed mainly patterns of nutrient export in subsistence farms, and more complex flow patterns, involving several farm compartments, in the diversified farms. Partial nutrient balances were strongly negative for N and K, irrespective of soil or farm type. Soil‐fertility characteristics reflected the nutrient balances with generally low C and N in all farms on Acrisol, and low P in farms not applying mineral fertilizers or farmyard manure. The proposed typology is expected to improve the targeting of technologies addressing soil fertility–related production constraints, and to reduce the pressure on forest resources. This is of particular importance in the case of small‐scale subsistence and mixed farms close to the forest margin.     

Soil Solution Aluminum,and Nutrient and Aluminum Uptake in Hibiscus Sabdariffa Under Nitrogen and Phosphorous Fertilizers

The result of intensive agriculture in cities is the decline in crop yields and depletion of the resource base. The aims of this study were to assess effects of nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) fertilization on bioavailable aluminum (Al) and their contribution on Al and nutrient uptake in Hibiscus sabdariffa. A pot experiment was led to supply a tropical soil with N and P fertilizers. P amendment decreased Al in soil solution, not N amendment. Fertilizers had effects on Al and nutrient uptake in roots and leaves of Hibiscus sabdariffa. The results also showed that the uptake of Al and nutrients depends on Al in soil solution or N supply or P supply. Only P uptake in roots and leaves was explained by combined effects of a nutrient supply × exchangeable Al. Furthermore, P supply does not limit the translocation of Al in shoots of plants in acid soils.     

Influence of different long-term mineral–organic fertilization on yield,nutrient balance and soil C and N contents of a sandy loess (Haplic Phaeozem) in middle Germany

In a long-term field trial (Halle, Germany, founded in 1949 by K. Schmalfuß, soil type Haplic Phaeozem), the effects of different mineral and organic fertilization on dry matter yields, soil C and N contents and N balances were investigated. Over a period of 60 years, yields increased on average in all cultivated crops (winter and spring cereals, potatoes, sugar beets, silage maize), even without any fertilization. Nitrogen deficiency in unfertilized and PK treatments caused strong decreases in yield (up to 48%) in comparison with the N2PK standard treatment. The effect of omitting K or P supply was smaller (up to 18% and 7% yield reduction, respectively). The highest yields were obtained with high mineral N + PK application and (except winter wheat) with farmyard manure in combination with mineral fertilization. The N balances were negative in all treatments. However, if N immission from the air (40 kg ha^?1 a^?1) was included in the calculation, N balances were negative only in low N treatments. The soil C and N contents increased up to 1975. A considerable decrease has been seen since about 1985. The highest soil C and N contents were observed in the farmyard manure treatments. In addition to fertilization effects, this development of soil properties reflects changes in environmental pollution, climatic changes, as well as shifts in cultivation methods like tillage depths, over recent decades.     

Dryland corn response to tillage and nitrogen fertilization. II. P,K, CA,MG

Abstract

Nitrogen fertilization and tillage practices may influence the availability and uptake of essential plant nutrients other than N. This study was conducted to assess the interactive effects of N rate and timing and tillage practices on uptake and concentration of P, K, Ca and Mg in corn grown under dryland conditions. Potassium accumulations in no till (NT) soils were greater than in conventional till (CT) near the surface and lower than CT in the subsoil. Phosphorus and Ca levels decreased with soil depth, while Mg tended to accumulate in the subsoil. Phosphorus uptake and concentration of 5‐leaf stage corn was increased as tillage intensity decreased. Nitrogen rate at planting increased 5‐leaf P uptake but reduced P concentration; however, by silking no effect of tillage or N fertilization practice on ear leaf P concentration was obtained. Increases in 5‐leaf corn K uptake and concentration as tillage intensity decreased may have reduced Mg and Ca concentrations via cation antagonism. Ear leaf Mg and Ca concentrations were increased by N rate, probably as a result of solubilization of Ca and Mg and improved crop growth. Distribution of essential elements in the soil due to tillage in combination with varying N fertilization practices can influence temporal nutrient uptake, thereby altering plant nutrient diagnosis.     

中国农业生态系统氮磷钾平衡时空变异研究

Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium balances for agroecosystems in China from 1993 to 2001 were calculated at national and provincial levels using statistical data and related parameters, and their spatial and temporal variabilities were analyzed with GIS to estimate the potential impacts of nutrient N, P and K surpluses or deficits to soil, water and air. At the national scale, the N and P balances from 1993 to 2001 showed a surplus, with the nitrogen surplus remaining relatively stable from 1997-2001. Although during this period the P surplus pattern was similar to N, it had smaller values and kept increasing as the use of phosphate fertilizer increased year by year. However, K was deficient from 1993 to 2001 even though from 1999 to 2001 the K deficit decreased. The spatial analysis revealed higher N surpluses in the more developed southeastern provinces and lowest in the western and northern provinces where there was less chemical fertilizer input. The serious K deficit mainly occurred in Shanghai and Beijing municipalities, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Hubei provinces, and Xinjiang autonomous regions. For the years 1992, 1996 and 2001, N surpluses and K deficits had significant positive spatial correlations with per capita gross domestic product (GDP), per capita gross industrial output value, and per capita net income of rural households. This showed that the level of economic development played an important role on nutrient balances in the agroecosystems.     

基于养分专家系统推荐施肥在东北玉米上的长期综合效应

为明确养分专家系统推荐施肥对东北玉米产量与收益、肥料利用率与土壤养分的长期综合效应,于2012-2020年开展了田间定位试验,共设置5处理：分别为1）不施肥（CK）;2）农民习惯施肥（FP）;3）养分专家系统推荐施肥（NE）;4）在NE基础上配施缓/控释氮肥（NER）;5）土壤测试推荐施肥（ST）。探究9 a 产量与收益、肥料利用率、土壤养分和养分平衡的变化规律。结果表明,NE和ST处理较FP处理显著降低了氮磷肥用量（P<0.05）,显著增加了钾肥用量（P<0.05）。与FP处理相比,NE、NER和ST处理提高了玉米产量、收益及其稳定性。其中均以NE处理最高,之后依次为ST和NER处理。NE、NER和ST处理肥料平均回收利用率、农学利用率和偏生产力较FP处理分别提高了29.0%～40.1%（P<0.05）、31.3%～44.3%（P<0.05）和22.0%～31.7%（P<0.05）,且均以NE处理最高。与FP处理相比,NE、NER和ST处理提高了0～30 cm土壤无机氮含量,降低了30～90 cm土壤无机氮和0～30 cm土壤有效磷含量,而不同施肥处理土壤速效钾含量差异未达显著水平（P>0.05）,其中NE处理与试验起始养分含量最为接近。9 a养分平衡结果显示,FP、NE、NER和ST处理氮、磷均表现为盈余,而钾素表现为亏缺,且NE处理氮、磷盈余量和钾亏缺量均为最低。综上,与农民习惯施肥和土壤测试推荐施肥相比,养分专家系统推荐施肥不仅可提高玉米产量、收益和肥料利用效率,并可保持土壤养分稳定。因此,它是一种适用于中国东北玉米的推荐施肥方法。     

丘陵红壤耕作利用过程中土壤肥力的演变和预测

通过区域尺度上两个时段的定位采样 ,结合田块尺度上的长期试验 ,研究了耕作利用变化对我国中亚热带低丘红壤区土壤肥力演变的影响。分析了土壤肥力演变的驱动力 ,建立了土壤养分变化与养分平衡间的相关预测模型。对比分析表明 ,丘陵红壤肥力的变化与养分平衡量的变化趋势一致。在保持荒地和水田利用方式时 ,土壤有机质含量显著降低 ;旱地系统中速效磷和速效钾含量增加 ,但在不施肥的针阔混交林中却下降 ;荒地开垦为水田后 ,土壤肥力有增加趋势。旱坡地红壤全氮和速效钾的变化量与氮、钾的平衡量的显著相关 ,而土壤速效磷与磷的平衡量间相关不显著 ,其原因是没有考虑磷的固定和矿化。     

Concentrations and uptake of macronutrients by oat and pea in intercrops in response to N fertilization and sowing ratio

Intercropping is of increasing interest in temperate-arable farming systems. The influence of nitrogen (N) fertilization and sowing ratio on concentrations and uptake of calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and phosphorus (P) by oat and pea was assessed in three substitutive intercrops on a fertile soil in eastern Austria. N decreased Ca in oat grain and increased P in pea grain as well as Ca and Mg in oat residue and Mg and P in pea residue. Intercropping did not affect nutrient concentrations of oat grain, whereas a lower pea share in intercrops increased P in pea grain. In residue, Ca, K and Mg concentrations were higher in oat and Ca and K partly lower in pea with a lower share of each crop. The oat-dominated intercrops could partly achieve a slightly higher total grain nutrient yield than pure stands at no or low N; however, these benefits diminished with a higher pea share and N input. In comparison to pure stands, higher residue nutrient yields were obtained by intercropping in all sowing ratios and fertilization levels. Consequently, oat–pea intercropping can be a strategy for increasing the macronutrient yield of grain and especially of residue for ruminant feeding.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizations alter nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium resorption of alfalfa in the Loess Plateau of China

Abstract

Nutrient resorption from senescing leaves is a pivotal component of nutrient conservation strategy in a plant. Thus understanding the response of nutrient resorption to fertilization is of great help to minimize fertilizer use and further optimize fertilization management. However, little is known about how nutrient resorption responds to fertilization in N₂-fixing species. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers were applied at different rates to alfalfa stands in the Loess Plateau. N fertilization hardly affected leaf N and K resorptions, but tended to increase P resorption. P fertilization increased N and K resorptions but affected P resorption in various ways. However, effect of N or P fertilization was significantly interplayed by P or N rate. At N100P60, alfalfa had the maximum biomass accumulation and less leaf resorption. Therefore, alfalfa could be performed well with 100?kg N ha^?1 and 60?kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 in this region.     

基于“3414”试验的陇中半干旱区马铃薯测土配方施肥指标研究

  目的  为建立陇中半干旱区马铃薯土壤养分丰缺指标,确立土壤养分分级指标和推荐施肥量,指导马铃薯科学施肥,提高肥料利用率。  方法  通过对会宁县2015 ~ 2018年马铃薯“3414”田间肥效试验结果进行模拟,开展土壤有效养分含量与相对产量、经济最佳施肥量之间的相关性研究,提出马铃薯土壤养分丰缺指标及不同分级范围推荐施肥量。  结果  土壤全氮含量与马铃薯产量、N经济最佳施肥量相关性优于土壤碱解氮,因此以全氮、速效磷、速效钾作为陇中半干旱区马铃薯田丰缺指标及推荐施肥量评价指标,分5个、4个、4个等级,并建立了养分丰缺指标施肥区间调控、目标产量及施肥量定量微观调控模型。该区域马铃薯土壤全氮含量分为低（< 0.6 g kg?1）、较低（0.6 ~ 1.1 g kg?1）、中（1.1 ~ 1.8 g kg?1）、较高（1.8 ~ 2.2 g kg?1）和高（> 2.2 g kg?1）;速效磷分为较低（< 13 mg kg?1）、中（13 ~ 25 mg kg?1）、较高（25 ~ 31 mg kg?1）和高（> 31 mg kg?1）;速效钾分为较低（< 162 mg kg?1）、中（162 ~ 238 mg kg?1）、较高（238 ~ 271 mg kg?1）、高（> 271 mg kg?1）。  结论   根据地力等级从低到较高,推荐施肥方案分别为N > 158.0、134.5 ~ 158.0、113.7 ~ 134.5、105.9 ~ 113.7、0 ~ 105.9 kg hm?2;P₂O₅ > 136.7、90.4 ~ 136.7、75.7 ~ 90.4、0 ~ 75.7 kg hm?2;K₂O > 82.2、56.8 ~ 82.2、47.0 ~ 56.8、0 ~ 47.0 kg hm?2。生产中通过检测任一地块土壤养分,代入相关函数模型即可输出该地块经济最佳施肥量。