Effects of leguminous plant residues and NPK fertilizer application on the performance of yam (Dioscorea rotundata ‘c.v.’ ewuru) in south-western Nigeria

The effects of cultivating and incorporating residues of previous tropical kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides) and soybean (Glycine max) with application of NPK fertilizer on yam performance were evaluated at the teaching and research farm, LAUTECH, Nigeria. There were nine treatments: incorporation of legume residues (5 t DM ha^?1), application of recommended fertilizer rate for yam (90–50–75 kg NPK ha^?1) in the zone or 50% of recommended rate (45–25–37.5 kg NPK ha^?1), alone and in combination with residues and a control without residues or fertilizer in a randomized complete block design. Cultivation of previous legumes reduced soil nematode population (>200%) compared with no legumes. For both years, application of Pueraria residues improved tuber yield by an average of 15.8% compared with control. Fertilizer application enhanced arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization of yam roots but AM colonization was lower (～50%) in plots where Pueraria residues were incorporated compared with other plots. Combined application of plant residues with fertilizer improved soil organic carbon, total N, exchangeable Ca and Mg compared with application of NPK fertilizer. From these results, it is concluded that half of the recommended NPK rate may be adequate and incorporation of residues with reduced NPK fertilizer application may be a sustainable soil fertility management option for continuous yam production.     

Depth dynamics of soil N contents and natural abundances of 15N after 43 years of long-term fertilization and liming in sub-tropical Alfisol

The aim of this study was to understand impacts of long-term (43 years) fertilization on soil aggregation, N accumulation rates and δ¹⁵N in surface and deep layers in an Alfisol. Soil samples from seven treatments were analysed for N stocks, aggregate-associated N in 0–30 cm and the changes in δ¹⁵N in 0–90 cm depths. The treatments were: unfertilized control (control); recommended N dose (N); recommended N and phosphorus doses (NP); recommended N, P and potassium doses (NPK); 150% of recommended N, P and K doses (150% NPK); NPK + 10 Mg FYM ha^?1 (NPK + FYM) and NPK + 0.4 Mg lime ha^?1 (NPK + L). Results revealed that plots under NPK + FYM had ~39% higher total N concentrations than NPK + L in 0–30 cm soil layers. In NPK + L, macro-aggregates had 35 and 11% and microaggregates had 20 and 9% lower δ¹⁵N values than NPK + FYM in 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil layers, respectively. However, plots receiving NPK + FYM had ~39% greater deep soil (30–90 cm) N accumulation than NPK + L. These results would help understanding N supplying capacity by long-term fertilization and assist devising N management strategies in sub-tropical acidic Alfisols.     

长期定位施肥对农田土壤温室气体排放的影响

采用静态箱/气象色谱法,研究长期不同养分配施(CK,NK,NP,PK和NPK)后的农田土壤温室气体排放差异。结果表明,不同处理条件下,土壤CO2排放呈相似的变化趋势,受土壤温度和水分的共同影响,土壤CH4和N2O的时间变化在不同处理间存在差异,和温度水分的关系不明显。平均排放通量的分析表明,长期不同肥料配合施用后形成的不同肥力的土壤以及作物生长的差异是影响土壤温室气体排放的一个重要因素,土壤CO2平均排放通量顺序依次为CK相似文献   

Effect of Boron Application on Yield,Quality, and Nutritional Status of Peach Cultivar Andross

During the cultivation period of 2005–2007, a project was carried out in the region of Eirinoupolis, prefecture of Imathia, Macedonia, northern Greece. The study investigated the application of boron (B) timing (flowering, fruit set, fruit growth) and method (soil and foliage) on the vegetative growth, fruit yield and quality, and nutritional status of the cling-stone peach variety Andross. The cultivar was grafted onto an 8-year-old rootstock GF 677. The results showed that the greatest marketable yield (135 kg tree^–1) was achieved in peach trees where B was applied on soil during the flowering stage in combination with a balanced nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) basal application. Boron concentration in fruits of that treatment was increased in both cultivation years compared to most of the applied treatments. Foliar application of B at flowering, fruit set, and fruit growth, primarily in combination with foliar calcium (Ca) application, showed fruits to be less affected by cracking and Monilinia over all treatments. However, foliar application of Ca did not significantly promote leaf or fruit Ca concentration.     

不同施肥模式对设施菜田土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响

【目的】 本文利用天津日光温室蔬菜不同施肥模式定位试验,研究了不同施肥模式对设施菜田土壤微生物量碳、氮含量的影响,为设施蔬菜高效施肥和菜田土壤可持续利用提供依据。 【方法】 调查在第 9 茬蔬菜 (秋冬茬芹菜) 和第 10 茬蔬菜 (春茬番茄) 进行。定位试验设 8 个处理,分别为:1) 不施氮;2) 全部施用化肥氮 (4/4CN);3) 3/4 化肥氮 + 1/4 猪粪氮 (3/4CN + 1/4PN);4) 2/4 化肥氮 + 2/4 猪粪氮 (2/4CN + 2/4PN);5) 1/4 化肥氮 + 3/4 猪粪氮( 1/4CN + 3/4PN);6) 2/4 化肥氮 + 1/4 猪粪氮 + 1/4 秸秆氮 (2/4CN + 1/4PN + 1/4SN);7) 2/4 化肥氮 + 2/4 秸秆氮 (2/4CN + 2/4SN);8) 农民习惯施肥 (CF),除不施氮肥和农民习惯施肥外,其余处理为等氮磷钾处理。在不同生育时期,采 0—20 cm 土壤样品,测定土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,并分析其与蔬菜产量之间的关系。 【结果】 两茬蔬菜不同施肥模式土壤微生物量碳、氮含量总体上均随生育期的推进呈先增后降的趋势。芹菜季较高土壤微生物量碳含量出现在定植后 90 d,土壤微生物量氮较高含量出现在定植后 60 d;番茄季分别出现在定植后 20～80 d 和 60 d。芹菜季 5 个有机无机肥料配施模式土壤微生物量碳、氮含量分别在 185.0～514.6 和 34.3～79.1 mg/kg 之间,较化肥(4/4CN)模式平均分别增加 15.1%～81.7% 和 24.5%～100.0%,其中以配施秸秆模式土壤微生物量碳、氮含量相对较高,平均分别增加 62.0%～81.7% 和 81.1%～100.0%;番茄季 5 个有机无机肥料配施模式土壤微生物量碳、氮含量分别在 120.7～338.0 和 25.5～68.8 mg/kg 之间,较 4/4CN 模式平均分别增加 16.9%～86.9% 和 12.2%～109.3%,又以配施秸秆模式土壤微生物量碳、氮含量最高,平均分别增加 61.4%～86.9% 和 78.2%～109.3%。两季蔬菜不同生育期土壤微生物量碳、氮含量与当季蔬菜产量和定位试验开始以来蔬菜总产量之间均呈极显著正相关关系。 【结论】 同等养分投入量下,有机无机肥料配合施用提高土壤微生物量碳、氮的效果显著好于单施化肥,又以化肥配施秸秆效果更佳;土壤微生物量碳、氮含量与设施蔬菜产量之间呈极显著正相关关系。证明有机无机肥配施,特别是配施一定量的秸秆可有效提高土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,维持较高的菜田土壤肥力,有利于设施蔬菜的可持续和高效生产。      

有机无机肥料配合施用对设施番茄产量、品质及土壤硝态氮淋失的影响

利用田间小区试验,研究了有机无机肥配合施用模式对番茄产量、品质及氮素在土壤中累积和淋失的影响。结果表明：（1）与肥料用量较高的习惯施肥处理相比,大幅减少肥料施用的不同有机无机肥配合施用模式均能保证番茄产量稳定,显著提高经济效益,平均增收19127元·hm^-2其中（3／4）化肥N＋（1／4）猪粪N模式处理经济效益最高。（2）施用有机肥的3个有机无机肥配合施用模式处理可降低番茄果实中的硝酸盐含量,较全部施用化肥处理和习惯施肥处理的分别降低5．4％和7．0％;施用有机肥的3个有机无机肥料配合施用模式处理可提高番茄果实中Vc的含量,较全部施用化肥处理的提高9．4％。（3）与番茄种植前相比,番茄收获后土壤硝态氮含量总体上表现出表层增加、深层降低的趋势;大幅减施肥料的有机无机肥配合施用模式处理各土层硝态氮含量均低于习惯施肥处理相应土层硝态氮含量。（4）有机无机肥配合施用模式可显著降低渗漏水中硝态氮渗漏量,较全部施用化肥处理和习惯施肥处理的平均分别降低35．5％和55．1％。在试验条件下,综合考虑产量、经济效益和环境效益的适宜有机无机肥料配合施用模式为（3／4）化肥N＋（1／4）猪粪N模式处理。     

长期施用氮磷钾肥和石灰对红壤性水稻土酸性特征的影响

利用34年的长期定位施肥试验,研究不施肥(CK)、施氮磷钾肥(NPK)和氮磷钾化肥配施石灰(NPK+Ca O)对红壤性水稻土不同形态酸、土壤盐基离子及水稻植株阳离子吸收量的影响,探讨土壤交换性H+和Al3+占交换性酸的比例、土壤盐基离子、植株带出阳离子数量与土壤酸度的关系。结果表明,长期NPK处理早、晚稻土壤p H较CK处理分别降低0.2和0.3个单位,交换性酸提高2.3倍和4.2倍,水解性酸提高35.4%和40.0%;NPK+Ca O处理早、晚稻土壤p H较NPK处理分别提高0.5和0.7个单位,较CK处理分别提高0.3和0.4个单位,交换性酸、水解性酸均显著低于NPK和CK处理(p0.05)。土壤交换性H+、Al3+含量高低顺序均为NPK+Ca OCKNPK。土壤交换性盐基离子以交换性Ca2+所占比例最大(81.8%~89.3%),NPK+Ca O处理交换性Ca2+较CK和NPK处理分别提高40.1%和62.9%。交换性Ca2+、交换性盐基离子、盐基饱和度与土壤p H正相关,与交换性酸、水解性酸负相关,交换性Mg2+与交换性酸、水解性酸负相关,交换性Na+与水解性酸负相关。植株移出带走的钙、镁、钾、钠离子量及其总量对土壤p H、交换性酸和水解性酸有一定影响,但其相关性均不显著。研究表明长期施用化肥条件下通过配施石灰可有效缓解稻田土壤的酸化,促进酸性稻田土壤的生态修复与改良。     

东北棕壤长期不同施肥处理轮作大豆氮素吸收和土壤硝态氮特征

【目的】在玉米–玉米–大豆轮作体系下,基于棕壤肥料长期定位试验,研究不同施肥处理对东北地区大豆生物量、产量、各部位吸氮量及收获期土壤0―100 cm硝态氮累积的影响,为该地区合理施肥提供理论依据和科学指导。【方法】棕壤肥料长期定位田间试验始于1979年,包括不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷钾肥配施(NPK)、低量厩肥(M1)及其与化肥配施(M1N和M1NPK)、高量厩肥(M2)及其与化肥配施(M2N和M2NPK)9个处理。厩肥为猪厩肥,1992年后大豆季不施猪厩肥,仅在玉米季相关处理中施用。39年后,调查分析了大豆生物量、产量、氮素吸收利用及大豆收获期0―100 cm土壤硝态氮累积特征。【结果】高量、低量厩肥配施化肥处理大豆生物量、产量、总吸氮量及各部位吸氮量均显著高于单施氮肥和不施肥处理,其中,M1NPK处理大豆生物量、产量和总吸氮量最高,分别为9107、2979和314.2 k g/h m^2,较其他处理分别提高了6.1%~133.6%、23.9%~232.5%和11.7%~359.4%。施肥提高了大豆氮收获指数,但氮素生理效率降低。NPK和M1NPK处理的氮素收获指数最高,均为63.5%,而氮素生理效率较CK分别降低了30.6%和28.1%。大豆收获期各处理土壤硝态氮累积量随土层深度的增加而降低。与播前相比,大豆收获期单施氮肥处理的0―100 cm土层硝态氮积累量显著增加,NPK处理变化不显著,M1、M1N和M1NPK处理显著降低。低量厩肥配施化肥处理收获期0―100 cm土壤硝态氮积累量远低于高量厩肥配施化肥处理,较播前平均降低了79.2%。所有处理中,土壤硝态氮积累量以M1NPK处理最低,比其他处理平均降低了58.2%。【结论】在东北棕壤地区玉米–玉米–大豆轮作体系下,玉米季低量厩肥(13.5 t/hm^2)与氮磷钾化肥配合施用时,大豆季仅施氮磷钾化肥既可提高大豆生物量、产量,促进氮素吸收,同时还可降低大豆收获期土壤硝态氮累积量,降低环境风险,是该轮作体系较为合理的施肥方式。     

优化施氮对设施番茄土壤硝态氮残留及土壤氮平衡的影响

  【目的】  设施蔬菜生产中普遍存在氮肥施用过量、有机无机肥配合不合理以及灌水频繁等问题,我们通过田间试验研究了优化施氮模式对番茄产量、土壤硝态氮残留和氮平衡的影响,为蔬菜生产优质高效和减量优化施肥提供科学依据。  【方法】  试验在山东惠民蔬菜大棚内进行,灌水量为农户平均灌水量 (482.5 mm) 的80% (390 mm),供试蔬菜为番茄,覆膜栽培。试验在基施猪粪N 65 kg/hm2条件下,设传统施氮量 (N 1000 kg/hm2,TF)和3个减氮量50%处理:鸡粪处理 (OF)、普通尿素处理 (CF)、包膜尿素处理 (CRF)。于移栽前和收获后采集0—180 cm土壤样品。每次施肥前,取0—90 cm深 (每30 cm 为一层) 土壤样品,测定硝态氮和铵态氮含量。番茄收获后,取植株和果实样品,测定生物量和养分含量。  【结果】  施氮处理之间番茄产量和地上部吸氮量没有显著差异。传统施氮量处理 (TF),尽管施用2倍于优化处理的施氮量,但番茄产量没有明显提高。OF、CF和CRF 3个减氮处理0—60 cm土壤硝态氮残留量分别为N 190.1、227.2、310.5 kg/hm2,分别比TF处理降低56.61%、43.35%和22.59%;表观氮素损失量分别为N 416.6、443.7和352.3 kg/hm2,分别比TF处理降低45.72%、42.20%和54.10%;土壤氮素平衡盈余率也分别比TF处理降低34.26%、33.40%和61.78% (P < 0.05)。在同等施氮量下,包膜尿素能够使氮素更多地保持在土壤上层,CRF处理0—30 cm土层硝态氮累积量比CF处理平均高43.0%。生育期内,在移栽后20～60和110～120天有两个明显表层硝态氮积聚过程,在移栽后80～100天,30—60 cm土层有一硝态氮消耗过程。  【结论】  供试条件下,施氮量减少一半能有效降低设施番茄土壤硝态氮残留及淋失风险,不会造成产量的下降。施用包膜尿素比单施有机肥或普通尿素更有利于降低氮素的淋洗损失和实现产量与环境效益双赢。     

Long-Term Fertilization Effects on Rice Productivity and Nutrient Efficiency in Korean Paddy

ABSTRACT

Long-term fertilization tests evaluated rice (Oryza sativa) productivity in relation to application of nitrogen (N)-phosphorus (P)-potassium (K) (120-34.9-66.7 kg ha^{? 1}, respectively) during 1967–1972 and N-P-K (150-43.7-83.3 kg ha^{? 1}, respectively) during 1973–2000. The comparison treatments (NP, PK, and NK) and the control (not fertilized) were selected for calculating nutrient efficiency. Rice grain yield increased at a 17.78 kg ha^{? 1} yr^{? 1} in the control, mainly due to development of improved cultivars. Phosphorus management was found to be important for indigenous fertility and rice productivity in this paddy soil. Yield increased significantly with P fertilization. Without N fertilization (PK), rice productivity increased 56.85 kg ha^{? 1} yr^{? 1} from 62% of NPK at the initial stage to 74% after passing 34 years, which might be affected by increasing biological N fixation with P accumulation in soil. In NK treatment, rice yield increased at a relatively low rate (37.82 kg hr^{? 1} yr^{? 1}) from the same rice productivity with that of NPK in 1967 to 91% after 34 years. In comparison, yield increased at a high rate (62.82 kg hr^{? 1} yr^{? 1}) without K fertilization (NP) from ca. 90% of NPK and might exceed the yield of NPK after 64 years of long-term fertilization. Therefore, K fertilization level might be readjusted after long-term fertilizing in paddy soil.     

Efficacy of Potassium Humate and Chemical Fertilizers on Yield and Nutrient Availability Patterns in Soil at Different Growth Stages of Rice

Potassium humate (PH) is a promising natural resource to be utilized as an alternative for increasing crop production. A pot experiment was conducted during 2009 and 2010 to assess the efficacy of application of potassium humate (0, 5, and 10 mg kg^?1 soil) alone and in combination with chemical fertilizers (75% and 100% recommended dose of nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium) on yield and nutrient availability patterns in soil at different growth stages of rice. Two doses of zinc, viz. 0 and 12.5 mg kg^?1, were also applied. Sole and combined application of potassium humate with nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) and zinc significantly (p < 0.05) improved the yield and availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, zinc, and dehydrogenase activity in soil. Application of 10 mg kg^?1 potassium humate along with 100% NPK and 12.5 mg kg^?1 zinc sulfate proved significantly superior when compared to 75% and 100% of NPK alone.     

红壤长期不同施肥对玉米氮肥回收率的影响

为阐明长期不同施肥下玉米氮肥回收率的变化特征,揭示影响红壤玉米氮肥回收率的关键土壤因素,为红壤氮肥合理施用和提高氮肥回收率提供科学依据,在湖南红壤上连续观测了18年不施肥,施氮、磷、钾化肥,化肥配施有机肥和单施有机肥条件下玉米氮肥回收率的变化特征及其原因。结果表明,与施用化肥相比,玉米的子粒产量和植株氮素积累量在化肥配施有机肥下分别增加了61.5%和63.1%。氮、磷、钾化肥施用8年后,玉米氮肥回收率呈显著下降趋势,年平均下降速率达3.34个百分点;而化肥配施有机肥下氮肥回收率以每年1.24个百分点的速率显著增加;单施有机肥下氮肥回收率保持持平并略有上升。土壤pH、全氮和有机质含量均与氮肥回收率呈显著线性正相关,其中土壤pH对氮肥回收率的影响最明显。在土壤pH 4.5～6.3范围内,红壤pH每降低1个单位,玉米氮肥回收率下降10.9%。长期施用化肥的土壤pH以每年0.06的速率下降;单施有机肥尽管可缓解土壤酸化,但玉米产量较低,而化肥配施有机肥能同时抑制土壤酸化和提高玉米产量及氮肥回收率。因此,化肥配施有机肥具有明显的增产和保肥效果,是红壤上农业生产可持续性的施肥模式。     

长期施肥对黑土磷和锌形态转化的影响

【目的】东北黑土地为我国重要粮食生产基地高肥力的黑土仍需施用磷肥以保障粮食高产。探讨长期施肥对土壤磷和锌形态转化机制,为确保黑土区粮食和环境安全提供理论依据。【方法】本研究以设在典型黑土区13年的长期施肥定位试验为研究对象,设不施肥(CK)、施氮磷钾肥(NPK)、施氮磷钾加不同量有机肥(NPK+OM_1、NPK+OM_2、NPK+OM_3)共5个处理分析土壤不同形态磷和锌含量。【结果】长期施化肥对土壤有机磷含量影响不显著但土壤无机磷含量显著增加;长期不施肥黑土有效磷含量为32.6 mg/kg,长期施化肥加有机肥可显著增加土壤有效磷含量;连续13年施用磷肥,土壤中的磷每年平均累积16 kg/hm~2,其主要以铝磷(A1-P)和铁磷(Fe-P)的形态在土壤中储存,其中约20%仍为有效磷;而磷肥加有机肥的3个处理,连续施用13年后有机磷含量增加了47.2~67.9 mg/kg无机磷含量增加253.4~410.6 mg/kg,土壤全磷平均分别以每年49.4(NPK+OM_1)、64.2(NPK+OM_2)、70.4(NPK+OM_3)kg/hm~2的量累积在土壤中,其中15%~21%仍为有效磷主要以有效性较高的二钙磷(Ca_2-P)、八钙磷(Ca_8-P)、Al-P、Fe-P存在于土壤中,只有10%~21%的磷以有机磷的形态累积在土壤中,并且这个比例随有机肥施用量的增加而降低。黑土长期不施肥土壤有效锌(DTPA-Zn)含量可达1.96mg/kg,长期施化肥、化肥加有机肥均可显著增加土壤DTPA-Zn含量;长期施化肥使黑土酸化,改变了土壤锌形态增加了土壤交换态锌和无定型铁氧化物结合态锌的含量,化肥加有机肥显著增加了除矿物态锌以外的其他各形态锌的含量其中55%~88%以无定型铁氧化物结合态锌储存在土壤中。通径分析结果显示,Ca_2-P对DTPA--Zn影响最大,Ca_8-P、Al-P、Fe-P通过Ca2-P间接影响DTPA-Zn含量。【结论】长期施入黑土的磷主要以有效性较高的无机态磷储存在土壤中,锌主要以无定型铁氧化物结合态储存在土壤中。黑土中磷与锌未表现出拮抗作用且有效性高的Ca_2-P对DTPA-Zn含量的影响最大且二者呈正相关关系。     

分根区交替滴灌施肥频率对土壤水氮运移及番茄产量的影响

针对目前我国设施蔬菜实际生产过程中水肥调控不合理及水肥利用效率低的问题，本文通过温室试验研究了分根区交替滴灌施肥(ADF)条件下，不同施肥频率对土壤水分养分运移及番茄产量的影响，为番茄高效水肥调控提供理论依据。试验在ADF下设3个滴灌施肥频率处理F3(3 d)、F6(6 d)、F12(12 d)和1个常规滴灌施肥处理作为对照(CK，频率为6 d)。结果表明，在0～40 cm土层，高频滴灌施肥处理(F3)相比于低频处理(F12)生育期内两年平均土壤含水量和无机氮含量分别增加了7.9%和28.3%；在40～60cm土层，F3和F6相比于F12处理，两年平均无机氮累积量分别降低了37.8%和23.0%。与F12处理相比，F6处理两年平均番茄生物量、吸氮量和产量分别显著增加16.9%、15.2%和22.6%，而F3和F6处理之间均无显著差异。在相同施肥量和滴灌施肥频率条件下，F6处理在减少40%灌水量的同时能够保持与CK相当产量。因此，适当提高滴灌施肥频率能够促进番茄生长及产量的形成，ADF较常规滴灌施肥具有较大的节水稳产效果。本研究推荐ADF条件下6d一次的滴灌施肥频率可作为温室番茄生产中较...     

Impact of organic and inorganic nutrition on soil–plant nutrient balance in arecanut (Areca catechu L.) on a laterite soil

The study assessed the impact of continuous application of vermicompost and chemical fertilizers nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) on arecanut in India. Key parameters examined were biomass production, nutrient uptake, yield, soil fertility and net benefit. Pooled analysis of 8-year data revealed that nutrient application registered significantly higher yield (2585–3331 kg ha^?1) than no nutrition (1827 kg ha^?1). Yields in organic nutrition were around 85% of the yields obtained in inorganic NPK. The concentrations of leaf N and K were significantly higher with NPK than with vermicompost. Vermicompost significantly increased soil organic carbon and the availability of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu), but reduced exchangeable K in soil. The total uptake of K and Ca together contributed positively to 75% variability in total biomass production. Nutrient removal of iron (Fe), P, K and Cu positively influenced the yield with about 81% variability. Biomass partitioning and nutrient uptake pattern are important for fertilization program of arecanut.     

Effect of 15-Year-Long Fertilization on Potassium Quantity/Intensity Relationships in Black Soil in Northeastern China

The effect of long-term fertilization and cropping on soil potassium (K)–supplying capacity has not been extensively studied. Five treatments [control, nitrogen (N), N–potassium (P), NPK, and NPK + manure (NPKM)] were used to evaluate the quantity and intensity relationship (Q/I) of K in black soil (Luvic Phaeozems soil) after a 15-year (1990–2005) long-term fertilization with a continuous corn cropping located in Changchun, Jilin Province, northeast China. Results showed that the long-term K fertilization of NPK or NPKM markedly increased the values of equilibrium active ratio (AR₀ ^K) and nonspecifically available K (?ΔK₀) but decreased the potential buffering capacity (PBC^K) value. Values of the AR₀ ^K and??ΔK₀ in the NPK and NPKM treatment were about four and two times greater than those in the control, N, and NP treatments, respectively. Compared with the non-K fertilization, PBC^K values were decreased by 40–49% under the K fertilization. The black soil suffered from K deficiency even with NPK fertilization as evidenced from the greater free energies of K⁺ exchanging for calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) (?ΔG) (14.7–18.8 kJ mol^?1) than the threshold value of 14.6 kJ mol^?1, from the lower soil K⁺ saturation (1.34%–1.44%) than the critical value of 2.00%, and from the response of corn yield to K fertilization. Our results demonstrated that the increment of the current K application rate through fertilizer and/or manure is needed to improve corn yield in the long run in northeastern China.     

Fate of residual 15N-labeled fertilizer in dryland farming systems on soils of contrasting fertility

Abstract

Up to 50% of nitrogen (N) fertilizer can remain in soil after crop harvest in dryland farming. Understanding the fate of this residual fertilizer N in soil is important for evaluating its overall use efficiency and environmental effect. Nitrogen-15 (¹⁵N)-labeled urea (165 kg N ha^?1) was applied to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growing in three different fertilized soils (no fertilizer, No-F; inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization, NPK; and manure plus inorganic NPK fertilization, MNPK) from a long-term trial (19 years) on the south of the Loess Plateau, China. The fate of residual fertilizer N in soils over summer fallow and the second winter wheat growing season was examined. The amount of the residual fertilizer N was highest in the No-F soil (116 kg ha^?1), and next was NPK soil (60 kg ha^?1), then the MNPK soil (43 kg ha^?1) after the first winter wheat harvest. The residual fertilizer N in the No-F soil was mainly in mineral form (43% of the residual ¹⁵N), and for the NPK and MNPK soils, it was mainly in organic form. The loss rate of residual ¹⁵N in No-F soil over summer fallow was as high as 48%, and significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that in the NPK soil (22%) and MNPK soil (19%). The residual ¹⁵N use efficiency (RNUE) by the second winter wheat was 13% in the No-F soil, 6% in the NPK soil and 8% in the MNPK soil. These were equivalent to 9.0, 2.0 and 2.2% of applied ¹⁵N. The total ¹⁵N recovery (¹⁵N uptake by crops and residual in 0–100 cm soil layer) in the MNPK and NPK soils (84.5% and 86.6%, respectively) were both significantly higher than that in the No-F soil (59%) after two growing seasons. The ¹⁵N uptake by wheat in two growing seasons was higher in the MNPK soil than in NPK soil. Therefore, we conclude that a high proportion of the residual ¹⁵N was lost during the summer fallow under different land management in dryland farming, and that long-term combined application of manure with inorganic fertilizer could increase the fertilizer N uptake and decrease N loss.     

Beneficial effects of glycine on growth and leaf nutrient concentrations of coriander (Coriandrum sativum) plants

Abstract

In this study, the effect of glycine amino acid was evaluated on growth characteristics and nutrient uptake of coriander plants under greenhouse conditions. The treatments were soil application of glycine in two concentrations of 300 and 600?mg kg^?1 soil, foliar application of glycine (in 0.05% concentration), soil application of mix NPK fertilizer and no fertilizer control. The growth parameters of plant height, leaf SPAD value, shoot and root fresh weights were significantly improved by soil application of glycine, particularly in higher concentration. Soil application of glycine also reduced the number of flowered plants, while it increased soluble solids (TSS) and vitamin C of plant leaf extracts than control plants. Leaf nutrient concentrations of nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn), but not magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn), were significantly increased by soil application of glycine, whereas soil applied NPK significantly increased P and Ca of leaves than unfertilized control plants.     

Nutrient Management for Sustaining Productivity of Sunflower-Based Cropping Sequence in Indian Semiarid Regions

A comprehensive long-term study (2006–2010) was undertaken to develop a balanced and integrated nutrient supply system for sunflower-based cropping sequence considering the efficient utilization of residual and cumulative soil nutrient balance along with added fertilizers by the crops grown in rotation. The fertilizer application was done in potato and sunflower while greengram was raised as such on their residual effect. Significant response in yield was observed with 150% of the recommended nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) or inclusion of farmyard manure (FYM) with the recommended NPK in the cropping sequence indicating 6.2–7.0% gain in system productivity over the existing recommendations. Each additional unit of P and K nutrition prompted system productivity by 18.9 and 11.0 kg kg^?1 of applied nutrient, respectively. Apparent yield decline was observed in K and PK omission plots to the extent of 15.8 and 27.4% in potato, 10.5 and 23.9% in sunflower and 4.2 and 8.3% in greengram, respectively, compared to the recommended fertilization. The superiority of the FYM along with the recommended NPK (potato/sunflower) was evident on the overall profitability and sustainability of the system, highlighted by the significantly higher productivity (7.16 t SFEY ha^?1), sustainability yield index (SYI; 0.76), production efficiency (PE; 27.85 kg SFEY ha^?1 day^?1) and net returns (2520 USD ha^?1) with a B:C ratio of 2.91. Apparent change in potassium permanganate (KMnO₄)-N was negative in all the treatments while N and P balance was positive with 150% NPK fertilization. Nutrient uptake exceeded the replenishment with 100% NPK application and maintained net negative soil nutrient stock for all the primary nutrients, indicating the need for revalidation of the existing recommendations in the system perspective. Conspicuous improvement in residual soil fertility in terms of maximum buildup of soil organic carbon (14%) and enhancement in soil KMnO₄-N (4.2%), Olsen-P (19.4%), ammonium acetate (NH4OAc)-K (5.8%) and dehydrogenase enzyme activity (44.4%) was observed in FYM-treated plots over the initial values. The study suggested that the inclusion of legumes and FYM application with the recommended NPK in potato-sunflower cropping sequence will sustain the system’s productivity through the efficient use of nutrients, enhanced microbial activity and improved soil health while combating escalating prices of fertilizers as well as environmental issues in the Indo-Gangetic plains of India and similar environments.     

油/麦-稻轮作和施肥对土壤养分及团聚体碳氮分布的影响

通过田间定位试验探究油菜-水稻与小麦-水稻轮作在不同施肥措施下的土壤养分及团聚体碳氮分布差异,为长江中游油麦交错区水旱轮作模式选择及培肥地力提供依据。利用湖北沙洋的定位试验,选择油-稻和麦-稻轮作的不施肥（CK）、施用化肥（NPK）、化肥与秸秆还田相结合（NPK+S）3个处理,在试验布置的第4年于油菜和小麦收获后取0～20 cm土壤样品,测定土壤有机质和氮磷钾养分含量、孔隙度、团聚体分布和稳定性、团聚体有机碳和全氮贡献率等指标。结果表明：（1）与麦-稻轮作相比,油-稻轮作土壤有机质和有效磷含量在各施肥处理中分别提高了13.1%～19.2%和18.8%～59.5%,土壤全氮含量在秸秆不还田时提高了28.1%(CK处理)和29.2%(NPK处理);（2）秸秆不还田时,油-稻轮作土壤总孔隙度较麦-稻轮作显著提高了8.1%(CK处理)和10.3%(NPK处理),相应的毛管孔隙度分别提高了11.7%和10.5%;(3)与麦-稻轮作相比,油-稻轮作土壤团聚体的平均重量直径（MWD）、平均几何直径（GMD）和大团聚体含量（WSMA）在各施肥处理中均显著提高,且提高了大团聚体有机碳和全氮贡献率;（4）...